1433 lines
286 KiB
Text
1433 lines
286 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html lang="en-US">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
|
||
<link rel="pingback" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/xmlrpc.php">
|
||
|
||
<title>Air Pollution Is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for Clean Air in Leeds, England – Medicine on Screen</title>
|
||
<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
|
||
<style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' />
|
||
<link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Medicine on Screen » Feed" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/feed/" />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Medicine on Screen » Comments Feed" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/comments/feed/" />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Medicine on Screen » Air Pollution Is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for Clean Air in Leeds, England Comments Feed" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/feed/" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}};
|
||
/*! This file is auto-generated */
|
||
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_related-posts-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/related-posts/related-posts.css?ver=20240116' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
|
||
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
|
||
display: inline !important;
|
||
border: none !important;
|
||
box-shadow: none !important;
|
||
height: 1em !important;
|
||
width: 1em !important;
|
||
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
|
||
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
|
||
background: none !important;
|
||
padding: 0 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
/*! This file is auto-generated */
|
||
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 15px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--regular: 17px;--wp--preset--font-size--larger: 32px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}
|
||
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
|
||
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
|
||
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpcom-text-widget-styles-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcomsh/vendor/automattic/text-media-widget-styles/css/widget-text.css?ver=20170607' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='thickbox-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/thickbox/thickbox.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ippo-style-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/ippo/style.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_likes-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/likes/style.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='subscription-modal-css-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/comments/subscription-modal-on-comment/subscription-modal.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
|
||
.a-stats {
|
||
--akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49;
|
||
--akismet-color-white: #fff;
|
||
--akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7;
|
||
|
||
max-width: 350px;
|
||
width: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.a-stats * {
|
||
all: unset;
|
||
box-sizing: border-box;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.a-stats strong {
|
||
font-weight: 600;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.a-stats a.a-stats__link,
|
||
.a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited,
|
||
.a-stats a.a-stats__link:active {
|
||
background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green);
|
||
border: none;
|
||
box-shadow: none;
|
||
border-radius: 8px;
|
||
color: var(--akismet-color-white);
|
||
cursor: pointer;
|
||
display: block;
|
||
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
|
||
font-weight: 500;
|
||
padding: 12px;
|
||
text-align: center;
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
transition: all 0.2s ease;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */
|
||
.widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus {
|
||
background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green);
|
||
color: var(--akismet-color-white);
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover {
|
||
filter: brightness(110%);
|
||
box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.a-stats .count {
|
||
color: var(--akismet-color-white);
|
||
display: block;
|
||
font-size: 1.5em;
|
||
line-height: 1.4;
|
||
padding: 0 13px;
|
||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-subscriptions-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/subscriptions/subscriptions.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
:root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"};
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js?ver=20240116" id="jetpack_related-posts-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcomsh\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"};
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
|
||
<!-- Google Analytics Code Snippet By GA4WP --><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P1FPTH9PL4"></script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
|
||
function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
|
||
gtag('js', new Date());gtag('config', 'G-P1FPTH9PL4');</script> <!- end of Google Analytics Code Snippet by GA4WP--><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/13211" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/" />
|
||
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/pa1Llj-3r5' />
|
||
<!-- Custom Logo: hide header text -->
|
||
<style id="custom-logo-css" type="text/css">
|
||
.site-title, .site-description {
|
||
position: absolute;
|
||
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov%2F2021%2F02%2F01%2Fair-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england%2F" />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov%2F2021%2F02%2F01%2Fair-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england%2F&format=xml" />
|
||
<style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
|
||
<meta name="description" content="By Angela Saward, BA, MTA, Wellcome Collection Dr. Mary Catterall (1922-2015), doctor and sculptor, script and medical adviser to the film, It Takes Your Breath Away, became concerned with lung health when she was appointed Senior Registrar in Respiratory Medicine at Leeds General Infirmary, England in 1960. The film won a Silver Medal at the…" />
|
||
<script async type="text/javascript" id="_fed_an_ua_tag" src=https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=HHS&subagency=NIH&sp=query&enhlink=true></script>
|
||
<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
|
||
<meta property="og:title" content="Air Pollution Is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for Clean Air in Leeds, England" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/" />
|
||
<meta property="og:description" content="By Angela Saward, BA, MTA, Wellcome Collection Dr. Mary Catterall (1922-2015), doctor and sculptor, script and medical adviser to the film, It Takes Your Breath Away, became concerned with lung hea…" />
|
||
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-02-01T11:00:06+00:00" />
|
||
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-02-02T22:40:10+00:00" />
|
||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Medicine on Screen" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1200%2C1200&ssl=1" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1200" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="" />
|
||
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@nlm_news" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Air Pollution Is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for Clean Air in Leeds, England" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&w=640" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
|
||
<link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cropped-favicon-512-3.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" />
|
||
<link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cropped-favicon-512-3.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" />
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cropped-favicon-512-3.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1" />
|
||
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cropped-favicon-512-3.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1" />
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/?custom-css=f74cf810d7" /><!-- Jetpack Google Analytics -->
|
||
<script type='text/javascript'>
|
||
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
|
||
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-77373749-1']);
|
||
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
|
||
(function() {
|
||
var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
|
||
ga.src = ('https:' === document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
|
||
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
<!-- End Jetpack Google Analytics -->
|
||
</head>
|
||
|
||
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-13211 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive layout-four-columns group-blog standard-menu sticky-header">
|
||
<div id="page" class="site">
|
||
<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
|
||
|
||
<header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner">
|
||
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
|
||
<div class="site-branding">
|
||
|
||
<!-- Display website logo -->
|
||
<a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="900" height="162" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?fit=900%2C162&ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="Medicine on Screen: Films and Essays from NLM" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?w=900&ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?resize=300%2C54&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?resize=768%2C138&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?resize=500%2C90&ssl=1 500w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?resize=690%2C124&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?resize=800%2C144&ssl=1 800w" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" data-attachment-id="510" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?fit=900%2C162&ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,162" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Medicine-on-Screen-NLM-81-01" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?fit=300%2C54&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/medicine-on-screen-nlm-81-01.png?fit=740%2C133&ssl=1" /></a>
|
||
<p class="site-title"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/" rel="home">Medicine on Screen</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="site-description">Films and Essays from NLM</p>
|
||
</div><!-- .site-branding -->
|
||
|
||
<nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation">
|
||
<button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"><i>Menu</i>Primary Menu<span> </span></button><div class="menu-primary-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-220" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-220"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/">Home</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-952" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-952"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/about-this-site/">About this Site</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-7810" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-7810"><a>Who Makes Medical Movies and Why</a>
|
||
<ul class="sub-menu">
|
||
<li id="menu-item-951" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-951"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/who-makes-medical-movies-and-why/">Overview</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-1810" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1810"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/who-makes-medical-movies-and-why/a-parallel-movie-industry/">A Parallel Movie Industry</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-1812" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1812"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/who-makes-medical-movies-and-why/corporate-entities/">Corporate Entities</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-1811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1811"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/who-makes-medical-movies-and-why/doctors-and-scientists/">Doctors and Scientists</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-1813" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1813"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/who-makes-medical-movies-and-why/medical-and-advocacy-organizations/">Medical and Advocacy Organizations</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-1814" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1814"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/who-makes-medical-movies-and-why/public-sector/">Public Sector</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-953" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-953"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/genres-and-techniques/">Genres and Techniques</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-160"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/readessays/">Read Essays</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-9431" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9431"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/explore-the-vault/">Explore the Vault</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-152" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-152"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/view-resources/">View Resources</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-3299" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-3299"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/comments-and-privacy/">Comments and Privacy</a></li>
|
||
<li id="menu-item-221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-221"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/">National Library of Medicine</a></li>
|
||
</ul></div> </nav><!-- #site-navigation -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Search form -->
|
||
<div class="search-wrap">
|
||
<form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/">
|
||
<label>
|
||
<span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span>
|
||
<input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Enter Keywords" value="" name="s" autocomplete="off">
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" disabled="">
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
<div class="search-instructions">Press Enter / Return to begin your search.</div></div>
|
||
<button id="big-search-trigger">
|
||
<span class="screen-reader-text"></span>
|
||
<i class="icon-search"></i>
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button id="big-search-close">
|
||
<span class="screen-reader-text"></span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div><!-- .container -->
|
||
|
||
</header><!-- #masthead -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Featured posts slider -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="content" class="site-content">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Post categories filter -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="container container-medium">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="hero clear">
|
||
<!-- Featured media -->
|
||
|
||
<figure class="featured-image featured-landscape">
|
||
<img width="1400" height="1050" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=1400%2C1050&ssl=1" class="attachment-ippo-single-featured-image size-ippo-single-featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?w=2048&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px" data-attachment-id="13268" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/breath_main/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=2048%2C1536&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2048,1536" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Wheezing Coughs" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" /> </figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="entry-header">
|
||
<!-- Entry header -->
|
||
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="category-list"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/black-white/" rel="category tag">Black & White</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/educational-instructional/" rel="category tag">Educational & Instructional</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/research-documentation/" rel="category tag">Research & Documentation</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/sound/" rel="category tag">Sound</a></span><span class="post-date"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-02-01T11:00:06+00:00">February 1, 2021</time><time class="updated" datetime="2023-02-02T22:40:10+00:00">February 2, 2023</time></a></span><span class="edit-link"></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Air Pollution Is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for Clean Air in Leeds, England</h1> </div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
|
||
<div id="primary" class="content-area col-md-9">
|
||
<main id="main" class="site-main" role="main">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<article id="post-13211" class="post-13211 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-black-white category-educational-instructional category-research-documentation category-sound tag-air tag-climate tag-coal tag-environment tag-fossil-fuels tag-industry tag-leeds tag-pollution tag-waste">
|
||
|
||
<div class="container container-small">
|
||
|
||
<div class="entry-content">
|
||
<p>By Angela Saward, BA, MTA (Wellcome Collection)</p>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<div class="floatleft single-video-thumb"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/portfolio/it-takes-your-breath-away/">It Takes Your Breath Away<img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13228" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/breath_main-play-button/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_main-Play-button.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" data-orig-size="625,480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Breath_main Play button" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_main-Play-button.jpg?fit=300%2C230&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_main-Play-button.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" class="alignnone wp-image-13228" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_main-Play-button-300x230.jpg?resize=300%2C230&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="230" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_main-Play-button.jpg?resize=300%2C230&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_main-Play-button.jpg?w=625&ssl=1 625w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div>
|
||
<div class="video-meta">
|
||
<p><strong>DATE: </strong>1964<br />
|
||
<strong>LENGTH: </strong>13 minutes<br />
|
||
<strong>ORGANIZATION:</strong> <span class="p11">British Medical Association and<br />British Life Assurance Trust for Health Education</span><br />
|
||
<strong>CATEGORY: </strong>Educational & Instructional, Research &<br />Documentation, Animation, Sound, Black & White</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="clearfloatleft"></div>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<div id="__essay" class="sec" style="text-align: left;">
|
||
