1210 lines
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<img width="625" height="480" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/An-Experimentally-Produced-Social-Problem-in-Rats.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" class="attachment-ippo-single-featured-image size-ippo-single-featured-image wp-post-image" alt="Title screen for An experimentally Produced Social Problem in Rats" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/An-Experimentally-Produced-Social-Problem-in-Rats.jpg?w=625&ssl=1 625w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/An-Experimentally-Produced-Social-Problem-in-Rats.jpg?resize=300%2C230&ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px" data-attachment-id="13956" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/competition-and-dominance-hierarchies-in-rats/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/An-Experimentally-Produced-Social-Problem-in-Rats.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" data-orig-size="625,480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="An Experimentally Produced Social Problem in Rats" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/An-Experimentally-Produced-Social-Problem-in-Rats.jpg?fit=300%2C230&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/An-Experimentally-Produced-Social-Problem-in-Rats.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" /> </figure>
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<div class="entry-meta"><span class="category-list"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/project-type/black-white/" rel="tag">Black & White</a><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/project-type/research-documentary/" rel="tag">Research & Documentation</a><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/project-type/silent/" rel="tag">Silent</a></span><span class="edit-link"></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">An Experimentally Produced “Social Problem” in Rats</h1> </div>
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<article id="post-13710" class="post-13710 jetpack-portfolio type-jetpack-portfolio status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry jetpack-portfolio-type-black-white jetpack-portfolio-type-research-documentary jetpack-portfolio-type-silent jetpack-portfolio-tag-animal-experimentation jetpack-portfolio-tag-ethics jetpack-portfolio-tag-laboratory jetpack-portfolio-tag-life-sciences jetpack-portfolio-tag-rats jetpack-portfolio-tag-research">
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<p style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe title="An Experimentally Produced "Social Problem" in Rats [Silent] (O. H. Mowrer, 1939)" width="740" height="555" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s5gxu1cuGmI?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<p class="vaultnav"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/09/20/shared-suffering-onscreen-animal-experiments-and-emotional-investment-in-the-films-of-o-h-mowrer/">Read The Essay</a> | <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/8601094A">Go to NLM Digital Collections</a> | <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5gxu1cuGmI">Watch on YouTube</a></p>
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<table class="vaulttable" style="border: 2px solid #b8b8b8;" data-darkreader-inline-border-top="" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="" data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom="" data-darkreader-inline-border-left="">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="border-right: 2px solid #b8b8b8;" bgcolor="#f5f5f5" data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="">
|
||
<p class="tableverticalspace"><strong>DATE: </strong>1939</p>
|
||
<p class="tableverticalspace"><strong>LENGTH: </strong>11 min</p>
|
||
<p class="tableverticalspace"><strong>CATEGORY: </strong> Educational & Instructional, Silent, Black & White</p>
|
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</td>
|
||
<td style="border: 0px;" bgcolor="#f5f5f5" data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="" data-darkreader-inline-border-top="" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="" data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom="" data-darkreader-inline-border-left="">
|
||
<p class="tableverticalspace"><strong>CREATOR: </strong>Orval Hobart (O.H.) Mowrer</p>
|
||
<p class="tableverticalspace"><strong>PRODUCER/PUBLISHER: </strong>Department of Psychology, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University</p>
|
||
</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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||
</table>
|
||
<h2>Summary</h2>
|
||
<p>The history of animal testing and the history of the life sciences go hand in hand. Yet as Ben Schultz-Figueroa argues in this essay, these experiments were always fraught, as scientists had to manage their own emotional entanglement with their animal subjects, who often were killed or maimed in the process of the experiment. This is the “shared suffering” of the lab, and Schultz-Figueroa’s work prompts us to think about it not only as a guidepost for understanding the ethics of animal experiments but also as a methodological tool to understand visual images, specifically films, from the history of science. Mowrer’s films contain traces of the burdened relationship between him and his rodent test subjects….<a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/09/20/shared-suffering-onscreen-animal-experiments-and-emotional-investment-in-the-films-of-o-h-mowrer/">Read The Essay</a></p>
|
||
<h5><strong>Warning:</strong> These films contain explicit images of disease and intrusive medical treatment. Viewer discretion advised.</h5>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<h2>Supplementary Materials</h2>
|
||
<h3>Stills from <em>An Experimentally Produced “Social Problem” in Rats</em></h3>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="740" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/portfolio\/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats\/","likes_blog_id":148183677}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 740px; height: 609px;" data-original-width="740" data-original-height="609" > <div class="gallery-group images-4" style="width: 202px; height: 609px;" data-original-width="202" data-original-height="609" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/hmdvid-8601094a-feature/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="198"> <meta itemprop="height" content="149"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13852" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="An Experimentally Produced “Social Problem” in Rats" data-image-description="<p>An Experimentally Produced “Social Problem” in Rats By O. H. Mowrer, Department of psychology, Institute of Human Relations Yale University</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?w=198&h=149&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hmdvid-8601094A-Feature.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="198" height="149" loading="lazy" data-original-width="198" data-original-height="149" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="An Experimentally Produced "Social Problem" in Rats" alt="An Experimentally Produced "Social Problem" in Rats" style="width: 198px; height: 149px;" /> </a> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/title-1/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="198"> <meta itemprop="height" content="148"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13847" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Male Rats Learn to Make a Living" data-image-description="<p>Each of three litter-mate male rats learns to “make a living” by pressing a car, located near food box (Skinner method). Light indicates automatic delivery of a small pellet of food.