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</div><div><span>Agammaglobulinemia</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Agammaglobulinemia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Agammaglobulinemia is an inherited disorder in which a person has very low levels of protective immune system proteins called immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are a type of <a test="test" href="./002223.htm">antibody</a>. Low levels of these antibodies make you more likely to get infections.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>This is a rare disorder that mainly affects males. It is caused by a gene defect that blocks the growth of normal, mature immune cells called B lymphocytes.</p><p>As a result, the body makes very little (if any) immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins play a major role in the <a test="test" href="./000821.htm">immune response</a>, which protects against illness and infection.</p><p>People with this disorder develop infections again and again. Common infections include ones that are due to bacteria such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>, pneumococci (<em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>), and staphylococci. Common sites of infection include:</p><ul><li>Gastrointestinal tract</li><li>Joints</li><li>Lungs</li><li>Skin</li><li>Upper <a test="test" href="./002290.htm">respiratory</a> tract </li></ul><p>Agammaglobulinemia is inherited, which means other people in your family may have the condition.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms include frequent episodes of:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./001087.htm">Bronchitis</a> (airway infection)</li><li><a test="test" href="./001010.htm">Conjunctivitis</a> (eye infection)
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</li><li>Diarrhea</li><li><a test="test" href="./000638.htm">Otitis media</a> (middle ear infection)
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</li><li><a test="test" href="./000145.htm">Pneumonia</a> (lung infection)
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</li><li><a test="test" href="./000647.htm">Sinusitis</a> (sinus infection)</li><li>Skin infections</li><li>Upper respiratory tract infections</li></ul><p>Infections typically appear in the first 4 years of life.</p><p>Other symptoms include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000144.htm">Bronchiectasis</a> (a disease in which the bronchial tubes in the lungs become damaged and enlarged)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000141.htm">Asthma</a> without a known cause</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>The disorder is confirmed by blood tests that measure levels of immunoglobulins.</p><p>Tests include:</p><ul><li>Flow cytometry to measure circulating B lymphocytes</li><li><a test="test" href="./003541.htm">Immunoelectrophoresis - serum</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003545.htm">Quantitative immunoglobulins</a> - IgG, IgA, IgM (usually measured by nephelometry) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment involves taking steps to reduce the number and severity of infections. Antibiotics are often needed to treat bacterial infections.</p><p>Immunoglobulins are given through a vein or by injection to boost the immune system.</p><p>A bone marrow transplant may be considered.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Support Groups</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>More information and support for people with agammaglobulinemia and their families can be found at:</p><ul><li>Immune Deficiency Foundation -- <a class="extln" target="_blank" href="https://primaryimmune.org">primaryimmune.org</a></li><li>National Organization for Rare Disorders -- <a class="extln" target="_blank" href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/agammaglobulinemia/">rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/agammaglobulinemia/</a></li><li>NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center -- <a class="extln" target="_blank" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1033/x-linked-agammaglobulinemia">rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1033/x-linked-agammaglobulinemia</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Treatment with immunoglobulins has greatly improved the health of those who have this disorder. </p><p>Without treatment, most severe infections are deadly.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Health problems that may result include:</p><ul><li>Arthritis</li><li><a test="test" href="./002312.htm">Chronic</a> sinus or <a test="test" href="./000066.htm">pulmonary disease</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000853.htm">Eczema</a></li><li>Intestinal <a test="test" href="./000299.htm">malabsorption</a> syndromes</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Contact your health care provider for an appointment if:</p><ul><li>You or your child has experienced frequent infections.</li><li>You have a family history of agammaglobulinemia or another immunodeficiency disorder and you are planning to have children. Ask the provider about genetic counseling.</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-9" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-9"><p>Genetic counseling should be offered to prospective parents with a family history of agammaglobulinemia or other <a test="test" href="./000818.htm">immunodeficiency disorders</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Bruton's agammaglobulinemia; X-linked agammaglobulinemia; Immunosuppression - agammaglobulinemia; Immunodepressed - agammaglobulinemia; Immunosuppressed - agammaglobulinemia</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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