<p><span class="dropcap">D</span>r. Mary Catterall (1922–2015), doctor and sculptor, script and medical advisor to the film, <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em>, became concerned with lung health when she was appointed Senior Registrar in Respiratory Medicine at Leeds General Infirmary, England in 1960. The film won a Silver Medal at the British Medical Association annual film competition in 1964, which welcomed films from professional and amateur filmmakers, only specifying that medical excellence was <span style="white-space: nowrap;">paramount.<a id="_ednref1" class="anchor" href="#_edn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></span> It is a work of “hidden” cinema: it was devised specifically for professional medical audiences, in this case, healthcare personnel, and was not intended to be distributed to the wider public. This essay looks at the backstory to the film and how Catterall became involved both personally and professionally by exploring her archives, held at Wellcome Collection where she deposited them in 2009, as well as other library and archival <span style="white-space: nowrap;">sources.<a id="_ednref2" class="anchor" href="#_edn2"><sup>[2]</sup></a></span> The essay contributes to the growing interest and discourse around environmental activism in the 1960s across both sides of the Atlantic. Air pollution has historically taken a significant toll on health and mortality; at the time the film was made, it was implicated in 30,000 deaths in the UK. Today, comparisons can be made with COVID-19 when once again, air pollution has become highly newsworthy: at the time of writing there is growing evidence that deaths through complications from COVID-19 have a direct causal relationship to exposure to harmful air particulates.</p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>Today, comparisons can be made with COVID-19 when once again, air pollution has become highly newsworthy: at the time of writing there is growing evidence that deaths through complications from COVID-19 have a direct causal relationship to exposure to harmful air particulates.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<h3><strong>The Long Shadow of the Industrial Revolution</strong></h3>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13264" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13264" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13264" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/breath-1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?fit=1440%2C1080&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="It Takes your Breath Away" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13264 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1" alt="Title screen of "it takes your breath away" air pollution a human problem" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-1.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13264" class="wp-caption-text">Still from the main intertitle for <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em>, 1964 (dir. Ken Ransom), script and medical advice by Dr. Mary Catterall, Wellcome Collection. <br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068"><em>National Library of Medicine #101771068</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>In northern cities in the United Kingdom, the legacy of migration, rapid urbanization, and the attendant problems of pollution, which started with the Industrial Revolution, continued to have a detrimental impact centuries later. <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em> references this legacy. It begins with opening credits of photographic still images of scenes showing various high-angle views of rooftops and chimneys from residential and industrial settings. The music is doom-laden and discordant. The title of the film, <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em>, is at odds with the images: the received use of this phrase is “to astonish or amaze,” so the choice is immediately <span style="white-space: nowrap;">unsettling.<a id="_ednref3" class="anchor" href="#_edn3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></span> Seven of the 13-minute running time is taken up with contextualizing visual material on the polluted urban environment coupled with a powerful narration, scripted by Catterall and voiced by Bryan <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Martin.<a id="_ednref4" class="anchor" href="#_edn4"><sup>[4]</sup></a></span> The film’s position regarding pollution is clear: air pollution is a human problem (the subtitle to the film). The language is loaded; it refers to the influence of the Industrial Revolution on humankind by remarking, “mechanism spread like a rat.”</p>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="740" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/2021\/02\/01\/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england\/","likes_blog_id":148183677}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 740px; height: 371px;" data-original-width="740" data-original-height="371" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 493px; height: 371px;" data-original-width="493" data-original-height="371" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/2a_it-takes-your-breath-away/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="489"> <meta itemprop="height" content="367"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13324" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg" data-orig-size="1438,1078" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1590165813","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Dwelling House Chimney" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=489&h=367&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=1438&ssl=1 1438w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=690%2C517&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1317%2C987&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2a_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="489" height="367" loading="lazy" data-original-width="489" data-original-height="367" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Dwelling House Chimney" alt="chimney spewing smoke into the sky" style="width: 489px; height: 367px;" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-2" style="width: 247px; height: 371px;" data-original-width="247" data-original-height="371" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/2b_it-takes-your-breath-away/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="243"> <meta itemprop="height" content="182"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13325" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg" data-orig-size="1435,1078" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1590165842","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Factories Release Dirt and Grime" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=740%2C556&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=243&h=182&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=1435&ssl=1 1435w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1024%2C769&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=768%2C577&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1317%2C989&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=800%2C601&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2b_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1400%2C1052&ssl=1 1400w" width="243" height="182" loading="lazy" data-original-width="243" data-original-height="182" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Factories Release Dirt and Grime" alt="Factories above water spraying smoke into the sky" style="width: 243px; height: 182px;" /> </a> </div> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/2c_it-takes-your-breath-away/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="243"> <meta itemprop="height" content="181"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13326" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg" data-orig-size="1448,1078" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1590165870","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Air Pollution worse than London’s" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=300%2C223&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=740%2C551&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=243&h=181&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=1448&ssl=1 1448w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=300%2C223&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1024%2C762&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=768%2C572&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=690%2C514&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1317%2C980&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=800%2C596&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2c_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1400%2C1042&ssl=1 1400w" width="243" height="181" loading="lazy" data-original-width="243" data-original-height="181" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Air Pollution worse than London's" alt="a mother pushing her child in a stroller in front of a foggy background" style="width: 243px; height: 181px;" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13253" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13253" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13253" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/breath-7/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?fit=1440%2C1080&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="City of London is a Clean Air Zone" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13253 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1" alt="Large white old styled building with construction in front with a bunch of people walking around and cars, buses busying the street" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-7.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13253" class="wp-caption-text">Still from<em> It Takes Your Breath Away</em>, 1964. St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, with scaffolding still in evidence after cleaning the west wing. <br /><em><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068">National Library of Medicine #101771068</a><br /></em></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>The film contrasts the “black towns” of the industrial North of England where smoke and dirt, chemicals, soot, and corrosive grime particles had damaged the urban environment to the newly planned Clean Air Zones, where gleamingly clean buildings such as St. Paul’s Cathedral in London were granted extensive and costly <span style="white-space: nowrap;">restoration.<a id="_ednref5" class="anchor" href="#_edn5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></span> The clearly visible damage to the built environment is common in films on this subject, largely due to the readily quantifiable economic costs associated with cleaning up the <span style="white-space: nowrap;">problem.<a id="_ednref6" class="anchor" href="#_edn6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></span> However, the film also makes reference to the social injustice of improving the environment in some areas such as the center of London (perhaps for the benefit of the few) to the detriment of mixed industrial/residential zones that already suffered under social and economic pressures, where factories and tenements historically were co-located.</p>
|
||
<h3><strong>“The air was thick with soot”</strong></h3>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="740" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/2021\/02\/01\/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england\/","likes_blog_id":148183677}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 740px; height: 279px;" data-original-width="740" data-original-height="279" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 370px; height: 279px;" data-original-width="370" data-original-height="279" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/breath-11/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="366"> <meta itemprop="height" content="275"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13257" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Housewife Wipes the Window Ledge" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?w=366&h=275&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-11.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="366" height="275" loading="lazy" data-original-width="366" data-original-height="275" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Housewife Wipes the Window Ledge" alt="hand wiping window seal shows the white cloth turned black with dirt" style="width: 366px; height: 275px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> A housewife wipes the window ledge, demonstrating the level of grime present. <br>National Library of Medicine #101771068 </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 370px; height: 279px;" data-original-width="370" data-original-height="279" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/child-on-slide/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="366"> <meta itemprop="height" content="275"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13472" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg" data-orig-size="1920,1440" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Mother Picks Up Her Child" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?w=366&h=275&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?w=1920&ssl=1 1920w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Child-on-slide.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" width="366" height="275" loading="lazy" data-original-width="366" data-original-height="275" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Mother Picks Up Her Child" alt="a woman picking up her who has dirty pants from a slide." style="width: 366px; height: 275px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> A mother picks up her child at the bottom of a slide in a playground, finding the light-colored clothing besmirched with grit. <br>National Library of Medicine #101771068 </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
|
||
<h5 style="text-align: center;"></h5>
|
||
<h5 style="text-align: center;">Left: a housewife wipes the window ledge, demonstrating the level of grime present. Right: a mother picks up her child at the bottom of a slide in a playground, finding the light-colored clothing besmirched with grit.<br />
|
||
<em><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068">National Library of Medicine #101771068</a><br /></em></h5>
|
||
<p>The city of Leeds is a brooding presence in <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em>, filmed, in Catterall’s words, in its “mourning <span style="white-space: nowrap;">black.”<a id="_ednref7" class="anchor" href="#_edn7"><sup>[7]</sup></a></span> As a center of the woolen industry, it had prospered with both good transport links and proximity to coal fields, once being home to the largest woolen mill in the world. Subsequently, in the mid-twentieth century, the city experienced rapid economic decline as these industries faltered, although it was still England’s fifth-most populous city. The “scars” of the Industrial Revolution led environmental agencies to comment that peat in the surrounding area is “more acidic than lemon <span style="white-space: nowrap;">juice.”<a id="_ednref8" class="anchor" href="#_edn8"><sup>[8]</sup></a></span> This legacy of relying on fossil fuels in industry as well as in the home was evident in the lungs of the city’s inhabitants as well. As Catterall recounted:</p>
|
||
<p style="padding-left: 40px;">This was my first encounter with the North, and with the industrial pollution of the fifties and sixties. I was shocked. Buildings were black, car lights were necessary in the middle of the day, the air was thick with soot and smelt acrid. Air pollution came not only from factories and hospitals, but also from tens of thousands of domestic chimneys burning coal. Babies were put out in prams, from small back-to-back homes and after a single morning on the pavement, their faces were marked with soot and pram covers were <span style="white-space: nowrap;">filthy.<a id="_ednref9" class="anchor" href="#_edn9"><sup>[9]</sup></a></span></p>
|
||
<h3><strong>The Great Smog and Clean Air</strong></h3>
|
||
<p>Smog (a contraction of “smoke” and “fog”) had been a feature of the urban environment for nearly a century, with smoky chimneys and misty skylines forming the trademark of artistic representations of atmospheric city landscapes (especially of <span style="white-space: nowrap;">London).<a id="_ednref10" class="anchor" href="#_edn10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></span> That was until the “Great Smog” of 1952, which affected the health of many vulnerable people already living with chronic lung conditions. It is widely agreed that this event alone led to at least 4000 people dying immediately, with a further 8000 in the weeks and months <span style="white-space: nowrap;">afterward.<a id="_ednref11" class="anchor" href="#_edn11"><sup>[11]</sup></a></span> These stark statistics led to a turning point when the medical effects of air pollution on health were irrefutable. Improving matters required a paradigm shift in energy usage. As a consequence, the 1956 Clean Air Act in the United Kingdom instituted changes in the use of fossil fuels in industry and the home.</p>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13346" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13346" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13346" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/5_moh_1961/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?fit=3067%2C1851&ssl=1" data-orig-size="3067,1851" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="5_MoH_1961" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?fit=300%2C181&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?fit=740%2C447&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13346 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-300x181.jpg?resize=300%2C181&ssl=1" alt="house dwellings releasing smoke" width="300" height="181" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=300%2C181&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=1024%2C618&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=768%2C464&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=1536%2C927&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=2048%2C1236&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=690%2C416&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=1317%2C795&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=800%2C483&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?resize=1400%2C845&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5_MoH_1961-rotated.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13346" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Medical Health Officer Report for Leeds</em>, 1961. Domestic smoke issuing from dwelling houses, not yet in Smoke Control Area, at Harehills, Leeds. <br /><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/fum8b3yk"><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection</em></a><a id="_ednref12" class="anchor" href="#_edn12"><sup>[12]</sup></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p style="outline: none;">Apart from the health implications of polluted air, the other benefits of using cleaner energy, once they became apparent, were also drivers for change. It was clear from the middle of the century that coal reserves in the United Kingdom were being depleted. Mining practices became more labor-intensive and less economically viable. Therefore, there was an incentive to become more fuel-efficient and find less wasteful sources of energy to power the nation in its post-war redevelopment. Cleaner electricity could be generated with modifications to homes and factories by refitting inefficient stoves, boilers and furnaces. This not only delivered economic benefits (in the form of savings), it created a new supply sector for energy-efficient equipment. In turn, the energy sector received an image boost due to the perceived modernity in promoting cleaner energy in the form of gas and <span style="white-space: nowrap;">electricity.<a id="_ednref13" class="anchor" href="#_edn13"><sup>[13]</sup></a></span></p>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13353" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13353" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13353" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/6_moh_1959/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?fit=3127%2C1826&ssl=1" data-orig-size="3127,1826" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="6_MoH_1959" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Clean Air Exhibition, Corn Exchange, Leeds, from 16th to 18th April, 1959. Medical Officer of Health Report, 1959, Wellcome Collection.</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?fit=300%2C175&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?fit=740%2C432&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13353 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-300x175.jpg?resize=300%2C175&ssl=1" alt="crowds of people standing under a smoking area sign" width="300" height="175" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=300%2C175&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=1024%2C598&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=768%2C448&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=1536%2C897&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=2048%2C1196&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=690%2C403&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=1317%2C769&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=800%2C467&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?resize=1400%2C818&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/6_MoH_1959-rotated.