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?w=198&h=148&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-1.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="198" height="148" loading="lazy" data-original-width="198" data-original-height="148" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Male Rats Learn to Make a Living" alt="male rats learn to make a living, skinner method" style="width: 198px; height: 148px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Three litter-mate male rats learns to “make a living” by pressing a car, located near food box (Skinner method). </div> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/title-2/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="198"> <meta itemprop="height" content="148"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13848" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="A “social problem” arises" data-image-description="<p>When all three rats are put in apparatus together, a “social problem” arises: the animal that works most has least chance of securing what he has “produced”. How is this dilemma resolved?</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?w=198&h=148&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-2.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="198" height="148" loading="lazy" data-original-width="198" data-original-height="148" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="A "social problem" arises" alt=""social problem"" style="width: 198px; height: 148px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> When all three rates are put together a “social problem” arises. </div> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/title-3/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="198"> <meta itemprop="height" content="148"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13849" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Rat No. 3 discovers a solution to the problem" data-image-description="<p>Ravenously hungry on 3rd day, animals begin “attacking” bar. This energization of behavior (aggression) as a reaction to frustration has survival value. Rat No. 3 thereby discovers a solution to the problem.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?w=198&h=148&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-3.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="198" height="148" loading="lazy" data-original-width="198" data-original-height="148" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Rat No. 3 discovers a solution to the problem" alt="reaction to frustration" style="width: 198px; height: 148px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> This energization of behavior (aggression) as a reaction to frustration has survival value. </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-3" style="width: 269px; height: 609px;" data-original-width="269" data-original-height="609" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/title-4/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="265"> <meta itemprop="height" content="199"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13850" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Title-4" data-image-description="<p>This solution (similarly developed by other groups of rats) persists indefinitely, providing “technological” conditions are not altered. rat No. 3 continues as the worker; No. 1 and No .2 become completely parasitic. A “class society” has emerged.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?w=265&h=199&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Title-4.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="265" height="199" loading="lazy" data-original-width="265" data-original-height="199" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Title-4" alt="Title-4" style="width: 265px; height: 199px;" /> </a> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/graph/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="265"> <meta itemprop="height" content="199"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13851" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Graph" data-image-description="<p>Graph of no. pellets on successive days. Rat no. 3 increased dramatically on day 3, while the other 2 rats declined each day.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?w=265&h=199&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Graph.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="265" height="199" loading="lazy" data-original-width="265" data-original-height="199" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Graph" alt="Graph of no. pellets on successive days." style="width: 265px; height: 199px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Graph of no. pellets on successive days. </div> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/mouse-pulls-lever/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="265"> <meta itemprop="height" content="199"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13853" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Mouse-pulls-lever" data-image-description="<p>Rat pulling lever</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?w=265&h=199&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mouse-pulls-lever.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="265" height="199" loading="lazy" data-original-width="265" data-original-height="199" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Mouse-pulls-lever" alt="Rat pulling lever" style="width: 265px; height: 199px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Rat pulling lever </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-3" style="width: 269px; height: 609px;" data-original-width="269" data-original-height="609" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/overhead-three-huddled/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="265"> <meta itemprop="height" content="199"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13854" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Three Rats" data-image-description="<p>Overhead three huddled rats</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?w=265&h=199&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Overhead-three-huddled.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="265" height="199" loading="lazy" data-original-width="265" data-original-height="199" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Three Rats" alt="Three Rats" style="width: 265px; height: 199px;" /> </a> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/three-at-food/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="265"> <meta itemprop="height" content="199"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13855" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Three at food" data-image-description="<p>Three rats eating food</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?w=265&h=199&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-at-food.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="265" height="199" loading="lazy" data-original-width="265" data-original-height="199" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Three at food" alt="Three rats eating food" style="width: 265px; height: 199px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Three rats eating food </div> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/three-closeup/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="265"> <meta itemprop="height" content="199"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13856" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Three closeup" data-image-description="<p>A close up of three rats on top of each other.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?w=265&h=199&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Three-closeup.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="265" height="199" loading="lazy" data-original-width="265" data-original-height="199" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Three closeup" alt="Three rats climbing on top of each other" style="width: 265px; height: 199px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> A close up of three rats on top of each other. </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
