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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Intrauterine growth restriction</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the poor growth of a baby while in the mother's womb during pregnancy.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Many different things can lead to IUGR. An unborn baby may not get enough oxygen and nutrition from the placenta during pregnancy because of:</p><ul><li>Mother living at high altitude</li><li>Multiple pregnancy, such as twins or triplets</li><li>Placenta problems</li><li><a test="test" href="./000898.htm">Preeclampsia</a> or <a test="test" href="./000899.htm">eclampsia</a></li></ul><p>Problems at birth (congenital abnormalities) or chromosome problems are often associated with below-normal weight. Infections during pregnancy can also affect the weight of the developing baby. These include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./001343.htm">Cytomegalovirus</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./001574.htm">Rubella</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./001344.htm">Syphilis</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./001360.htm">Toxoplasmosis</a></li></ul><p>Risk factors in the mother that may contribute to IUGR include:</p><ul><li>Alcohol abuse</li><li>Smoking</li><li>Drug addiction</li><li>Clotting disorders</li><li>High blood pressure or heart disease</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Poor nutrition</li><li>Thyroid disease</li><li>Anemia</li><li>Uterine malformations</li><li>Multiple gestation</li><li>Other chronic disease</li></ul><p>If the mother is small, it may be normal for her baby to be small, and this is not due to IUGR.</p><p>Depending on the cause of IUGR, the developing baby may be small all over. Or, the baby's head may be normal size while the rest of the body is small. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>A pregnant woman may feel that her baby is not as big as it should be. The measurement from the mother's pubic bone to the top of the uterus will be smaller than expected for the baby's gestational age. This measurement is called the uterine fundal height.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>IUGR may be suspected if the size of the pregnant woman's uterus is small. The condition is most often confirmed by <a test="test" href="./003778.htm">ultrasound</a>.</p><p>More tests may be needed to screen for infection or genetic problems if IUGR is suspected.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>IUGR increases the risk that the baby will die inside the womb before birth. If your health care provider thinks you might have IUGR, you will be monitored closely. This will include regular pregnancy ultrasounds to measure the baby's growth, movements, blood flow, and fluid around the baby.</p><p>Nonstress testing will also be done. This involves listening to the baby's heart rate for a period of 20 to 30 minutes.</p><p>Depending on the results of these tests, your baby may need to be delivered early.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>After delivery, the newborn's growth and development depends on the severity and cause of IUGR. Discuss the baby's outlook with your providers.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>IUGR increases the risk of pregnancy and newborn complications, depending on the cause. Babies whose growth is restricted often become more stressed during labor or <a test="test" href="./002911.htm">C-section delivery</a>. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider right away if you are pregnant and notice that your baby is moving less than usual.</p><p>After giving birth, call your provider if your infant or child does not seem to be growing or developing normally.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Following these guidelines will help prevent IUGR:</p><ul><li>Do not drink alcohol, smoke, or use recreational drugs.</li><li>Eat healthy foods.</li><li>Get regular prenatal care.</li><li>If you have a chronic medical condition or you take prescribed medicines regularly, see your provider before you get pregnant. This can help reduce risks to your pregnancy and the baby. </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Intrauterine growth retardation; IUGR; Pregnancy - IUGR</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2252t.jpg" alt="Ultrasound, normal fetus - abdomen measurements" title="Ultrasound, normal fetus - abdomen measurements" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2252.htm">Ultrasound, normal fetus - abdomen measurements</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2253t.jpg" alt="Ultrasound, normal fetus - arm and legs" title="Ultrasound, normal fetus - arm and legs" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2253.htm">Ultrasound, normal fetus - arm and legs</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2255t.jpg" alt="Ultrasound, normal fetus - face" title="Ultrasound, normal fetus - face" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2255.htm">Ultrasound, normal fetus - face</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2256t.jpg" alt="Ultrasound, normal fetus - femur measurement" title="Ultrasound, normal fetus - femur measurement" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2256.htm">Ultrasound, normal fetus - femur measurement</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2257t.jpg" alt="Ultrasound, normal fetus - foot" title="Ultrasound, normal fetus - foot" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2257.htm">Ultrasound, normal fetus - foot</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Baschat AA, Galan HL. Fetal growth restriction. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. <em>Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 30.</p><p>Brady JM, Barnes-Davis ME, Poindexter BB. The high risk infant. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 117.</p><p>Mari G, Resnik R. Fetal growth restriction. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L, eds. <em>Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 44.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 11/10/2022</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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