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13353" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Medical Officer of Health Report</em>, 18th April 1959. Clean Air Exhibition, Corn Exchange, Leeds. <br /><em><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/b54rujrs">Courtesy Wellcome Collection</a></em><a id="_ednref14" class="anchor" href="#_edn14"><sup>[14]</sup></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p style="outline: none;">Catterall’s autobiography and the bias of the film paint a very negative picture of air pollution in Leeds and what was being done about <span style="white-space: nowrap;">it.<a id="_ednref15" class="anchor" href="#_edn15"><sup>[15]</sup></a></span> Catterall’s writing is suffused with impatience at the pace of progress. Looking at the factual record, Medical Health Officer reports provide detailed analyses of the population of the area (births and deaths), epidemiology as well as health, food safety, and sanitation provision. From 1919, when the Ministry of Health was established in the United Kingdom, local authorities gained more control over the provision of healthcare services to their populations, and Medical Health Officers were mandated to collate and report relevant statistical data. This became standardized across the annual reports submitted to the Ministry. In fact, although air pollution was worrisome in Leeds, something was being done: from 1956, data on air pollution was being tracked, and there was surveillance equipment to monitor the air pollution in the city, regulatory power to create smoke-free zones, to respond to complaints of smoke (or noise) pollution, and levy fines on businesses that were non-compliant.</p>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="740" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/2021\/02\/01\/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england\/","likes_blog_id":148183677}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 740px; height: 451px;" data-original-width="740" data-original-height="451" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 472px; height: 451px;" data-original-width="472" data-original-height="451" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/7a_moh_1958/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="468"> <meta itemprop="height" content="447"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13365" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg" data-orig-size="3436,3281" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="City of Leeds Atmospheric Pollution" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?fit=300%2C286&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?fit=740%2C707&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?w=468&h=447&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?w=3436&ssl=1 3436w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=300%2C286&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=1024%2C978&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=768%2C733&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=1536%2C1467&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=2048%2C1956&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=690%2C659&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=1317%2C1258&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=800%2C764&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?resize=1400%2C1337&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7a_MoH_1958.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" width="468" height="447" loading="lazy" data-original-width="468" data-original-height="447" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="City of Leeds Atmospheric Pollution" alt="Map Graph of Leeds showing most polluted areas" style="width: 468px; height: 447px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> <em>Medical Officer of Health Reports,1958.</em> Map of Atmospheric Pollution showing ‘hot spots’.<a id="_ednref16" class="anchor" href="#_edn16"><sup>[16]</sup></a> <br><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection.</em> </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 268px; height: 451px;" data-original-width="268" data-original-height="451" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/7b_moh_1965/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="264"> <meta itemprop="height" content="447"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13366" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg" data-orig-size="1774,3008" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Effects of Smoke Controlled Areas" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?fit=177%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?fit=604%2C1024&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?w=264&h=447&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?w=1774&ssl=1 1774w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=177%2C300&ssl=1 177w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=604%2C1024&ssl=1 604w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=768%2C1302&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=906%2C1536&ssl=1 906w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=1208%2C2048&ssl=1 1208w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=690%2C1170&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=1317%2C2233&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=800%2C1356&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?resize=1400%2C2374&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/7b_MoH_1965.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" width="264" height="447" loading="lazy" data-original-width="264" data-original-height="447" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Effects of Smoke Controlled Areas" alt="line grap4h of the relations of smoke controlled areas and pollution" style="width: 264px; height: 447px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> <em>Medical Officer of Health Reports,1965.</em> Resultant drop in air pollution when homes are brought into Smoke Control Areas.<a id="_ednref17" class="anchor" href="#_edn17"><sup>[17]</a> <br><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection.</em> </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
|
||
<h5 style="text-align: center;">Left: <em>Medical Officer of Health Reports, 1958.</em> Map of Atmospheric Pollution showing ‘hot <span style="white-space: nowrap;">spots’.<a id="_ednref16" class="anchor" href="#_edn16"><sup>[16] </sup></a></span> Right: <em>Medical Officer of Health Reports,1965.</em> Resultant drop in air pollution when homes are brought into Smoke Control Areas.<a id="_ednref17" class="anchor" href="#_edn17"><sup>[17]</sup></a><br />
|
||
<em><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/fum8b3yk"><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection</em></a></em></h5>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13371" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13371" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13371" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/8_moh_1964/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?fit=3003%2C1840&ssl=1" data-orig-size="3003,1840" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="8_MoH_1964" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Automatic apparatus for measuring smoke and sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere showing meter for measurement of air, electric pump, and timing switch, Medical Officer of Health Report, 1964, Wellcome Collection.</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?fit=300%2C184&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?fit=740%2C453&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13371 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964.jpg?resize=300%2C184&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="184" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=300%2C184&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=1024%2C627&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=768%2C471&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=1536%2C941&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=2048%2C1255&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=690%2C423&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=1317%2C807&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?resize=1400%2C858&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8_MoH_1964-rotated.jpg?w=2220&ssl=1 2220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13371" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Medical Officer of Health Report, 1964.<a id="_ednref18" class="anchor" href="#_edn18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> </em>Automatic apparatus for measuring smoke and Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere showing meter for measurement of air, electric pump, and timing switch. <br /><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/z3qgb7hm"><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection.</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p style="outline: none;">The Leeds Incorporated Chambers of Commerce had been very concerned about all the ramifications of the Clean Air Act and published a supplement on clean air for <em>The Leeds Journal</em> in <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1956.<a id="_ednref19" class="anchor" href="#_edn19"><sup>[19]</sup></a></span> Largely technical in nature it comprised sixteen chapters, and it ran advertisements from purveyors of industrial boilers and domestic heating equipment, with slogans as such as “No Need for ‘Scrubbing’/Towards a Cleaner Atmosphere” (Yorkshire Electricity Board), “Let’s Make This Quite Clear Says Mr. Therm/GAS & Coke End Waste & Smoke” (North Eastern Gas Board), and “Are You Guilty of Atmospheric or Water Pollution?” (Royal Doulton Chemical Stoneware). The supplement was produced with funds from the National Industrial Fuel Efficiency Service amongst others and is indicative of the collective effort to improve air <span style="white-space: nowrap;">quality.<a id="_ednref20" class="anchor" href="#_edn20"><sup>[20]</sup></a></span> The anti-pollution lobby was led by the Coal Smoke Abatement Society (CSAS), established in <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1898.<a id="_ednref21" class="anchor" href="#_edn21"><sup>[21]</sup></a></span> Later renamed the National Society for Clean Air (NSCA) when the menace from coal smoke receded, it became more vocal about air pollution from industry and transport. The organization was involved in various environmental concerns until it stopped operating in 2012 (by this time as Environmental Protection UK). The Coal Smoke Abatement Society created propaganda to communicate its message in the form of a quarterly newsletter, <em>Smokeless Air</em>, and various other information resources, but its efforts were very small in changing public opinion.</p>
|
||
<h3><strong>Mary’s Story</strong></h3>
|
||
<p>Mary’s self-published account of her life and career is filled with examples of professional slights and major disagreements with paternalistic, male medical professionals. Her voice, though vehement, is an important testament to the minoritized views of the time of a female clinician working in an overwhelmingly male profession. Mary was born Eileen Mary Williamson in 1922 in England and she began her medical career in 1941 during World War II. Reading between the lines, a career in medicine was not available to her as she did not have the requisite education (she writes that her parents were hoping for a boy, there was already an older female sibling). One profession open to her was physiotherapy: she duly qualified as a physiotherapist in 1943. Unfortunately, she actively disliked the work, but as it was a protected position of national importance, she found herself stuck professionally until after the war whilst she studied for entry exams for medicine via a correspondence course. In 1947, when she entered the London Hospital Medical School, she was only one of seven women in a class of 77, reflecting the gender imbalance in the profession at the time.</p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>Taking a novel approach, Mary developed and patented an improved oxygen delivery mask, the New “MC” Oxygen Mask for “Effective Oxygen Therapy.” (The “MC” denoted her initials.)</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Qualifying as a Junior Doctor in 1952, Mary’s first post was as Senior House Officer in the Radiotherapy Department at ‘the London’ (later the Royal London Hospital), a post usually only open to male staff, where she worked with male patients with venereal disease. Her appointment was a reflection of shortages in the profession due to the war. Working in the clinic too was Dr. Duncan Catterall, whom she went on to marry (he later became an eminent venereologist). Mary’s medical career prior to making the film followed a familiar path of gaining experience leading to job progression; she was appointed Junior Registrar and moved on to working with patients with tuberculosis at the London under Dr. Lloyd Rusby, Consultant, and Dr. Colin Ogilvie, Senior Registrar, the latter being the leading expert on respiratory physiology in the UK. Ogilvie had developed new tests in which he analyzed breathing and respiration into discrete functions as well as introducing new drug treatments such as streptomycin. Through Ogilvie, Catterall met Geoffrey Boden with whom she went on to work. He generously granted Mary a platform to talk about their research on tissue damage caused by radiation which was under-researched at the <span style="white-space: nowrap;">time.<a id="_ednref22" class="anchor" href="#_edn22"><sup>[22]</sup></a></span> However, Boden, a heavy smoker, died suddenly in 1957 and her enthusiasm for this research waned without his mentorship, so in 1959, she willingly relocated to Leeds when Duncan took up the post of Consultant in Charge of the Genito-Urinary Medicine Department at Leeds General Infirmary. Throughout Mary’s career, the shifts in clinical discipline and geography were due to following her husband from London to Leeds and then back again. While this seems distinctly unmodern today, she did reflect upon how it was natural at the <span style="white-space: nowrap;">time.<a id="_ednref23" class="anchor" href="#_edn23"><sup>[23]</sup></a></span></p>
|
||
<p>In 1960, after a year in Leeds, Mary secured the post of Senior Registrar in Respiratory Medicine at the hospital. Catterall brought her clinical experience of caring for patients with severe lung conditions to her new position. One of the things she observed in her new role was the deficiency in the delivery of oxygen to those patients with severe breathing problems. Catterall’s clinical knowledge was a catalyst for her drive to improve the health and well-being of the patients in her care—an approach evident throughout her career. Taking a novel approach, Mary developed and patented an improved oxygen delivery mask, the New “MC” Oxygen Mask for “Effective Oxygen Therapy.” (The “MC” denoted her initials.)</p>
|
||
<p>No one initially wanted to invest in her design, although her archives reveal that the organization British Oxygen was interested. This is an example of how her gender appeared to mitigate against being taken seriously. However, displaying tenacity, she had taken the precaution of securing a temporary patent and then, before the patent expired and her design was at risk of plagiarism or theft, the Royal Army Medical Corps placed a large order. The lightweight design made the mask well-suited to being used in combat situations. In fact, the masks were used on the battlefields in the Falklands War in 1982, which, according to Catterall, resulted in no British soldiers dying of their injuries largely due to the importance of oxygenating the blood, vital to life.</p>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="740" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/2021\/02\/01\/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england\/","likes_blog_id":148183677}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 740px; height: 471px;" data-original-width="740" data-original-height="471" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 354px; height: 471px;" data-original-width="354" data-original-height="471" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/9b_pp_cat_sm/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="350"> <meta itemprop="height" content="467"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13376" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg" data-orig-size="900,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-A202F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1584187046","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.6","iso":"160","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="New Oxygen Mask" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?fit=740%2C987&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?w=350&h=467&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?w=900&ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=225%2C300&ssl=1 225w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=690%2C920&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9b_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=800%2C1067&ssl=1 800w" width="350" height="467" loading="lazy" data-original-width="350" data-original-height="467" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="New Oxygen Mask" alt="The newmc oxygen mask bag with a description on it" style="width: 350px; height: 467px;" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 386px; height: 471px;" data-original-width="386" data-original-height="471" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/9a_pp_cat_sm/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="382"> <meta itemprop="height" content="467"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13377" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg" data-orig-size="980,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-A202F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1584187032","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.6","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Effective Oxygen Therapy Guide" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?fit=245%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?fit=740%2C906&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?w=382&h=467&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?w=980&ssl=1 980w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=245%2C300&ssl=1 245w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=836%2C1024&ssl=1 836w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=768%2C940&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=690%2C845&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/9a_PP_CAT_sm.jpg?resize=800%2C980&ssl=1 800w" width="382" height="467" loading="lazy" data-original-width="382" data-original-height="467" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Effective Oxygen Therapy Guide" alt="a paper guide to effectively use an oxygen mask" style="width: 382px; height: 467px;" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
|
||
<h5 style="text-align: center;">A mask developed and patented by Dr. Mary Catterall (Dr. Mary Catterall PP/CAT, <em><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/fum8b3yk"><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection</em></a></em>).</h5>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<h3><strong>“Where there’s muck there’s brass”<a id="_ednref24" class="anchor" href="#_edn24"><sup>[24]</sup></a></strong></h3>
|
||