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<hr />
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<h3>Other Films Featured in the Essay “An Experimentally Produced “Social Problem” in Rats”</h3>
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<div class="center">
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<div class="floatleft"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/animal-studies-in-the-social-modification-of-organically-motivated-behavior/">Animal Studies in the Social Modification of Organically Motivated Behavior<br />
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<img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13957" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/competition-and-dominance-hierarchies-in-rats/animal-studies-in-the-social-modification-of-organically-motivated-behavior/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-Studies-in-the-Social-Modification-of-Organically-Motivated-Behavior.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" data-orig-size="625,480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Animal Studies in the Social Modification of Organically Motivated Behavior" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-Studies-in-the-Social-Modification-of-Organically-Motivated-Behavior.jpg?fit=300%2C230&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-Studies-in-the-Social-Modification-of-Organically-Motivated-Behavior.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" class="alignnone wp-image-13957" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-Studies-in-the-Social-Modification-of-Organically-Motivated-Behavior-300x230.jpg?resize=225%2C173&ssl=1" alt="Title screen reads Food sharing continues until all of the pellet is consumed..." width="225" height="173" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-Studies-in-the-Social-Modification-of-Organically-Motivated-Behavior.jpg?resize=300%2C230&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-Studies-in-the-Social-Modification-of-Organically-Motivated-Behavior.jpg?w=625&ssl=1 625w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /></a></div>
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<div class="floatleft"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/competition-and-dominance-hierarchies-in-rats/">Competition and Dominance Hierarchies in Rats<br />
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<img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13959" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/competition-and-dominance-hierarchies-in-rats/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Competition-and-Dominance-Hierarchies-in-Rats.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" data-orig-size="625,480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Competition and Dominance Hierarchies in Rats" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Competition-and-Dominance-Hierarchies-in-Rats.jpg?fit=300%2C230&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Competition-and-Dominance-Hierarchies-in-Rats.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" class="alignnone wp-image-13959" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Competition-and-Dominance-Hierarchies-in-Rats.jpg?resize=225%2C173&ssl=1" alt="Three white rats sitting together, one is eating." width="225" height="173" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Competition-and-Dominance-Hierarchies-in-Rats.jpg?resize=300%2C230&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Competition-and-Dominance-Hierarchies-in-Rats.jpg?w=625&ssl=1 625w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /></a></div>
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</div>
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<hr />
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<h2>In the Collections of the National Library of Medicine</h2>
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<h3>NLM Historical Audiovisuals Collection</h3>
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<p><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2017/12/22/john-b-calhoun-film-7-1/">The Falls of 1972</a>: This Medicine on Screen essay by Edmund Ramsden explores a filmed experiment by John B. Calhoun, a research psychologist for 40 years at the National Institute of Mental Health. One of Calhoun’s areas of study was the effects of overcrowding. He constructed mouse colony “universes” where rodent residents had plenty of food and water, and were safe from predators. What they didn’t have was space. In this film Dr. Calhoun explains, and the viewer sees, the effects on the animals of sustained overcrowding. The resulting “behavioral sink” shows the mice engaged in aberrant actions such as hyperaggression, compulsive grooming, failure to reproduce, and infant cannibalism.</p>
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<p><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/05/24/vulnerability-to-covert-attack-1959/">Vulnerability to Covert Attack</a>: This Cold War film documents tests conducted near a coastal airbase—exact location not disclosed—in which possible covert attack scenarios are enacted. The film aims to show how chemical agents, such as nerve toxins, could be delivered with a variety of weapons. The camera documents the precise physical effects, relying on footage of animal experiments which may be disturbing to some.</p>
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<h3>NLM Prints & Photographs Collection</h3>
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<div class="resource-gallery">
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<div class="floatleft">
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<figure id="attachment_13904" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13904" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13904" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?fit=3386%2C2294&ssl=1" data-orig-size="3386,2294" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Many Rats" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Sara Elizabeth Branham inoculating a mouse to test meningitis serum, 1937<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101410821</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?fit=300%2C203&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?fit=740%2C502&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13904" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=300%2C203&ssl=1" alt="a man and a women surrounded by rats in jars" width="300" height="203" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=300%2C203&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=1024%2C694&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=768%2C520&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=1536%2C1041&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=2048%2C1388&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=690%2C467&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C892&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=800%2C542&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C948&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101410821-img.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13904" class="wp-caption-text">Sara Elizabeth Branham inoculating a mouse to test meningitis serum, 1937<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101410821">National Library of Medicine #101410821</a></figcaption></figure>
