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</div><div><span>Toxic nodular goiter</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Toxic nodular goiter</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Toxic nodular goiter involves an enlarged thyroid gland. The gland contains areas that have increased in size and formed nodules. One or more of these nodules produce too much thyroid hormone.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Toxic nodular goiter starts from an existing <a test="test" href="./001178.htm">simple goiter</a>. It occurs most often in older adults. Risk factors include being female and over 55 years old. This disorder is rare in children. Most people who develop it have had a goiter with nodules for many years. Sometimes the thyroid gland is only slightly enlarged, and the goiter was not already diagnosed.</p><p>Sometimes, people with toxic multinodular goiter will develop high thyroid hormone levels for the first time after:</p><ul><li>Taking iodine through a vein (<a test="test" href="./002383.htm">intravenously</a>) or by mouth. The iodine may be used as contrast for a <a test="test" href="./003330.htm">CT scan</a> or <a test="test" href="./003419.htm">heart catheterization</a> (most common)</li><li>Taking medicines that contain iodine, such as amiodarone</li><li>Moving from a country with iodine deficiency to a country with a lot of iodine in the diet</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms may include any of the following:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003088.htm">Fatigue</a></li><li>Frequent bowel movements</li><li><a test="test" href="./003094.htm">Heat intolerance</a></li><li>Increased appetite</li><li>Increased sweating</li><li>Irregular menstrual period (in women)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003193.htm">Muscle cramps</a></li><li>Nervousness</li><li><a test="test" href="./003212.htm">Restlessness</a></li><li>Weight loss</li></ul><p>Older adults may have symptoms that are less specific. These may include:</p><ul><li>Weakness and fatigue</li><li><a test="test" href="./003081.htm">Palpitations</a> and chest pain or pressure</li><li>Changes in memory and mood</li></ul><p>Toxic nodular goiter does not cause the bulging eyes that can occur with <a test="test" href="./000358.htm">Graves disease</a>. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland (<a test="test" href="./000356.htm">hyperthyroidism</a>).</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>A <a test="test" href="./002274.htm">physical exam</a> may show one or many nodules in the thyroid. The thyroid is often enlarged. There may be a <a test="test" href="./003077.htm">rapid heart rate</a> or shaking hands (<a test="test" href="./003192.htm">tremor</a>).</p><p>Other tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li>Serum thyroid hormone levels (<a test="test" href="./003687.htm">T3</a>, <a test="test" href="./003517.htm">T4</a>)
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</li><li><a test="test" href="./003684.htm">Serum TSH</a> (thyroid stimulating hormone)
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</li><li><a test="test" href="./003689.htm">Thyroid uptake</a> and <a test="test" href="./003829.htm">scan</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003776.htm">Thyroid ultrasound</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Beta-blockers can control some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism until thyroid hormone levels in the body are under control.</p><p>Certain medicines can block or change how the thyroid gland uses iodine. These may be used to control the overactive thyroid gland in any of the following cases:</p><ul><li>Before surgery or radioiodine therapy occurs</li><li>As a long term treatment</li></ul><p>Radioiodine therapy may be used. Radioactive iodine is given by mouth. It concentrates in the overactive thyroid tissue and causes damage. In rare cases, thyroid replacement is needed afterward.</p><p>Surgery to remove the thyroid may be done when:</p><ul><li>A very large goiter or a goiter is causing symptoms by making it hard to breathe or swallow</li><li>Thyroid cancer is present</li><li>Rapid treatment is needed</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Toxic nodular goiter is mainly a disease of older adults. So, other <a test="test" href="./002312.htm">chronic</a> health problems may affect the outcome of this condition. An older adult may be less able to tolerate the effect of the disease on the heart. However, the condition is often treatable with medicines.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Heart complications:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000158.htm">Heart failure</a></li><li>Irregular heartbeat (<a test="test" href="./000184.htm">atrial fibrillation</a>)</li><li>
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Rapid heart rate
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</li></ul><p>Other complications:</p><ul><li>
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Bone loss leading to <a test="test" href="./000360.htm">osteoporosis</a></li></ul><p>Thyroid crisis or storm is a sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms. It may occur with infection or stress. Thyroid crisis may cause:</p><ul><li>
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Abdominal pain
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</li><li>
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Decreased mental alertness
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</li><li>
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Fever
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</li></ul><p>People with this condition need to go to the hospital right away.</p><p>Complications of having a very large goiter may include difficulty breathing or swallowing. This is due to pressure on the airway passage (trachea) or esophagus, which lies behind the thyroid.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of this disorder listed above. Follow your provider's instructions for follow-up visits.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>To prevent toxic nodular goiter, treat hyperthyroidism and simple goiter as your provider suggests.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Toxic multinodular goiter; Plummer disease; Thyrotoxicosis - nodular goiter; Overactive thyroid - toxic nodular goiter; Hyperthyroidism - toxic nodular goiter; Toxic multinodular goiter; MNG</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1206t.jpg" alt="Thyroid enlargement - scintiscan" title="Thyroid enlargement - scintiscan" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1206.htm">Thyroid enlargement - scintiscan</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Filetti S, Tuttle RM, Leboulleux S, Alexander EK. Nontoxic diffuse goiter, nodular thyroid disorders, and thyroid malignancies. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. <em>Williams Textbook of Endocrinology</em>. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 14.</p><p>Paschke R, Eszlinger M, Kopp P. Euthyroid and hyperthyroid nodules and goiter. In: Robertson RP, ed. <em>DeGroot's Endocrinology</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 77.</p><p>Pearce EN, Hollenberg AN. Thyroid. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 207.</p><p>Suh I, Sosa JA. Thyroid. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. <em>Sabiston Textbook of Surgery</em>. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 37.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 2/28/2024</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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