<p>What does require some critical thought is whether, as Catterall suggests, in some small way, <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em> contributed to or perhaps even began the transformation of Leeds into, in her own words, the “smart and sparkling” place it is <span style="white-space: nowrap;">now.<a id="_ednref25" class="anchor" href="#_edn25"><sup>[25]</sup></a></span> Unfortunately, the film’s distribution history in Leeds is unknown. The British Medical Association acquired a print when it was entered in their annual film competition in 1964. The films in the library were available to members, but the distribution history of these prints has been lost. Mary would have known about the Medical Officer of Health reports produced by Leeds City as her husband, Duncan Catterall, reported on venereal disease in the area in his capacity as Physician in Charge at Leeds General Infirmary. Additionally, the Chief Public Health Inspector for Leeds City, Mr. J. Goodfellow, was elected on numerous occasions to the Chair of the National Society for Clean Air (successor to the National Coal Abatement Society), and this organization is acknowledged in the final credits of the film. So perhaps it would be more accurate to say that the film contributed to the urgent debate around the medical effects of pollution by a compassionate clinician who found herself on the frontline of what looked like a medical emergency. As Catterall recalled:</p>
|
||
<p style="padding-left: 40px;">I attacked the urban pollution, particularly of Leeds with my usual frontal assault—I talked graphically and frequently to doctors, city councilors, trade unions, to administrators, anyone who would listen, and to those who would have preferred not to. Reading now, some of the articles I wrote and lectures I gave, I am surprised that we had as many friends as in fact we did.</p>
|
||
<p>Catterall’s campaigning activity was picked up by the press: “Equating Muck with Brass Condemned, Plea for Clean Chimneys” (Guardian October 1963); “The Air We Breathe in Leeds Is Dangerous Says Woman Doctor” (Yorkshire Evening Post) However, according to Mary, her mother-in-law told her that, it was “a pity to be so emphatic about it.” Her response was that, “I saw only the illness and pain it was causing!”</p>
|
||
<h3><strong>“Many bronchitics sit at home too breathless to work”</strong></h3>
|
||
<p>Class, as indicated in the commentary to the film, was also a factor in the level of occupational and ambient exposure to environmental <span style="white-space: nowrap;">pollution.<a id="_ednref26" class="anchor" href="#_edn26"><sup>[26]</sup></a></span> Official social classifications of British citizens by occupation and industry had been in place since the mid-1800s; Social Class Five (V) or unskilled occupations mentioned in the film, generally lived in urban polluted locations, whereas Social Class One (I) or professional occupations lived in the countryside or outskirts of cities with access to green spaces. These generalizations of the probable health effects of geography can be backed up with historical scientific data as recordings had been taken about the effect of air pollution on plants in and around <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Leeds.<a id="_ednref27" class="anchor" href="#_edn27"><sup>[27]</sup></a></span></p>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="740" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/2021\/02\/01\/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england\/","likes_blog_id":148183677}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 740px; height: 279px;" data-original-width="740" data-original-height="279" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 370px; height: 279px;" data-original-width="370" data-original-height="279" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/breath-14/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="366"> <meta itemprop="height" content="275"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13260" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Man’s Daily Requirements" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?w=366&h=275&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-14.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="366" height="275" loading="lazy" data-original-width="366" data-original-height="275" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Man’s Daily Requirements" alt="Mans Daily Requirements: Air 15,000 litres, Oxygen 3,000 litres, Water 2 litres" style="width: 366px; height: 275px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> <em>Man’s daily requirements (with air top)</em> <br>National Library of Medicine #101771068 </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 370px; height: 279px;" data-original-width="370" data-original-height="279" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/breath-13/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="366"> <meta itemprop="height" content="275"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="13259" data-orig-file="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Dirt Lodged in Our Lungs Permanently" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?w=366&h=275&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-13.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w" width="366" height="275" loading="lazy" data-original-width="366" data-original-height="275" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Dirt Lodged in Our Lungs Permanently" alt="fossilized lungs in a clear box" style="width: 366px; height: 275px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> The black lung (far right) from a townsman, the lighter-colored lungs (middle) from the countryman<br>National Library of Medicine #101771068 </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
|
||
<h5 style="text-align: center;">Stills from <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em>; Left, Man’s daily requirements (with air top). Right; the black lung (far right) from a townsman, the lighter-colored lungs (middle) from the countryman<br />
|
||
<em><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068">National Library of Medicine #101771068</a><br /></em></h5>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13268" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13268" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13268" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/breath_main/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=2048%2C1536&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2048,1536" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Wheezing Coughs" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13268 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?w=2048&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Breath_Main.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13268" class="wp-caption-text">Film still showing James Holmes, an ex-miner, looking older than his 58 years, who can no longer work and has his quality of life significantly reduced due to his breathing problems. He describes his pain, breathlessness, sleeplessness, and overall malaise. <br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068"><em>National Library of Medicine #101771068</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>The film demonstrates how on a microscopic level tissue damage is also evident. In total, the environmental load from particulates on a city dweller is exceptionally high due to exposure to a cocktail of poisons. The film’s commentary mentions that pollution was implicated in 30,000 deaths annually in the UK due to a myriad of lung conditions—this is out of a net population of just under 54 million people. The scale of mortality is stark compared to that currently of COVID-19 in the <span style="white-space: nowrap;">UK.<a id="_ednref28" class="anchor" href="#_edn28"><sup>[28]</sup></a></span> There is growing anger in the scientific community about the mounting evidence base relating to the outcomes of people recovering from COVID-19 and air <span style="white-space: nowrap;">pollution.<a id="_ednref29" class="anchor" href="#_edn29"><sup>[29]</sup></a></span></p>
|
||
<p>Switching pace, at seven minutes into the film, the narrative takes us into the clinic to discover the patient experience. Catterall’s knowledge as a clinician and as the medical adviser to the film gave the student filmmakers access to powerful patient testimonies. Catterall does not provide much in the way of detail to the production process, which she expresses here in brisk and somewhat clinical terms; “I met some film making students who wanted a theme. I wanted some filmmakers to make a film. We <span style="white-space: nowrap;">collaborated.”<a id="_ednref30" class="anchor" href="#_edn30"><sup>[30]</sup></a></span> The patient case study is a frequent cinematic trope in medical films and has an important stylistic function as it underpins the injustices in the film. Catterall provides a moving insight into the lived reality of chronic medical conditions that negatively impact health and well-being. In the film, this takes the form of insight into the life of James Holmes, an ex-miner who at 58 years old cannot work and has a poor quality of life. Catterall admitted that for some bad cases, “iron lung” respirators were deployed to ease breathing at night—treatment usually associated with use in treatment for respiratory paralysis caused by polio and rapidly becoming redundant with the introduction of successful vaccines for the poliovirus. Catterall described how this treatment revealed a systemic flaw with air quality inside hospitals, “I had a patient with severe respiratory disease who had to go into an ‘iron lung,’ as respirators were then called, during the night. In the morning her neck and the cotton wool surrounding it were covered in soot from the air in the <span style="white-space: nowrap;">ward.”<a id="_ednref31" class="anchor" href="#_edn31"><sup>[31]</sup></a></span> Hospitals were exempt from complying with the Clean Air Act. They were not compelled to modernize their energy use yet produced significant amounts of particulate-based air pollution.</p>
|
||
<h3><strong>“Devastatingly dangerous to the lungs”</strong></h3>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13379" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13379" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13379" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/12_it-takes-your-breath-away/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=1444%2C1077&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1444,1077" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1604517285","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="12_It takes your breath away" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Still from the film showing hospital equipment covered in grime; a hand helpfully draws an X in the smut [00:09:31], Wellcome Collection. </p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=300%2C224&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?fit=740%2C552&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13379 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away-300x224.jpg?resize=300%2C224&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="224" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=300%2C224&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1024%2C764&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=768%2C573&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=690%2C515&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1317%2C982&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=800%2C597&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?resize=1400%2C1044&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/12_It-takes-your-breath-away.jpg?w=1444&ssl=1 1444w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13379" class="wp-caption-text">Film still showing hospital equipment covered in grime; a hand helpfully draws an X in the smut. <br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068"><em>National Library of Medicine #101771068</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>Back in London in 1965, Mary published her reports on respiratory-function tests in miners from her clinic in <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Leeds.<a id="_ednref32" class="anchor" href="#_edn32"><sup>[32]</sup></a></span> It was a landmark study. Her findings were contrary to received orthodoxies and called into question the assessment of lung disease in miners. She was critical of the criteria to determine eligibility for compensation used by the Medical Research Council’s Pneumoconiosis Research Unit, based in Wales. She considered mining to be “devastatingly dangerous to the lungs.” Hitherto, only shadows on the lungs visible in x-rays granted eligibility for statutory compensation, which was critical in providing financial support for men of working age, many of whom had families to support. Catterall identified other physiological markers relating to lung function applicable across the patients referred to her, thereby finessing the effects down to an unprecedentedly discrete scale (in the film, she demonstrates an instrument for such identification at about seven minutes in). Her role as clinician was therefore to provide relief to her patients (if possible), but also to prove that their exposure was industrial and inadvertent.</p>
|
||
<p>There were other researchers working in this field, such as an MRC Unit working on Air <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Pollution,<a id="_ednref33" class="anchor" href="#_edn33"><sup>[33]</sup></a></span> established in 1952 after the “Great Smog” but the source of the statistics quoted in the film was probably from The National Society for Clean Air. Statistics have bedeviled the environmental policy and lobbying sectors; measurements are clearly important, but their attendant interpretation has been controversial. This Unit demonstrated a direct relationship between levels of smoke, Sulphur dioxide, and chronic bronchitis, producing a series of studies that had been influential in underpinning the Clean Air Act.</p>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13250" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13250" style="width: 740px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13250" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/breath-4/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?fit=1440%2C1080&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1440,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Deep Breath Test" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Still from It Takes Your Breath Away of Catterall in the respiratory clinic testing lung function in a patient, a hospital employee who was formerly an anaesthetic assistant but who had to find a less physically demanding position in the hospital due to his breathing difficulties (the inference is that this was caused by exposure to environmental pollution in the hospital) <em>National Library of Medicine #101771068</em></p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13250 size-large" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4-1024x768.jpg?resize=740%2C555&ssl=1" alt="woman using a machine on a man that has his mouth on a stick connected to tube connected to the box like machine." width="740" height="555" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Breath-4.jpg?w=1440&ssl=1 1440w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13250" class="wp-caption-text">Still from <em>It Takes Your Breath Away</em> of Catterall in the respiratory clinic testing lung function in a patient, a hospital employee who was formerly an anesthetic assistant but who had to find a less physically demanding position in the hospital due to his breathing difficulties (the inference is that this was caused by exposure to environmental pollution in the hospital) <br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101771068"><em>National Library of Medicine #101771068</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<h3><strong>A “Sore Point”?<a id="_ednref34" class="anchor" href="#_edn34"><sup>[34]</sup></a> </strong></h3>
|
||
<p>What did Mary do next? After Catterall followed her husband back to London, she took up the position of Senior Registrar in Radiation Oncology, Middlesex Hospital. Later, she became a consultant in charge of the Fast Neutron Clinic, Hammersmith Hospital, until 1987. Neutron therapy was an experimental cancer treatment; neutrons were delivered in a high energy beam, causing a different biological effect to radiotherapy. The MRC-funded research into regressing, hard-to-treat tumors was not without controversy due to its cost; the press lambasted it as poor value in light of the limited test data. An editorial column on medicine in <em>The Times</em>, ‘Sore Point’ by Dr. Thomas Stuttaford, cited the <em>British Medical Journal</em>’s assessment of the project as “a dangerous white elephant”. This was because the Conservative Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, had green-lit the project without consultation with the wider scientific and medical communities. The project is another example of Catterall working in a contentious area of medicine (here radiotherapy) and demonstrating her humanity by going against the orthodoxies at the time in the interests of her patients. From the clinic, Catterall wrote movingly about the significant impact of treating people living with these cancers and how the treatment gave them back their dignity by prolonging their lives in meaningful ways even though her clinic only received the most hopeless cases. The treatment allowed people to live the life they wanted, rather than the one that they thought they had been dealt, after a terminal cancer diagnosis.</p>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_13387" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13387" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13387" data-permalink="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/14_4695v_sm/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?fit=1600%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1600,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-A202F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1584369250","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.6","iso":"125","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="14_4695V_sm" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Mobile phone shot from a TV monitor of Dr. Mary Catterall taken from Neutron Therapy Celebrates 25 Years of Service, 2001, Video News 84, Wellcome Collection.</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?fit=740%2C555&ssl=1" class="wp-image-13387 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1" alt="an old television with an old lady (Dr. Mary Catterall) on it" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=690%2C518&ssl=1 690w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=1317%2C988&ssl=1 1317w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1 1400w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?w=1600&ssl=1 1600w, https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/14_4695V_sm.jpg?w=1480&ssl=1 1480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13387" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hy7xbm6h">Neutron Therapy Celebrates 25 Years of Service, 2001</a><sup><a id="_ednref35" class="anchor" href="#_edn35">[35]</a></sup>, Mobile phone shot from a TV monitor of Dr. Mary Catterall taken from Video News 84, <br /><em><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/fum8b3yk"><em>Courtesy Wellcome Collection</em></a></em></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p style="outline: none;">The narrative of cities as unhealthy places to live in is all too familiar: yet cities are where, for various economic, financial, and social reasons, many of us are compelled to live. As climate change and environmental breakdown caused by human activity pose increasing threats to human health worldwide, planetary health is even more important because our health depends on the state of our planet, which is affected by our actions. How, therefore, can we make our cities good places to live? The film analyzed in this essay, a lesson from history, is illustrative of how social activism in the medical community, when professional and personal interests work in unison, can drive change in making our cities healthier places to live.</p>
|
||
<table style="border: 2px solid #b8b8b8;" data-darkreader-inline-border-top="" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="" data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom="" data-darkreader-inline-border-left="">
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td style="--darkreader-inline-bgcolor: #1e2021;" bgcolor="#f5f5f5" data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">
|
||
<div class="insert">
|
||
<p><span style="color: black;" data-darkreader-inline-color="">Angela Saward has been working with audiovisual archives for many years, researching, licensing, and managing the curatorial lifecycle of audio, film, and video. Currently, she is Research Development Specialist (Moving Image and Sound), Wellcome Collection, London, working with Wellcome’s unique and distinctive collections across many formats, supporting colleagues and cross-cultural partners, with a special emphasis on the audiovisual. She serves on the Steering Group for <a href="https://www.londonsscreenarchives.org.uk/">London’s Screen Archives</a> and is an active member of <a href="https://www.focalint.org/">FOCAL</a> and <a href="https://amianet.org/">AMIA</a>. She has a business master’s MA MTA and a first degree in English Literature.</span></p>