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||
</div>
|
||
<div class="floatleft">
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13905" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13905" style="width: 236px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13905" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?fit=2357%2C2996&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2357,2996" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Testing Rats" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Testing the tumor-damaging activity of a compound on a rat<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101436908</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?fit=236%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?fit=740%2C940&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13905" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=236%2C300&ssl=1" alt="a man holding up a rat while another puts a feeding tube in its mouth" width="236" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=236%2C300&ssl=1 236w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=806%2C1024&ssl=1 806w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=768%2C976&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=1208%2C1536&ssl=1 1208w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=1611%2C2048&ssl=1 1611w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=690%2C877&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C1674&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=800%2C1017&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C1780&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101436908-img.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13905" class="wp-caption-text">Testing the tumor-damaging activity of a compound on a rat<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101436908">National Library of Medicine #101436908</a></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_13907" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13907" style="width: 259px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13907" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?fit=2199%2C2549&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2199,2549" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Inspecting the Rats" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Examination of laboratory rat being used in a cancer research project<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101447252</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?fit=259%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?fit=740%2C858&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13907" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=259%2C300&ssl=1" alt="a man holding up a rat with two rats in a box in front of him" width="259" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=259%2C300&ssl=1 259w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=883%2C1024&ssl=1 883w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=768%2C890&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=1325%2C1536&ssl=1 1325w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=1767%2C2048&ssl=1 1767w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=690%2C800&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C1527&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=800%2C927&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C1623&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101447252-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13907" class="wp-caption-text">Examination of laboratory rat being used in a cancer research project<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101447252">National Library of Medicine #101447252</a></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_13968" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13968" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13968" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?fit=2741%2C2215&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2741,2215" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Comparing Two Rats" data-image-description="<p>An African American man wearing a white lab coat is comparing two rats of the same age; rat on the right is normal sized (550 grams), the one on the left is extremely obese (1445 grams); in the background are many small animal cages.</p>
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" data-image-caption="<p>An African American man wearing a white lab coat is comparing two rats of the same age.<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101446732</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?fit=300%2C242&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?fit=740%2C598&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13968" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=300%2C242&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="242" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=300%2C242&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=1024%2C827&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=768%2C621&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=1536%2C1241&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=2048%2C1655&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=690%2C558&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C1064&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=800%2C646&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C1131&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101446732-img.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13968" class="wp-caption-text">Experimental Obesity Studies.<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101446732">National Library of Medicine #101446732</a></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_13906" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13906" style="width: 202px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101435297-img-202x300.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-13906 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/nlm_nlmuid-101435297-img.jpg?resize=202%2C300&ssl=1" alt="a little girl in a hospital bed holding a teddy bear and a stuffed toy rabbit" width="202" height="300" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13906" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Appareil (étuve) pour l’étude du mécanisme de la mort par la chaleur </em>(An apparatus for the study of the effects of heat on animals), Claude Bernard. <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101435297">National Library of Medicine #101435297</a></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_13909" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13909" style="width: 202px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13909" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?fit=2142%2C3174&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2142,3174" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Animal Awareness" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>You ought to hear what else they want you to think, 1990s<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101450305</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?fit=202%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?fit=691%2C1024&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13909 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img-202x300.jpg?resize=202%2C300&ssl=1" alt="animals and how they've helped people" width="202" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=202%2C300&ssl=1 202w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=691%2C1024&ssl=1 691w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=768%2C1138&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=1037%2C1536&ssl=1 1037w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=1382%2C2048&ssl=1 1382w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=690%2C1022&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C1952&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=800%2C1185&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C2075&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101453878-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 202px) 100vw, 202px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13909" class="wp-caption-text">How animals have helped people, n.d.