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</div><div><span>Port-wine stain</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Port-wine stain</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>A port-wine stain is a birthmark in which swollen blood vessels create a reddish-purplish discoloration of the skin.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Port-wine stains are caused by an abnormal formation of tiny blood vessels in the skin.</p><p>In rare cases, port-wine stains are a sign of <a test="test" href="./001426.htm">Sturge-Weber syndrome</a> or <a test="test" href="./000150.htm">Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Early-stage port-wine stains are usually flat and pink. As the child gets older, the stain grows with the child and the color may deepen to dark red or purple. Port-wine stains occur most often on the face but can appear anywhere on the body. Over time, the area can become thickened and take on a cobblestone-like appearance.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider can usually diagnose a port-wine stain by looking at your skin.</p><p>In a few cases, a skin biopsy is needed. Depending on the location of the birthmark and other symptoms, the provider may want to do an <a test="test" href="./003447.htm">intraocular pressure</a> test of the eye or <a test="test" href="./003802.htm">x-ray of the skull</a>.</p><p>An MRI or CT scan of the brain may also be done.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Many treatments have been tried for port-wine stains, including freezing, surgery, radiation, and tattooing.</p><p>Laser therapy is most successful in removing port-wine stains. It is the only method that can destroy the tiny blood vessels in the skin without causing much damage to the skin. The exact type of laser used depends on the person's age, skin type, and particular port-wine stain.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Stains on the face respond better to laser therapy than those on the arms, legs, or middle of the body. Older stains may be more difficult to treat.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li>Deformity and increasing disfigurement</li><li>Emotional and social problems related to their appearance</li><li>Development of <a test="test" href="./001620.htm">glaucoma</a> in people with port-wine stains involving upper and lower eyelids</li><li>Neurologic problems when port-wine stain is associated with a disorder such as Sturge-Weber syndrome</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>All birthmarks should be evaluated by the provider during a routine examination.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2348t.jpg" alt="Port wine stain on a child's face" title="Port wine stain on a child's face" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2348.htm">Port wine stain on a child's face</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2536t.jpg" alt="Sturge-Weber syndrome - legs" title="Sturge-Weber syndrome - legs" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2536.htm">Sturge-Weber syndrome - legs</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Dinulos JGH. Vascular tumors and malformations. In: Dinulos JGH, ed. <em>Habif's Clinical Dermatology</em>. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 23.</p><p>Kelly KM, Arkin L, Baugh EG, Tran JM. Laser treatment of vascular lesions. In: Tanzi EL, Dover JS, eds. <em>Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology: Lasers, Lights, and Energy Devices</em>. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 2.</p><p>Moss C, Browne F. Mosaicism and linear lesions. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. <em>Dermatology</em>. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 62.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 6/7/2023</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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