|
||
<p>Angela has collaborated with NLM staff for many years, presenting joint talks on NLM and Wellcome films that share thematic, stylistic, and other elements. Past topics include screening the body, medical travelogues, environmental foci, and hidden collections.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<h2>Bibliography</h2>
|
||
<p>Bryant, Gerard. “Guilty Chimneys.” <em>BFI Player</em>. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-guilty-chimneys-1954-online">https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-guilty-chimneys-1954-online</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Carrington, Damian. “Tiny Air Pollution Rise Linked to 11% More Covid-19 Deaths – Study.” <em>The Guardian</em>. Guardian News and Media, November 4, 2020. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/04/tiny-air-pollution-rise-linked-to-11-more-covid-19-deaths-study?CMP=share_btn_link">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/04/tiny-air-pollution-rise-linked-to-11-more-covid-19-deaths-study?CMP=share_btn_link</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Catterall, Mary. <em>“Better for Seeing You”: Reflections of a Doctor, Sculptor and Encourager</em>. London: Mary Catterall, 2012.</p>
|
||
<p>“Clean Air Act 1956.” <em>Wikipedia</em>. Wikimedia Foundation, December 12, 2020. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956</a>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>Clean Air: Supplement to the Leeds Journal, September 1956: a Survey of the Clean Air Act, 1956, with Some Indications of How Its Requirements May Be Met</em>. Leeds: Leeds Incorporated Chamber of Commerce, 1956.</p>
|
||
<p>Corton, Christine L. <em>London Fog: The Biography</em>. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2018.</p>
|
||
<p>“The History of Leeds – Cotton, Wool, Flax, Linen and the Industrial Revolution.” Aireborough Civic Society. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="http://www.aireboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/history/the-history-of-leeds-cotton-wool-flax-linen-and-the-industrial-revolution">http://www.aireboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/history/the-history-of-leeds-cotton-wool-flax-linen-and-the-industrial-revolution</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>“Independent Engineering and Energy Consultants.” Nifes. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="http://www.nifes.co.uk/">http://www.nifes.co.uk/</a></p>
|
||
<p>Jones, Emma M. M. “Air Pollution Research in Britain C.1955-C.2000: the Transcript of a Witness Seminar Held by the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, on 19 May 2015 / Edited by EM Jones, C Overy and EM Tansey.” Museum. London, 2016. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tp6arpuu">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tp6arpuu</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Marsh, Arnold. <em>Smoke: the Problem of Coal and the Atmosphere</em>. London: Faber and Faber, 1947.</p>
|
||
<p>Pathé, British. “Air Pollution.” The world’s finest news and entertainment video film archive. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/air-pollution/query/AirPollution">https://www.britishpathe.com/video/air-pollution/query/AirPollution</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>“Radio 4 – Last Word.” <em>BBC</em>. BBC. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/lastword_27mar2009.shtml">http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/lastword_27mar2009.shtml</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Rose, David. Issue brief. Edited by Nigel Gilbert. <em>Official Social Classifications in the UK</em>. Guildford, UK, 1995.</p>
|
||
<p>“Take Your Breath Away: Meaning in the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary.” <em>Cambridge Dictionary</em>. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/take-your-breath-away">https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/take-your-breath-away</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Taylor, John. “Smoke Menace.” <em>BFI Player</em>. Accessed December 31, 2020. <a href="https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-the-smoke-menace-1937-online">https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-the-smoke-menace-1937-online</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Thorsheim, Peter. <em>INVENTING POLLUTION: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800</em>. 1st ed. Series in Ecology and History. S.l.: Ohio University Press, 2006.</p>
|
||
<p>Wu, X., Nethery, R. C., Sabath, M. B., Braun, D. and Dominici, F., 2020. “Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis.” <em>Science advances</em>, 6(45), p.eabd4049.</p>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<div class="footnotes">
|
||
<h3>Notes</h3>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn1" href="#_ednref1">[1]</a> The film was already held at Wellcome due to an accession from the British Medical Association in 2006, when the organization donated their film collection there.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn2" href="#_ednref2">[2]</a> Catterall was aware that the film was in the collection and this could have been a contributory factor for the donation of her archives (she died in 2015). The writer spoke to Mary Catterall briefly prior to the donation; the conversation was an acknowledgement that Wellcome Collection held her film.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn3" href="#_ednref3">[3] </a><a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/take-your-breath-away">https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/take-your-breath-away</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn4" href="#_ednref4">[4]</a> Martin went on to become a BBC Radio 4 newsreader and announcer. Martin had trained as a medical photographer, which perhaps is how his path crossed with Catterall’s; <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/lastword_27mar2009.shtml">http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/lastword_27mar2009.shtml</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn5" href="#_ednref5">[5]</a> Coal smoke contains particles of Sulphur dioxide, which combined with rainwater creates acid rain.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn6" href="#_ednref6">[6]</a> <em>The Smoke Menace</em> (British Commercial Gas Association, 1937) depicts the growth of the “dirt” trades such as window cleaning in Westminster, London [00:03:55]; a structural engineer inspects a historic building and explains the costs of the damage [00:04:31] <a href="https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-guilty-chimneys-1954-online">https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-the-smoke-menace-1937-online</a>. In Guilty Chimneys (Gas Council, 1954) <a href="https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-the-smoke-menace-1937-online">https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-guilty-chimneys-1954-online</a> [commentary at 00:04:49]; a cleaned building stands out “like a bride at a funeral.” The film also acknowledges the relationship between “spirit and health” as well as showing photographic evidence of stonework damaged by pollution [00:07:15]. Environmental pollution damage to buildings is described as “social vandalism towards an irreplaceable heritage.” [00:11:00]</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn7" href="#_ednref7">[7]</a> Mary Catterall, <em>“Better for seeing you”: reflections of a doctor, sculptor and encourager</em>, self-published, 2012? p. 73.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn8" href="#_ednref8">[8]</a> <a href="http://www.aireboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/history/the-history-of-leeds-cotton-wool-flax-linen-and-the-industrial-revolution">http://www.aireboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/history/the-history-of-leeds-cotton-wool-flax-linen-and-the-industrial-revolution</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn9" href="#_ednref9">[9]</a> Mary Catterall, ibid., pp. 69-70</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn10" href="#_ednref10">[10]</a> See Christine L. Corton, <em>London Fog, The Biography</em> (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2015).</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn11" href="#_ednref11">[11]</a> Temperature is a key contemporaneous factor leading to so-called adverse temperature-inversion pollution events. The London smog was caused by a period of low temperature with very little wind that cloaked the city in thick smog for four days. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn12" href="#_ednref12">[12]</a> <em>Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. Report 1961</em>, Wellcome Collection. p. 269/312 digitized pages [unnumbered photograph, inserted between physical pps. 236-7]. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/fum8b3yk">[Report 1961] / Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. | Wellcome Collection</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn13" href="#_ednref13">[13]</a> Both Britain’s nuclear and hydro-electric power industries were in their infancy; the first nuclear power plant at Sellafield was operational from 1956 and the first hydro-electric dam in Ffestiniog, north-west Wales, in 1963.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn14" href="#_ednref14">[14]</a> <em>Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. Report 1959</em>, Wellcome Collection. p. 274/284 digitized pages [unnumbered photograph, inserted between physical pps. 222-3]. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/b54rujrs">[Report 1959] / Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. | Wellcome Collection</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn15" href="#_ednref15">[15]</a> Peter Thorsheim, <em>Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800</em> (Ohio University Press, 2006) pp. 121-2; The regulation of air pollution in Leeds was described as “lackadaisical” in the early years of the twentieth century due to the lack of trained personnel to carry out tests and the influence of the manufacturing lobby.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn16" href="#_ednref16">[16]</a> <em>Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. Report 1958</em>, Wellcome Collection. 235/288 digitized pages [unnumbered map, inserted between physical pps. 204-5]. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nkwvmc6e">[Report 1958] / Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. | Wellcome Collection</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn17" href="#_ednref17">[17]</a> <em>Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. Report 1965</em>, Wellcome Collection. 237/284 digitized pages [unnumbered diagram, inserted between physical pps. 210-1]. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/njaqedm2">[Report 1965] / Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. | Wellcome Collection</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn18" href="#_ednref18">[18]</a> <em>Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. Report 1964</em>, Wellcome Collection. 233/286 digitized images [unnumbered photograph, inserted between physical pps. 208-9]. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/z3qgb7hm">[Report 1964] / Medical Officer of Health, Leeds City. | Wellcome Collection</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn19" href="#_ednref19">[19]</a> Leeds Incorporated Chamber of Commerce, 1956. <em>Clean air: supplement to the Leeds Journal, September, 1956: a survey of the Clean Air Act, 1956, with some indications of how its requirements may be met</em>. <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wsn5jdbg">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wsn5jdbg</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn20" href="#_ednref20">[20]</a> The organization existed as a non-profit sponsored by the Ministry of Fuel until 1970; thereafter it became a private body and still exists as Nifes Consulting Group: <a href="http://www.nifes.co.uk/">http://www.nifes.co.uk/ </a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn21" href="#_ednref21">[21]</a> Archives from the organization are held at Wellcome Collection, SA/EPU.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn22" href="#_ednref22">[22]</a> Geoffrey Boden’s last published paper from 1955 was on “The Patient and the Röntgen” in <em>The British Journal of Radiology</em>; <a href="https://www.birpublications.org/doi/abs/10.1259/0007-1285-28-336-677">https://www.birpublications.org/doi/abs/10.1259/0007-1285-28-336-677</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn23" href="#_ednref23">[23]</a> Mary Catterall, ibid., p. 69; “I suppose nowadays, I would not have accepted a complete change of career, and I would have worked in London, while Duncan was in Leeds and we would have met at weekends in, say Grantham. But even in “now” time, I think I would have found that a silly arrangement of our lives.”</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn24" href="#_ednref24">[24]</a> The phrase “where there’s muck, there’s brass” (also used as a chapter heading by Catterall in her autobiography) harks back to the fortunes made in the Industrial Revolution by coal, textile, and woolen merchants from the city (perhaps referring to their fancy brass buttons), and the awe in with which citizens viewed this wealth.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn25" href="#_ednref25">[25]</a> Mary Catterall, ibid., p. 73</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn26" href="#_ednref26">[26]</a> <em>Official Social Classifications in the UK</em>, David Rose, 1995, <a href="https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU9.html">https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU9.html</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn27" href="#_ednref27">[27]</a> Arnold Marsh, <em>Smoke: The Problem of Coal and the Atmosphere</em> (London, Faber & Faber, 1947), p. 81. Trees three miles north of Leeds had 158 mgm./sq. metre of soot deposits and were evergreen and flowered. But in industrial Leeds, there were 1620 mgm soot deposits, and the leaves fell in November. Another sorry tale relates to experimental cabbages; in Westwood Lane eight out of nine survived the winter, but in the more urban districts of Park Square and Hunslet they were all dead by the end of November and October respectively.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn28" href="#_ednref28">[28]</a> UK COVID-19 related deaths are 75,024 from a population of 66.65 Million, January 2021; 0.11% of population versus 0.59% from bronchitis-related deaths in 1952.</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn29" href="#_ednref29">[29]</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/04/tiny-air-pollution-rise-linked-to-11-more-covid-19-deaths-study?CMP=share_btn_link">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/04/tiny-air-pollution-rise-linked-to-11-more-covid-19-deaths-study?CMP=share_btn_link</a> The article links to a peer reviewed study by X. Wu, R. C. Nethery, M. B. Sabath, D. Braun, and F. Dominici, “Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States: Strengths and Limitations of an Ecological Regression Analysis,” <em>Science Advances</em>, 6, no. 45 (2020): p.eabd4049. <a href="https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/covid-pm">https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/covid-pm</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn30" href="#_ednref30">[30]</a> Mary Catterall, ibid., p.72-3</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn31" href="#_ednref31">[31]</a> Ibid., p.70</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn32" href="#_ednref32">[32]</a> Mary Catterall and I. Hunter, “Results of Respiratory-Function Tests in Miners” in <em>The Lancet</em>, ISSN: 0140-6736, Vol: 285, Issue: 7377, Page: 154-158 <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(65)91108-6/fulltext">https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(65)91108-6/fulltext</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn33" href="#_ednref33">[33]</a> The work of the unit is treated with some levity in this cinemagazine news item from British Pathé, 1968, <a href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/air-pollution/query/Air+Pollution">https://www.britishpathe.com/video/air-pollution/query/Air+Pollution</a> with individuals from the unit inhaling carbon monoxide and cigarette smoke for experimental purposes. Further information about the operation of the unit is explained in <em>Air pollution research in Britain c.1955-c.2000 : the transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, on 19 May 2015 / edited by EM Jones, C Overy and EM Tansey.</em> <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tp6arpuu">https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tp6arpuu</a></p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn34" href="#_ednref34">[34]</a> Thomas Stuttaford, (1989) ‘Sore point’, <em>Times</em>, 05 Jan, 9, available: <a href="https://0-link-gale-com.catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/apps/doc/IF0500000422/TTDA?u=wellcome&sid=TTDA&xid=4b223e30">https://0-link-gale-com.catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/apps/doc/IF0500000422/TTDA?u=wellcome&sid=TTDA&xid=4b223e30</a> [accessed 22 Dec 2020].</p>
|
||
<p><a id="_edn35" href="#_ednref35">[35]</a> <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hy7xbm6h">Neutron therapy celebrates 25 years of service. | Wellcome Collection</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-13211" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-13211" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Air%20Pollution%20Is%20a%20Human%20Problem%3A%20Mary%20Catterall%E2%80%99s%20Campaign%20for%20Clean%20Air%20in%20Leeds%2C%20England&body=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov%2F2021%2F02%2F01%2Fair-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="bbcfaa17b1" data-email-share-track-url="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/?share=email"><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-13211" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-148183677-13211-67c7a60be5e82' data-src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/?ver=14.4#blog_id=148183677&post_id=13211&origin=medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov&obj_id=148183677-13211-67c7a60be5e82' data-name='like-post-frame-148183677-13211-67c7a60be5e82' data-title='Like or Reblog'><h3 class="sd-title">Like this:</h3><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class="loading">Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div>
|
||
<div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' >
|
||
<h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em></em></h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="wp-block-group has-border-color" style="border-style:none;border-width:0px;margin-top:32px;margin-bottom:32px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow">
|
||
|
||
<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide" style="margin-bottom:24px"/>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:10px">Discover more from Medicine on Screen</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:15px">Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained">
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions">
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container is-not-subscriber">
|
||
<form
|
||
action="https://wordpress.com/email-subscriptions"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
accept-charset="utf-8"
|
||
data-blog="148183677"
|
||
data-post_access_level="everybody"
|
||
data-subscriber_email=""
|
||
id="subscribe-blog"
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements">
|
||
<p id="subscribe-email">
|
||
<label
|
||
id="subscribe-field-label"
|
||
for="subscribe-field"
|
||
class="screen-reader-text"
|
||
>
|
||
Type your email… </label>
|
||
<input
|
||
required="required"
|
||
type="email"
|
||
name="email"
|
||
class="no-border-radius "
|
||
style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;border-radius: 0px;border-width: 1px;"
|
||
placeholder="Type your email…"
|
||
value=""
|
||
id="subscribe-field"
|
||
title="Please fill in this field."
