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</div><div><span>Essential thrombocythemia</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Essential thrombocythemia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many platelets. Platelets are particles in the blood that aid in blood clotting.</p><div class="videobox"><div class="group"><img class="rollover_globals" alt="Blood clotting" title="Blood clotting" src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/200077t.gif"/>Watch this video about:<a class="blk" href="../anatomyvideos/000011.htm">Blood clotting</a></div></div></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>ET results from an overproduction of platelets. As these platelets do not work normally, blood clots and bleeding are common problems. Untreated, ET worsens over time.</p><p>ET is part of a group of conditions known as myeloproliferative disorders. Others include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000570.htm">Chronic myelogenous leukemia</a> (an overproduction of white blood cells that starts in the bone marrow)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000589.htm">Polycythemia vera</a> (bone marrow disease that leads to an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells)</li><li>Primary <a test="test" href="./000531.htm">myelofibrosis</a> (disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue) </li></ul><p>Many people with ET have a mutation of a gene (JAK2, CALR, or MPL).</p><p>ET is most common in middle-aged people. It can also sometimes be seen in younger people, especially women under age 40.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms may include any of the following:</p><ul><li>Headache (most common)</li><li>Tingling, coldness, or blueness in the hands and feet</li><li>Feeling dizzy or lightheaded</li><li>Vision problems</li><li>Mini-strokes (<a test="test" href="./000730.htm">transient ischemic attacks</a>) or <a test="test" href="./000726.htm">stroke</a></li></ul><p>If bleeding is a problem, symptoms may include any of the following:</p><ul><li>Easy <a test="test" href="./003235.htm">bruising</a> and nosebleeds</li><li>Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, <a test="test" href="./002290.htm">respiratory</a> system, urinary tract, or skin</li><li>Bleeding from the gums</li><li>Prolonged bleeding from surgical procedures or tooth removal</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Most of the time, ET is found through blood tests done for other health problems before symptoms appear.</p><p>Other tests may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003934.htm">Bone marrow biopsy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</li><li>Genetic tests (to look for a change in the JAK2, CALR, or MPL gene)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>If you have life-threatening complications, you may have a treatment called platelet pheresis. It quickly reduces the number of platelets in the blood.</p><p>Long-term, medicines are used to decrease the platelet count to avoid complications. The most common medicines used include hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, or anagrelide.</p><p>Aspirin at a low dose (81 to 100 mg per day) may decrease clotting episodes.</p><p>Many people do not need any treatment, but they must be followed closely by their provider.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Outcomes may vary. Most people can go for long periods without complications and have a normal lifespan. In a small number of people, complications from bleeding and blood clots can cause serious problems.</p><p>In rare cases, the disease can change into acute leukemia or myelofibrosis.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li>Acute leukemia or <a test="test" href="./000531.htm">myelofibrosis</a></li><li>Severe bleeding (hemorrhage)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000726.htm">Stroke</a>, <a test="test" href="./000195.htm">heart attack</a>, or blood clots</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if:<br/></p><ul><li>You have unexplained bleeding that continues longer than it should.</li><li>You notice <a test="test" href="./003079.htm">chest pain</a>, <a test="test" href="./003182.htm">leg pain</a>, <a test="test" href="./003205.htm">confusion</a>, <a test="test" href="./003174.htm">weakness</a>, <a test="test" href="./003206.htm">numbness</a>, or other new symptoms. </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Primary thrombocythemia; Essential thrombocytosis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9123t.jpg" alt="Blood cells" title="Blood cells" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9123.htm">Blood cells</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Gotlib J. Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 157.</p><p>Marcellino BK, Mascarenhas J, Iancu-Rubin C, Kremyanskaya M, Najfeld V, Hoffman R. Essential thrombocythemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 71.</p></div></div></section>
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