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</div><div><span>Multiple myeloma</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Multiple myeloma</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that starts in the plasma cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside most bones in children and in the front chest bone (sternum) and the pelvis bones in adults. The bone marrow makes blood cells.</p><p>Plasma cells help your body fight infection by producing proteins called <a test="test" href="./002223.htm">antibodies</a>. In people with multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells grow out of control in the bone marrow and form tumors in the areas of solid bone. The growth of these bone tumors weakens the bones. It also makes it harder for the bone marrow to make healthy blood cells and platelets.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The cause of multiple myeloma is unknown. Past treatment with radiation therapy increases the risk for this type of <a test="test" href="./001289.htm">cancer</a>. Multiple myeloma mainly affects older adults.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Multiple myeloma most commonly causes:</p><ul><li>Low red blood cell count (<a test="test" href="./000560.htm">anemia</a>), which can lead to fatigue and shortness of breath</li><li>Low white blood cell count, which makes you more likely to get infections</li><li>Low platelet count, which can lead to abnormal bleeding</li></ul><p>As the cancer cells grow in the bone marrow, you may have bone pain, most often in the ribs or back.</p><p>The cancer cells can weaken bones. As a result:</p><ul><li>You may develop broken bones (bone fractures) just from doing normal activities.</li><li>If cancer grows in the spine bones, it can press on the nerves. This can lead to <a test="test" href="./003206.htm">numbness</a> or weakness of the arms or legs.</li><li>Frequent infections may occur.</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. </p><p>Blood tests are needed to diagnose this disease. These tests may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003477.htm">Calcium level</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003483.htm">Total protein level</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003435.htm">Kidney function</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</li><li>Free light chains</li><li><a test="test" href="./003543.htm">Immunofixation</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003545.htm">Quantitative nephelometry</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003540.htm">Serum protein electrophoresis</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003589.htm">Urine protein electrophoresis</a></li></ul><p>Bone x-rays, CT scans, or MRI may show fractures or hollowed out areas of bone. If your provider suspects this type of cancer, a <a test="test" href="./003934.htm">bone marrow biopsy</a> will be performed.</p><p>Bone density testing may show bone loss.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>People who have mild disease or in whom the diagnosis is not certain are usually closely monitored without giving treatment. Some people have a form of multiple myeloma that grows slowly (smoldering myeloma), which takes years to cause symptoms.</p><p>Various types of medicines are used to treat multiple myeloma. They are most often given to prevent complications such as bone fractures and kidney damage.</p><p><a test="test" href="./001918.htm">Radiation therapy</a> may be used to relieve bone pain or to shrink a tumor that is pushing on the spinal cord.</p><p>A <a test="test" href="./003009.htm">bone marrow transplant</a> may be recommended:</p><ul><li>An autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation is performed using a person's own stem cells.</li><li>An allogeneic transplant uses someone else's stem cells. This treatment has additional risks, but may offer the chance of a cure. </li></ul><p>You and your provider may need to manage other concerns during your treatment, including:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000496.htm">Having chemotherapy at home</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003967.htm">Managing your pets</a></li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000913.htm">Avoiding infections</a></li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000022.htm">Bleeding problems</a></li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000032.htm">Dry mouth</a></li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000035.htm">Eating enough calories</a></li><li><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000061.htm">Safe eating</a> during cancer treatment </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Support Groups</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>You can ease the stress of illness by joining a <a test="test" href="./002166.htm">cancer support group</a>. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>The outlook depends on the person's age and the stage of disease. In some cases, the disease progresses very rapidly. In other cases, it takes years for symptoms to appear.</p><p>In general, multiple myeloma is treatable, but only in rare cases can it be cured.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Kidney damage that may lead to <a test="test" href="./000501.htm">kidney failure</a> is a frequent complication. Others may include:</p><ul><li>Bone fractures</li><li>High level of calcium in the blood (<a test="test" href="./000365.htm">hypercalcemia</a>), which can be very dangerous</li><li>Increased chances for infection, especially in the lungs</li><li>Anemia</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Contact your provider if you have multiple myeloma and you develop an infection, or numbness, loss of movement, or loss of sensation.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Plasma cell dyscrasia; Plasma cell myeloma; Malignant plasmacytoma; Plasmacytoma of bone; Myeloma - multiple</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Patient Instructions</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-carepnt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>National Cancer Institute website. Plasma cell neoplasms (including multiple myeloma) treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloma/hp/myeloma-treatment-pdq" target="_blank">www.cancer.gov/types/myeloma/hp/myeloma-treatment-pdq</a>. Updated June 12, 2024. Accessed July 17, 2024.</p><p>National Comprehensive Cancer Network website. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma. Version 5.2022. <a href="https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/myeloma.pdf" target="_blank">www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/myeloma.pdf</a>. Updated April 26, 2024. Accessed July 17, 2024.</p><p>Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A. Multiple myeloma and related disorders. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. <em>Abeloff's Clinical Oncology.</em> 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 101.</p></div></div></section>
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