|
||
/> </p>
|
||
<p id="subscribe-submit"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="148183677"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="subscribe-block"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="app_source" value="subscribe-block-post-end"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="lang" value="en_US"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="dbdb42f17b" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/" /><input type="hidden" name="post_id" value="13211"/> <button type="submit"
|
||
class="wp-block-button__link no-border-radius"
|
||
style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;margin: 0; margin-left: 10px;border-radius: 0px;border-width: 1px;"
|
||
name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget"
|
||
>
|
||
Subscribe </button>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div></div>
|
||
|
||
</div></div>
|
||
|
||
<footer class="entry-footer">
|
||
<span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/black-white/" rel="category tag">Black & White</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/educational-instructional/" rel="category tag">Educational & Instructional</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/research-documentation/" rel="category tag">Research & Documentation</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/sound/" rel="category tag">Sound</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span> and </span><span>Tagged <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/air/" rel="tag">Air</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/climate/" rel="tag">Climate</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/coal/" rel="tag">Coal</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/environment/" rel="tag">Environment</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fossil-fuels/" rel="tag">Fossil Fuels</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/industry/" rel="tag">Industry</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/leeds/" rel="tag">Leeds</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/pollution/" rel="tag">Pollution</a> <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/tag/waste/" rel="tag">Waste</a></span></span> </footer><!-- .entry-footer -->
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- .entry-content -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- .container.container-small -->
|
||
|
||
</article><!-- #post-## -->
|
||
|
||
<nav class="navigation posts-navigation" aria-label="Posts navigation">
|
||
<h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts navigation</h2>
|
||
<div class="nav-links"><span class="prev-trig">Previous article</span><div class="nav-previous"><span>Previous article</span><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2020/09/08/darkening-day-air-pollution-films-and-environmental-awareness-1960-1972/"><span class="entry-meta">Animation</span><span class="post-title">Darkening Day: Air Pollution Films and Environmental Awareness, 1960–1972</span></a></div><span class="next-trig">Next article</span><div class="nav-next"><span>Next article</span><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/09/20/shared-suffering-onscreen-animal-experiments-and-emotional-investment-in-the-films-of-o-h-mowrer/"><span class="entry-meta">Black & White</span><span class="post-title">Shared Suffering Onscreen: Animal Experiments and Emotional Investment in the Films of O. H. Mowrer</span></a></div></div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
<div id="comments" class="comments-area container container-small">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="comments-title">
|
||
4 replies on “<span>Air Pollution Is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for Clean Air in Leeds, England</span>” </h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ol class="comment-list">
|
||
<li id="comment-71" class="pingback even thread-even depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/04/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-a-livable-leeds/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Air Pollution is a Human Problem: Mary Catterall’s Campaign for a Livable Leeds – Circulating Now from NLM</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-122" class="pingback odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/09/02/peril-in-the-air-pollution-activism-on-film/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Peril in the Air: Pollution Activism on Film – Circulating Now from NLM</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-127" class="pingback even thread-even depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/09/30/shared-suffering-onscreen/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Shared Suffering Onscreen – Circulating Now from NLM</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-188" class="pingback odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/04/20/nlm-collections-tour-climate-and-health/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">NLM Collections Tour: Climate and Health – Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
</ol><!-- .comment-list -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="respond" class="comment-respond">
|
||
<h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Share your thoughts...<small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3> <form id="commentform" class="comment-form">
|
||
<iframe
|
||
title="Comment Form"
|
||
src="https://jetpack.wordpress.com/jetpack-comment/?blogid=148183677&postid=13211&comment_registration=0&require_name_email=1&stc_enabled=1&stb_enabled=1&show_avatars=1&avatar_default=identicon&greeting=Share+your+thoughts...&jetpack_comments_nonce=10e352bbc5&greeting_reply=Leave+a+Reply+to+%25s&color_scheme=light&lang=en_US&jetpack_version=14.4&iframe_unique_id=1&show_cookie_consent=10&has_cookie_consent=0&is_current_user_subscribed=0&token_key=%3Bnormal%3B&sig=685f270071f0d38fc38ab1bca8f2fc8c611392f4#parent=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov%2F2021%2F02%2F01%2Fair-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england%2F"
|
||
name="jetpack_remote_comment"
|
||
style="width:100%; height: 430px; border:0;"
|
||
class="jetpack_remote_comment"
|
||
id="jetpack_remote_comment"
|
||
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups"
|
||
>
|
||
</iframe>
|
||
<!--[if !IE]><!-->
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
|
||
var commentForms = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment');
|
||
for (var i = 0; i < commentForms.length; i++) {
|
||
commentForms[i].allowTransparency = false;
|
||
commentForms[i].scrolling = 'no';
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<!--<![endif]-->
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- #comments -->
|
||
|
||
</main><!-- #main -->
|
||
</div><!-- #primary -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<aside id="secondary" class="widget-area sidebar col-md-3" role="complementary">
|
||
<section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">NLM Historical Audiovisuals Collection</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/about-this-site/" target="_blank"> <img data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NLM-Collection-sidebar-650_9-2023.jpg?w=740&ssl=1" alt="Infographic describing NLM historical audiovisual collections: 30 percent uncataloged, 70percent cataloged, 650 titles digitzed." /><br>
|
||
Learn about the world-renowned historical audiovisuals collection of nearly 10,000 titles from the silent era to the present.</a></div></section><section id="search-1" class="widget widget_search"><h2 class="widget-title">SEARCH</h2>
|
||
<form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/">
|
||
<label>
|
||
<span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span>
|
||
<input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Enter Keywords" value="" name="s" autocomplete="off">
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" disabled="">
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
</section><section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">COMING NEXT</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><img data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Relaxed-Wife.jpg?w=740&ssl=1" alt="Screenshot of a stack of books with titles about tension and relaxation."/>
|
||
<p>In the next essay for "Medicine on Screen," Jocelyn Szczepaniak-Gillece delves into <em>The Relaxed Wife</em>, a remarkable mid-century advertising film promoting the mild tranquilizer Atarax. Beneath a veneer of familiar 1950s stereotypes, The Relaxed Wife provides a surprising take on gender roles, the pharmaceutical industry, and the status of the artist under capitalism. </p></div></section><section id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">NEW IN NLM DIGITAL COLLECTIONS</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9918248311406676" target="_blank"><img data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Where-it-hurts_9918248311406676.jpg?w=740&ssl=1" alt="A cartoon of three men dealing with piles of paperwork labeled pharmacies, hospitals, doctors, X-rays, skin etc."/></a>
|
||
<strong><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9918248311406676"><em>Where It Hurts</em> (ca. 1970)</a></strong>
|
||
<p>Taking us back to the early days of health maintenance organizations (HMOs), this 1970s U.S. government film mixes animation with live-action interviews to present the frustration of everyday people trying to navigate an opaque and often inaccessible health care system. It goes on to suggest that HMOs and community-based health care providers can ease the pain in all its forms. </p></div></section><section id="categories-2" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">CATEGORIES</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-2387"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/">All</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-646142817"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/animation/">Animation</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-646142816"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/black-white/">Black & White</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-646142818"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/clinical-surgical/">Clinical & Surgical</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-11835"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/color/">Color</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-646142819"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/educational-instructional/">Educational & Instructional</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-646142820"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/research-documentation/">Research & Documentation</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-646142815"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/silent/">Silent</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-4558"><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/category/all/sound/">Sound</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</section><section id="blog_subscription-2" class="widget widget_blog_subscription jetpack_subscription_widget"><h2 class="widget-title">Subscribe to Medicine On Screen </h2>
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container">
|
||
<form action="#" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" id="subscribe-blog-blog_subscription-2"
|
||
data-blog="148183677"
|
||
data-post_access_level="everybody" >
|
||
<div id="subscribe-text"><p>Enter your email address receive notifications of new posts.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p id="subscribe-email">
|
||
<label id="jetpack-subscribe-label"
|
||
class="screen-reader-text"
|
||
for="subscribe-field-blog_subscription-2">
|
||
Email Address </label>
|
||
<input type="email" name="email" required="required"
|
||
value=""
|
||
id="subscribe-field-blog_subscription-2"
|
||
placeholder="Email Address"
|
||
/>
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p id="subscribe-submit"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="widget"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog-blog_subscription-2"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="dbdb42f17b" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/" /> <button type="submit"
|
||
class="wp-block-button__link"
|
||
name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget"
|
||
>
|
||
Subscribe </button>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</section><section id="jetpack_widget_social_icons-3" class="widget jetpack_widget_social_icons"><h2 class="widget-title">Explore History</h2>
|
||
<ul class="jetpack-social-widget-list size-medium">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/nlm_collections/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="icon icon-instagram" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-instagram" xlink:href="#icon-instagram"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/NLMHistory/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">Pinterest</span><svg class="icon icon-pinterest" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-pinterest" xlink:href="#icon-pinterest"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nlmhmd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">Flickr</span><svg class="icon icon-flickr" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-flickr" xlink:href="#icon-flickr"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="http://youtube.com/user/NLMNIH/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="icon icon-youtube" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-youtube" xlink:href="#icon-youtube"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</section><section id="jetpack_widget_social_icons-4" class="widget jetpack_widget_social_icons"><h2 class="widget-title">Connect With NLM</h2>
|
||
<ul class="jetpack-social-widget-list size-medium">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span><svg class="icon icon-twitter" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-twitter" xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span><svg class="icon icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-facebook" xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="jetpack-social-widget-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="icon icon-youtube" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <use href="#icon-youtube" xlink:href="#icon-youtube"></use> </svg> </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</section><section id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">VISIT US</h2> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section></aside><!-- #secondary -->
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- .row -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- .container.container-medium -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- #content -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pre-footer widget area -->
|
||
|
||
<footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo">
|
||
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 widget-area">
|
||
<section id="block-6" class="widget widget_block widget_text">
|
||
<p>National Library of Medicine<br><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323">8600 Rockville Pike<br>Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
|
||
</section> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 widget-area">
|
||
<section id="block-9" class="widget widget_block widget_text">
|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html">Web Policies</a><br><a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office">FOIA</a><br><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
|
||
</section><section id="block-10" class="widget widget_block widget_text">
|
||
<p class="has-text-align-center"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> | <a href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> | <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a> | <a href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a></p>
|
||
</section> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 widget-area">
|
||
<section id="block-8" class="widget widget_block widget_text">
|
||
<p><a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/?from=https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM Support Center</a><br><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html">Accessibility</a><br><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html">Careers</a></p>
|
||
</section> </div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="site-info">
|
||
<a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_custom_powered">Powered by WordPress.com</a>.
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- .site-info -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
</footer><!-- #colophon -->
|
||
|
||
<button class="back-to-top">
|
||
<span>scroll to top</span> <i class="icon-right"></i>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- #page -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<script defer id="bilmur" data-customproperties="{"woo_active":"0"}" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="atomic" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202510" data-site-tz="Etc/GMT-0"></script>
|
||
<div class="jetpack-subscription-modal">
|
||
<div class="jetpack-subscription-modal__modal-content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-group has-border-color jetpack-subscription-modal__modal-content-form" style="border-color:#dddddd;border-width:1px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:32px"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:26px;font-style:normal;font-weight:600">Discover more from Medicine on Screen</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class='has-text-align-center' style='margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:0px;font-size:15px'>Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline is-style-compact wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions">
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container is-not-subscriber">
|
||
<form
|
||
action="https://wordpress.com/email-subscriptions"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
accept-charset="utf-8"
|
||
data-blog="148183677"
|
||
data-post_access_level="everybody"
|
||
data-subscriber_email=""
|
||
id="subscribe-blog-3"
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements">
|
||
<p id="subscribe-email">
|
||
<label
|
||
id="subscribe-field-3-label"
|
||
for="subscribe-field-3"
|
||
class="screen-reader-text"
|
||
>
|
||
Type your email… </label>
|
||
<input
|
||
required="required"
|
||
type="email"
|
||
name="email"
|
||
|
||
style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;border-radius: 50px;border-width: 1px;"
|
||
placeholder="Type your email…"
|
||
value=""
|
||
id="subscribe-field-3"
|
||
title="Please fill in this field."
|
||
/> </p>
|
||
<p id="subscribe-submit"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="148183677"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="subscribe-block"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="app_source" value="atomic-subscription-modal-lo"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog-3"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="lang" value="en_US"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="dbdb42f17b" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2021/02/01/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england/" /><input type="hidden" name="post_id" value="13211"/> <button type="submit"
|
||
class="wp-block-button__link"
|
||
style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;margin: 0; margin-left: 10px;border-radius: 50px;border-width: 1px;"
|
||
name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget"
|
||
>
|
||
Subscribe </button>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="has-text-align-center jetpack-subscription-modal__close" style="margin-top:20px;font-size:14px"><a href="#">Continue reading</a></p>
|
||
|
||
</div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay">
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper">
|
||
<span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"> </span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;">
|
||
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-container">
|
||
<!-- The Carousel Swiper -->
|
||
<div
|
||
class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper-container jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions"
|
||
itemscope
|
||
itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div>
|
||
<div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev">
|
||
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12">
|
||
<path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
|
||
</mask>
|
||
<g mask="url(#maskPrev)">
|
||
<rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next">
|
||
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12">
|
||
<path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
|
||
</mask>
|
||
<g mask="url(#maskNext)">
|
||
<rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- The main close buton -->
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-close-hint">
|
||
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14">
|
||
<path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/>
|
||
</mask>
|
||
<g mask="url(#maskClose)">
|
||
<rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- Image info, comments and meta -->
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-info">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-info-footer">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container">
|
||
<div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
|
||
<h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container">
|
||
<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility">
|
||
<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
|
||
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
|
||
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/>
|
||
</mask>
|
||
<g mask="url(#maskInfo)">
|
||
<rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility">
|
||
<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
|
||
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
|
||
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/>
|
||
</mask>
|
||
<g mask="url(#maskComments)">
|
||
<rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
|
||
<span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-info-extra">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
|
||
<h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper">
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading">
|
||
<span>Loading Comments...</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div>
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container">
|
||
<span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"> </span>
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div>
|
||
<form id="jp-carousel-comment-form">
|
||
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label>
|
||
<textarea
|
||
name="comment"
|
||
class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea"
|
||
id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field"
|
||
placeholder="Write a Comment..."