<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101453878">National Library of Medicine #101453878</a></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_13908" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13908" style="width: 180px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13908" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?fit=1896%2C3168&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1896,3168" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="We’d be Against It" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>You ought to hear what else they want you to think, 1990s<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101450305</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?fit=180%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?fit=613%2C1024&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13908" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=180%2C300&ssl=1" alt="even if animal research resulted in a cure for AIDS... "We'd be against it."" width="180" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=180%2C300&ssl=1 180w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=613%2C1024&ssl=1 613w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=768%2C1283&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=919%2C1536&ssl=1 919w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=1226%2C2048&ssl=1 1226w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=690%2C1153&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C2201&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=800%2C1337&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C2339&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?w=1896&ssl=1 1896w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nlm_nlmuid-101450305-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13908" class="wp-caption-text">You ought to hear what else they want you to think, 1990s<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101450305">National Library of Medicine #101450305</a></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_13969" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13969" style="width: 248px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13969" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?fit=2192%2C2656&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2192,2656" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Animals Helped Recover" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>It’s the animals you don’t see that really helped her recover<br />
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National Library of Medicine #101438471</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?fit=248%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?fit=740%2C897&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13969" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=248%2C300&ssl=1" alt="a little girl in a hospital bed holding a teddy bear and a stuffed toy rabbit" width="248" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=248%2C300&ssl=1 248w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=845%2C1024&ssl=1 845w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=768%2C931&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=1268%2C1536&ssl=1 1268w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=1690%2C2048&ssl=1 1690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=690%2C836&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=1317%2C1596&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=800%2C969&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?resize=1400%2C1696&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nlm_nlmuid-101438471-img.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13969" class="wp-caption-text">It’s the animals you don’t see that really helped her recover<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101438471">National Library of Medicine #101438471</a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h3>NLM Rare Book & Early Manuscripts Collection</h3>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="14013" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/emotions-darwin_101599308_ht_071/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?fit=1136%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1136,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?fit=284%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?fit=740%2C782&ssl=1" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-14013" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?resize=284%2C300&ssl=1" alt="Collage of illustrations, cats and dogs exhibiting frightened and pleased behaviors." width="284" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?resize=284%2C300&ssl=1 284w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?resize=969%2C1024&ssl=1 969w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?resize=768%2C811&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?resize=690%2C729&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?resize=800%2C845&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Emotions-Darwin_101599308_HT_071.jpg?w=1136&ssl=1 1136w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px" /></a><em><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma991757053406676">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></em>, 1872 by Charles Darwin<br />
|
||
<strong><em>National Library of Medicine #1267767</em></strong></p>
|
||
<p>Darwin had explored the emotional life of humans and animals in <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/darwin/morebookscont.html"><em>The Descent of Man</em></a>. He expanded his considerations in <em>The Expression of the Emotions</em>, produced from materials originally intended for that first work. Pioneering its use of photographs in science, Darwin relied on the images of artist Oscar Rejlander (1813–1875) to show the continuity of emotional life in the higher animals. By means of side-by-side pictures, Darwin was able to correlate human emotions with those shown by primates and other mammals. In doing so, he discredited the claim that humans had a distinctly different from the animals: the differences were ones of degree, not kind. Learn more about Darwin’s books in <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/darwin/index.html"><em>Rewriting the Book of Nature</em></a>.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13991" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/animal-experimentation/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation.jpg?fit=540%2C790&ssl=1" data-orig-size="540,790" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Animal-experimentation" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation.jpg?fit=205%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation.jpg?fit=540%2C790&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13991 alignright" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation-205x300.jpg?resize=205%2C300&ssl=1" alt="" width="205" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation.jpg?resize=205%2C300&ssl=1 205w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Animal-experimentation.jpg?w=540&ssl=1 540w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px" /></a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-101260723-bk#page/5/mode/1up">Animal Experimentation in Medicine through the 18th Century</a>: an exhibition at the Nation Library of Medicine, 1 July–30 October, 1965<br />