|
||
></textarea>
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper">
|
||
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as">
|
||
<fieldset>
|
||
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label>
|
||
<input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" />
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
<fieldset>
|
||
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label>
|
||
<input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" />
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
<fieldset>
|
||
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label>
|
||
<input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" />
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
name="submit"
|
||
class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button"
|
||
id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit"
|
||
value="Post Comment" />
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-image-meta">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption">
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-info">
|
||
<h3 class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul class="jp-carousel-image-exif" style="display: none;"></ul>
|
||
<a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" target="_blank" style="display: none;">
|
||
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18">
|
||
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/>
|
||
</mask>
|
||
<g mask="url(#mask0)">
|
||
<rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/2021\/02\/01\/air-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england\/":13211};
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-carousel-swiper-css-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/carousel/swiper-bundle.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-carousel-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/carousel/jetpack-carousel.css?ver=14.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tiled-gallery-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery.css?ver=2023-08-21' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='jetpack-block-subscriptions-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-button__link,.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button{border-end-start-radius:0!important;border-start-start-radius:0!important;margin-inline-start:0!important}.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber .components-text-control__input,.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{border-end-end-radius:0!important;border-start-end-radius:0!important}.is-style-compact:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .components-text-control__input{border-inline-end-width:0!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{align-items:flex-start;display:flex}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) p#subscribe-submit{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.3;min-width:auto!important;white-space:nowrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button[contenteditable=true],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button[contenteditable=true]{white-space:pre-wrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form input[type=email]:disabled,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]:disabled{color:currentColor;opacity:.5}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button{border-color:#0000;border-style:solid}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email{background:#0000;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{height:auto;margin:0;width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-submit,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-submit{line-height:0;margin:0;padding:0}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__show-subs .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount{font-size:16px;margin:8px 0;text-align:end}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{display:block}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline button{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount{text-align:start}#subscribe-submit.is-link{text-align:center;width:auto!important}#subscribe-submit.is-link a{margin-left:0!important;margin-top:0!important;width:auto!important}@keyframes jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:none;height:1em;margin:0 0 0 5px;width:1em}.jetpack-memberships-spinner svg{height:100%;margin-bottom:-2px;width:100%}.jetpack-memberships-spinner-rotating{animation:jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation .75s linear infinite;transform-origin:center}.is-loading .jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:inline-block}body.jetpack-memberships-modal-open{overflow:hidden}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal{opacity:1}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal iframe{background:#0000;border:0;bottom:0;box-shadow:none;height:100%;left:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:100%}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal::backdrop{background-color:#000;opacity:.7;transition:opacity .2s ease-out}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading::backdrop{opacity:0}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-widget-social-icons-styles-css' href='https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/widgets/social-icons/social-icons.css?ver=20170506' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'>
|
||
.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:480px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 > .alignwide{max-width:480px;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 .alignfull{max-width:none;}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-portfolio-theme-supports-js-after">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
const jetpack_portfolio_theme_supports = true
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/ippo/assets/js/navigation.js?ver=20151215" id="ippo-navigation-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/ippo/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=20151215" id="ippo-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/ippo/assets/js/slick/slick.js?ver=6.7.2" id="ippo-slick-slider-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="thickbox-js-extra">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var thickboxL10n = {"next":"Next >","prev":"< Prev","image":"Image","of":"of","close":"Close","noiframes":"This feature requires inline frames. You have iframes disabled or your browser does not support them.","loadingAnimation":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-includes\/js\/thickbox\/loadingAnimation.gif"};
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/thickbox/thickbox.js?ver=3.1-20121105" id="thickbox-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/ippo/assets/js/common.js?ver=6.7.2" id="ippo-js-functions-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="subscription-modal-js-js-extra">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var subscriptionData = {"homeUrl":"medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov"};
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/comments/subscription-modal-on-comment/subscription-modal.js?ver=14.4" id="subscription-modal-js-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/likes/queuehandler.min.js?ver=14.4" id="jetpack_likes_queuehandler-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-before">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
_stq = window._stq || [];
|
||
_stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"148183677\",\"post\":\"13211\",\"tz\":\"0\",\"srv\":\"medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"2\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.4\"}") ]);
|
||
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "148183677", "13211" ]);
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202510.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/_inc\/build\/carousel\/swiper-bundle.min.js"};
|
||
var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"8651e1053a","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size <span class=\"photo-size\">{0}<span class=\"photo-size-times\">\u00d7<\/span>{1}<\/span>","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https:\/\/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov%2F2021%2F02%2F01%2Fair-pollution-is-a-human-problem-mary-catteralls-campaign-for-clean-air-in-leeds-england%2F","blog_id":"1","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"]};
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/carousel/jetpack-carousel.min.js?ver=14.4" id="jetpack-carousel-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery.min.js?ver=14.4" id="tiled-gallery-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-blocks-assets-base-url-js-before">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var Jetpack_Block_Assets_Base_Url="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/";
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/subscriptions/view.js?minify=false&ver=14.4" id="jetpack-block-subscriptions-js"></script>
|
||
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1704837122" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.4" id="sharing-js-js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20250305#ver=20250305' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
|
||
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function () {
|
||
const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' );
|
||
const watchReply = function() {
|
||
// Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice.
|
||
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) {
|
||
// Cache the Core function.
|
||
addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm;
|
||
const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' );
|
||
const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' );
|
||
|
||
function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
const url = new URL( iframe.src );
|
||
if ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue )
|
||
} else {
|
||
url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' );
|
||
}
|
||
if( iframe.src !== url.href ) {
|
||
iframe.src = url.href;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( false );
|
||
} );
|
||
|
||
addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( parentId );
|
||
return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments );
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply );
|
||
// In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces.
|
||
document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply );
|
||
|
||
|
||
const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment');
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
|
||
if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId;
|
||
|
||
// Change height for the matching comment iframe
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) {
|
||
const iframe = commentIframes[i];
|
||
const url = new URL(iframe.src);
|
||
const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id');
|
||
if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) {
|
||
iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px';
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
<svg style="position: absolute;width: 0;height: 0;overflow: hidden" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
|
||