|
||
<strong>National Library of Medicine #101260723</strong></p>
|
||
<p>This exhibit shows some contributions to medical knowledge through such investigations, from ancient times through the eighteenth century. Not all are monuments in the history of biomedical research: included are several lesser works. View full text in <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101260723">NLM Digital Collections</a>.</p>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<h2>Related Resources from the National Library of Medicine</h2>
|
||
<h3>PubMed</h3>
|
||
<p><em>PubMed</em>® comprises more than 32 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27977222/">Preserving guilt in the “age of psychology”: The curious career of O. Hobart Mowrer</a> by Corbin Page, February 2017 <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/hop-hop0000045.pdf">Read the full text at the American Psychological Association</a></p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30823899/">Recent efforts to elucidate the scientific validity of animal-based drug tests by the pharmaceutical industry, pro-testing lobby groups, and animal welfare organisations</a> by Jarrod Bailey and Michael Balls, March 2019 <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397470/">Read the full text on PubMed Central</a></p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25818943/">The safety, efficacy and regulatory triangle in drug development: Impact for animal models and the use of animals</a> by Peter J K van Meer, Melanie L Graham, Henk-Jan Schuurman, July 2015</p>
|
||
<h3>Profiles in Science</h3>
|
||
<p><em>Profiles in Science</em> presents the lives and work of innovators in science, medicine, and public health through in-depth research, curation, and digitization of archival collection materials.<br />
|
||
<a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13903" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/dog/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?fit=5904%2C4788&ssl=1" data-orig-size="5904,4788" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Wilbur A. Sawyer, Profiles in Science" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?fit=300%2C243&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?fit=740%2C600&ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-13903 size-medium" title="Clarence Dennis, Profiles in Science" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog-300x243.jpg?resize=300%2C243&ssl=1" alt="three men hooking up a dog to a machine" width="300" height="243" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=300%2C243&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=1024%2C830&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=768%2C623&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=1536%2C1246&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=2048%2C1661&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=690%2C560&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=1317%2C1068&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=800%2C649&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?resize=1400%2C1135&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Dog.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bx">Clarence Dennis, Profiles in Science</a><br />
|
||
American surgeon Clarence Dennis (1909–2005) invented one of the first heart-lung bypass machines, and in 1951 was the first to use it to perform open-heart surgery. Dennis utilized dogs in the early days of developing this machine. This dog had a half hour of total heart-lung pass.<br />
|
||
<a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584928X166">National Library of Medicine #101584928X166</a></p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13910" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/an-experimentally-produced-social-problem-in-rats/woman/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?fit=1958%2C2498&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1958,2498" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Wilbur A. Sawyer, Profiles in Science" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Wilbur Augustus Sawyer (1879-1951) was a key figure in preventive medicine and international public health during the first part of the twentieth century. During his career, he served as director of the Rockefeller Foundation Yellow Fever Laboratory, where he developed the first effective yellow fever vaccine by testing on rhesus monkeys.<br />
|
||
National Library of Medicine #101584931X27</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?fit=235%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?fit=740%2C944&ssl=1" class="alignright wp-image-13910 size-medium" title="Wilbur A. Sawyer, Profiles in Science" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman-235x300.jpg?resize=235%2C300&ssl=1" alt="a man and a women in white lab coats doing testing" width="235" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=235%2C300&ssl=1 235w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=803%2C1024&ssl=1 803w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=768%2C980&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=1204%2C1536&ssl=1 1204w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=1605%2C2048&ssl=1 1605w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=690%2C880&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=1317%2C1680&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=800%2C1021&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?resize=1400%2C1786&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?w=1958&ssl=1 1958w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Woman.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px" /></a><a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/lw">Wilbur A. Sawyer, Profiles in Science</a><br />
|
||
Wilbur Augustus Sawyer (1879–1951) was a key figure in preventive medicine and international public health during the first part of the twentieth century. During his career, he served as director of the Rockefeller Foundation Yellow Fever Laboratory, where he developed the first effective yellow fever vaccine by testing on rhesus monkeys.<br />
|
||
<a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101584931X27">National Library of Medicine #101584931X27</a></p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584906X1059-doc">Animals for Research</a>, Lederberg, Joshua. Washington Post Company, 21 August 1966</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-13410500R-bk">Breeding and care of the albino rat for research purposes</a>: Greenman, Milton J. (Milton Jay), 1866–1937, author. Duhring, F. Louise (Fannie Louise), 1878– author. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, August 1923</p>
|
||
<h3>MedlinePlus</h3>
|
||
<p>Find current consumer health information on <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/mentalhealthandbehavior.html">Mental Health and Behavior</a> from <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p>
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document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply );
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