<defs>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-500px" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M6.94026,15.1412c.00437.01213.108.29862.168.44064a6.55008,6.55008,0,1,0,6.03191-9.09557,6.68654,6.68654,0,0,0-2.58357.51467A8.53914,8.53914,0,0,0,8.21268,8.61344L8.209,8.61725V3.22948l9.0504-.00008c.32934-.0036.32934-.46353.32934-.61466s0-.61091-.33035-.61467L7.47248,2a.43.43,0,0,0-.43131.42692v7.58355c0,.24466.30476.42131.58793.4819.553.11812.68074-.05864.81617-.2457l.018-.02481A10.52673,10.52673,0,0,1,9.32258,9.258a5.35268,5.35268,0,1,1,7.58985,7.54976,5.417,5.417,0,0,1-3.80867,1.56365,5.17483,5.17483,0,0,1-2.69822-.74478l.00342-4.61111a2.79372,2.79372,0,0,1,.71372-1.78792,2.61611,2.61611,0,0,1,1.98282-.89477,2.75683,2.75683,0,0,1,1.95525.79477,2.66867,2.66867,0,0,1,.79656,1.909,2.724,2.724,0,0,1-2.75849,2.748,4.94651,4.94651,0,0,1-.86254-.13719c-.31234-.093-.44519.34058-.48892.48349-.16811.54966.08453.65862.13687.67489a3.75751,3.75751,0,0,0,1.25234.18375,3.94634,3.94634,0,1,0-2.82444-6.742,3.67478,3.67478,0,0,0-1.13028,2.584l-.00041.02323c-.0035.11667-.00579,2.881-.00644,3.78811l-.00407-.00451a6.18521,6.18521,0,0,1-1.0851-1.86092c-.10544-.27856-.34358-.22925-.66857-.12917-.14192.04372-.57386.17677-.47833.489Zm4.65165-1.08338a.51346.51346,0,0,0,.19513.31818l.02276.022a.52945.52945,0,0,0,.3517.18416.24242.24242,0,0,0,.16577-.0611c.05473-.05082.67382-.67812.73287-.738l.69041.68819a.28978.28978,0,0,0,.21437.11032.53239.53239,0,0,0,.35708-.19486c.29792-.30419.14885-.46821.07676-.54751l-.69954-.69975.72952-.73469c.16-.17311.01874-.35708-.12218-.498-.20461-.20461-.402-.25742-.52855-.14083l-.7254.72665-.73354-.73375a.20128.20128,0,0,0-.14179-.05695.54135.54135,0,0,0-.34379.19648c-.22561.22555-.274.38149-.15656.5059l.73374.7315-.72942.73072A.26589.26589,0,0,0,11.59191,14.05782Zm1.59866-9.915A8.86081,8.86081,0,0,0,9.854,4.776a.26169.26169,0,0,0-.16938.22759.92978.92978,0,0,0,.08619.42094c.05682.14524.20779.531.50006.41955a8.40969,8.40969,0,0,1,2.91968-.55484,7.87875,7.87875,0,0,1,3.086.62286,8.61817,8.61817,0,0,1,2.30562,1.49315.2781.2781,0,0,0,.18318.07586c.15529,0,.30425-.15253.43167-.29551.21268-.23861.35873-.4369.1492-.63538a8.50425,8.50425,0,0,0-2.62312-1.694A9.0177,9.0177,0,0,0,13.19058,4.14283ZM19.50945,18.6236h0a.93171.93171,0,0,0-.36642-.25406.26589.26589,0,0,0-.27613.06613l-.06943.06929A7.90606,7.90606,0,0,1,7.60639,18.505a7.57284,7.57284,0,0,1-1.696-2.51537,8.58715,8.58715,0,0,1-.5147-1.77754l-.00871-.04864c-.04939-.25873-.28755-.27684-.62981-.22448-.14234.02178-.5755.088-.53426.39969l.001.00712a9.08807,9.08807,0,0,0,15.406,4.99094c.00193-.00192.04753-.04718.0725-.07436C19.79425,19.16234,19.87422,18.98728,19.50945,18.6236Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-amazon" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M13.582,8.182C11.934,8.367,9.78,8.49,8.238,9.166c-1.781,0.769-3.03,2.337-3.03,4.644 c0,2.953,1.86,4.429,4.253,4.429c2.02,0,3.125-0.477,4.685-2.065c0.516,0.747,0.685,1.109,1.629,1.894 c0.212,0.114,0.483,0.103,0.672-0.066l0.006,0.006c0.567-0.505,1.599-1.401,2.18-1.888c0.231-0.188,0.19-0.496,0.009-0.754 c-0.52-0.718-1.072-1.303-1.072-2.634V8.305c0-1.876,0.133-3.599-1.249-4.891C15.23,2.369,13.422,2,12.04,2 C9.336,2,6.318,3.01,5.686,6.351C5.618,6.706,5.877,6.893,6.109,6.945l2.754,0.298C9.121,7.23,9.308,6.977,9.357,6.72 c0.236-1.151,1.2-1.706,2.284-1.706c0.584,0,1.249,0.215,1.595,0.738c0.398,0.584,0.346,1.384,0.346,2.061V8.182z M13.049,14.088 c-0.451,0.8-1.169,1.291-1.967,1.291c-1.09,0-1.728-0.83-1.728-2.061c0-2.42,2.171-2.86,4.227-2.86v0.615 C13.582,12.181,13.608,13.104,13.049,14.088z M20.683,19.339C18.329,21.076,14.917,22,11.979,22c-4.118,0-7.826-1.522-10.632-4.057 c-0.22-0.199-0.024-0.471,0.241-0.317c3.027,1.762,6.771,2.823,10.639,2.823c2.608,0,5.476-0.541,8.115-1.66 C20.739,18.62,21.072,19.051,20.683,19.339z M21.336,21.043c-0.194,0.163-0.379,0.076-0.293-0.139 c0.284-0.71,0.92-2.298,0.619-2.684c-0.301-0.386-1.99-0.183-2.749-0.092c-0.23,0.027-0.266-0.173-0.059-0.319 c1.348-0.946,3.555-0.673,3.811-0.356C22.925,17.773,22.599,19.986,21.336,21.043z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-apple" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M20.07,17.586a10.874,10.874,0,0,1-1.075,1.933,9.822,9.822,0,0,1-1.385,1.674,2.687,2.687,0,0,1-1.78.784,4.462,4.462,0,0,1-1.644-.393,4.718,4.718,0,0,0-1.77-.391,4.878,4.878,0,0,0-1.82.391A4.9,4.9,0,0,1,9.021,22a2.53,2.53,0,0,1-1.82-.8A10.314,10.314,0,0,1,5.752,19.46,11.987,11.987,0,0,1,4.22,16.417a11.143,11.143,0,0,1-.643-3.627,6.623,6.623,0,0,1,.87-3.465A5.1,5.1,0,0,1,6.268,7.483a4.9,4.9,0,0,1,2.463-.695,5.8,5.8,0,0,1,1.9.443,6.123,6.123,0,0,0,1.511.444,9.04,9.04,0,0,0,1.675-.523,5.537,5.537,0,0,1,2.277-.4,4.835,4.835,0,0,1,3.788,1.994,4.213,4.213,0,0,0-2.235,3.827,4.222,4.222,0,0,0,1.386,3.181,4.556,4.556,0,0,0,1.385.909q-.167.483-.353.927ZM16.211,2.4a4.267,4.267,0,0,1-1.094,2.8,3.726,3.726,0,0,1-3.1,1.528A3.114,3.114,0,0,1,12,6.347a4.384,4.384,0,0,1,1.16-2.828,4.467,4.467,0,0,1,1.414-1.061A4.215,4.215,0,0,1,16.19,2a3.633,3.633,0,0,1,.021.4Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-bandcamp" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M15.27 17.289 3 17.289 8.73 6.711 21 6.711 15.27 17.289" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-behance" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M7.799,5.698c0.589,0,1.12,0.051,1.606,0.156c0.482,0.102,0.894,0.273,1.241,0.507c0.344,0.235,0.612,0.546,0.804,0.938 c0.188,0.387,0.281,0.871,0.281,1.443c0,0.619-0.141,1.137-0.421,1.551c-0.284,0.413-0.7,0.751-1.255,1.014 c0.756,0.218,1.317,0.601,1.689,1.146c0.374,0.549,0.557,1.205,0.557,1.975c0,0.623-0.12,1.161-0.359,1.612 c-0.241,0.457-0.569,0.828-0.973,1.114c-0.408,0.288-0.876,0.5-1.399,0.637C9.052,17.931,8.514,18,7.963,18H2V5.698H7.799 M7.449,10.668c0.481,0,0.878-0.114,1.192-0.345c0.311-0.228,0.463-0.603,0.463-1.119c0-0.286-0.051-0.523-0.152-0.707 C8.848,8.315,8.711,8.171,8.536,8.07C8.362,7.966,8.166,7.894,7.94,7.854c-0.224-0.044-0.457-0.06-0.697-0.06H4.709v2.874H7.449z M7.6,15.905c0.267,0,0.521-0.024,0.759-0.077c0.243-0.053,0.457-0.137,0.637-0.261c0.182-0.12,0.332-0.283,0.441-0.491 C9.547,14.87,9.6,14.602,9.6,14.278c0-0.633-0.18-1.084-0.533-1.357c-0.356-0.27-0.83-0.404-1.413-0.404H4.709v3.388L7.6,15.905z M16.162,15.864c0.367,0.358,0.897,0.538,1.583,0.538c0.493,0,0.92-0.125,1.277-0.374c0.354-0.248,0.571-0.514,0.654-0.79h2.155 c-0.347,1.072-0.872,1.838-1.589,2.299C19.534,18,18.67,18.23,17.662,18.23c-0.701,0-1.332-0.113-1.899-0.337 c-0.567-0.227-1.041-0.544-1.439-0.958c-0.389-0.415-0.689-0.907-0.904-1.484c-0.213-0.574-0.32-1.21-0.32-1.899 c0-0.666,0.11-1.288,0.329-1.863c0.222-0.577,0.529-1.075,0.933-1.492c0.406-0.42,0.885-0.751,1.444-0.994 c0.558-0.241,1.175-0.363,1.857-0.363c0.754,0,1.414,0.145,1.98,0.44c0.563,0.291,1.026,0.686,1.389,1.181 c0.363,0.493,0.622,1.057,0.783,1.69c0.16,0.632,0.217,1.292,0.171,1.983h-6.428C15.557,14.84,15.795,15.506,16.162,15.864 M18.973,11.184c-0.291-0.321-0.783-0.496-1.384-0.496c-0.39,0-0.714,0.066-0.973,0.2c-0.254,0.132-0.461,0.297-0.621,0.491 c-0.157,0.197-0.265,0.405-0.328,0.628c-0.063,0.217-0.101,0.413-0.111,0.587h3.98C19.478,11.969,19.265,11.509,18.973,11.184z M15.057,7.738h4.985V6.524h-4.985L15.057,7.738z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-blogger" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M14.722,14.019c0,0.361-0.293,0.654-0.654,0.654H9.977c-0.361,0-0.654-0.293-0.654-0.654s0.293-0.654,0.654-0.654h4.091C14.429,13.365,14.722,13.658,14.722,14.019z M9.981,10.698h2.038c0.382,0,0.692-0.31,0.692-0.692c0-0.382-0.31-0.692-0.692-0.692H9.981c-0.382,0-0.692,0.31-0.692,0.692C9.289,10.388,9.599,10.698,9.981,10.698z M21,5v14c0,1.105-0.895,2-2,2H5c-1.105,0-2-0.895-2-2V5c0-1.105,0.895-2,2-2h14C20.105,3,21,3.895,21,5z M17.544,11.39c0-0.398-0.322-0.72-0.72-0.72h-0.607l-0.013,0.001c-0.38,0-0.692-0.295-0.718-0.668l-0.001-0.008c0-1.988-1.611-3.599-3.599-3.599h-1.816c-1.988,0-3.599,1.611-3.599,3.599v3.947c0,1.987,1.611,3.599,3.599,3.599h3.874c1.988,0,3.599-1.611,3.599-3.599L17.544,11.39z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-bluesky" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M21.2 3.3C20.7 3.1 19.8 2.8 17.6 4.3C15.4 6 12.9 9.2 12 11C11.1 9.2 8.6 6 6.3 4.3C4.1 2.7 3.3 3 2.7 3.3C2.1 3.6 2 4.6 2 5.1C2 5.6 2.3 9.8 2.5 10.5C3.2 12.8 5.6 13.6 7.8 13.3C4.5 13.8 1.6 15 5.4 19.2C9.6 23.5 11.1 18.3 11.9 15.6C12.7 18.3 13.6 23.3 18.3 19.2C21.9 15.6 19.3 13.8 16 13.3C18.2 13.5 20.6 12.8 21.3 10.5C21.7 9.8 22 5.7 22 5.1C22 4.6 21.9 3.6 21.2 3.3Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-chain" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M19.647,16.706a1.134,1.134,0,0,0-.343-.833l-2.549-2.549a1.134,1.134,0,0,0-.833-.343,1.168,1.168,0,0,0-.883.392l.233.226q.2.189.264.264a2.922,2.922,0,0,1,.184.233.986.986,0,0,1,.159.312,1.242,1.242,0,0,1,.043.337,1.172,1.172,0,0,1-1.176,1.176,1.237,1.237,0,0,1-.337-.043,1,1,0,0,1-.312-.159,2.76,2.76,0,0,1-.233-.184q-.073-.068-.264-.264l-.226-.233a1.19,1.19,0,0,0-.4.895,1.134,1.134,0,0,0,.343.833L15.837,19.3a1.13,1.13,0,0,0,.833.331,1.18,1.18,0,0,0,.833-.318l1.8-1.789a1.12,1.12,0,0,0,.343-.821Zm-8.615-8.64a1.134,1.134,0,0,0-.343-.833L8.163,4.7a1.134,1.134,0,0,0-.833-.343,1.184,1.184,0,0,0-.833.331L4.7,6.473a1.12,1.12,0,0,0-.343.821,1.134,1.134,0,0,0,.343.833l2.549,2.549a1.13,1.13,0,0,0,.833.331,1.184,1.184,0,0,0,.883-.38L8.728,10.4q-.2-.189-.264-.264A2.922,2.922,0,0,1,8.28,9.9a.986.986,0,0,1-.159-.312,1.242,1.242,0,0,1-.043-.337A1.172,1.172,0,0,1,9.254,8.079a1.237,1.237,0,0,1,.337.043,1,1,0,0,1,.312.159,2.761,2.761,0,0,1,.233.184q.073.068.264.264l.226.233a1.19,1.19,0,0,0,.4-.895ZM22,16.706a3.343,3.343,0,0,1-1.042,2.488l-1.8,1.789a3.536,3.536,0,0,1-4.988-.025l-2.525-2.537a3.384,3.384,0,0,1-1.017-2.488,3.448,3.448,0,0,1,1.078-2.561l-1.078-1.078a3.434,3.434,0,0,1-2.549,1.078,3.4,3.4,0,0,1-2.5-1.029L3.029,9.794A3.4,3.4,0,0,1,2,7.294,3.343,3.343,0,0,1,3.042,4.806l1.8-1.789A3.384,3.384,0,0,1,7.331,2a3.357,3.357,0,0,1,2.5,1.042l2.525,2.537a3.384,3.384,0,0,1,1.017,2.488,3.448,3.448,0,0,1-1.078,2.561l1.078,1.078a3.551,3.551,0,0,1,5.049-.049l2.549,2.549A3.4,3.4,0,0,1,22,16.706Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-codepen" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M22.016,8.84c-0.002-0.013-0.005-0.025-0.007-0.037c-0.005-0.025-0.008-0.048-0.015-0.072 c-0.003-0.015-0.01-0.028-0.013-0.042c-0.008-0.02-0.015-0.04-0.023-0.062c-0.007-0.015-0.013-0.028-0.02-0.042 c-0.008-0.02-0.018-0.037-0.03-0.057c-0.007-0.013-0.017-0.027-0.025-0.038c-0.012-0.018-0.023-0.035-0.035-0.052 c-0.01-0.013-0.02-0.025-0.03-0.037c-0.015-0.017-0.028-0.032-0.043-0.045c-0.01-0.012-0.022-0.023-0.035-0.035 c-0.015-0.015-0.032-0.028-0.048-0.04c-0.012-0.01-0.025-0.02-0.037-0.03c-0.005-0.003-0.01-0.008-0.015-0.012l-9.161-6.096 c-0.289-0.192-0.666-0.192-0.955,0L2.359,8.237C2.354,8.24,2.349,8.245,2.344,8.249L2.306,8.277 c-0.017,0.013-0.033,0.027-0.048,0.04C2.246,8.331,2.234,8.342,2.222,8.352c-0.015,0.015-0.028,0.03-0.042,0.047 c-0.012,0.013-0.022,0.023-0.03,0.037C2.139,8.453,2.125,8.471,2.115,8.488C2.107,8.501,2.099,8.514,2.09,8.526 C2.079,8.548,2.069,8.565,2.06,8.585C2.054,8.6,2.047,8.613,2.04,8.626C2.032,8.648,2.025,8.67,2.019,8.69 c-0.005,0.013-0.01,0.027-0.013,0.042C1.999,8.755,1.995,8.778,1.99,8.803C1.989,8.817,1.985,8.828,1.984,8.84 C1.978,8.879,1.975,8.915,1.975,8.954v6.093c0,0.037,0.003,0.075,0.008,0.112c0.002,0.012,0.005,0.025,0.007,0.038 c0.005,0.023,0.008,0.047,0.015,0.072c0.003,0.015,0.008,0.028,0.013,0.04c0.007,0.022,0.013,0.042,0.022,0.063 c0.007,0.015,0.013,0.028,0.02,0.04c0.008,0.02,0.018,0.038,0.03,0.058c0.007,0.013,0.015,0.027,0.025,0.038 c0.012,0.018,0.023,0.035,0.035,0.052c0.01,0.013,0.02,0.025,0.03,0.037c0.013,0.015,0.028,0.032,0.042,0.045 c0.012,0.012,0.023,0.023,0.035,0.035c0.015,0.013,0.032,0.028,0.048,0.04l0.038,0.03c0.005,0.003,0.01,0.007,0.013,0.01 l9.163,6.095C11.668,21.953,11.833,22,12,22c0.167,0,0.332-0.047,0.478-0.144l9.163-6.095l0.015-0.01 c0.013-0.01,0.027-0.02,0.037-0.03c0.018-0.013,0.035-0.028,0.048-0.04c0.013-0.012,0.025-0.023,0.035-0.035 c0.017-0.015,0.03-0.032,0.043-0.045c0.01-0.013,0.02-0.025,0.03-0.037c0.013-0.018,0.025-0.035,0.035-0.052 c0.008-0.013,0.018-0.027,0.025-0.038c0.012-0.02,0.022-0.038,0.03-0.058c0.007-0.013,0.013-0.027,0.02-0.04 c0.008-0.022,0.015-0.042,0.023-0.063c0.003-0.013,0.01-0.027,0.013-0.04c0.007-0.025,0.01-0.048,0.015-0.072 c0.002-0.013,0.005-0.027,0.007-0.037c0.003-0.042,0.007-0.079,0.007-0.117V8.954C22.025,8.915,22.022,8.879,22.016,8.84z M12.862,4.464l6.751,4.49l-3.016,2.013l-3.735-2.492V4.464z M11.138,4.464v4.009l-3.735,2.494L4.389,8.954L11.138,4.464z M3.699,10.562L5.853,12l-2.155,1.438V10.562z M11.138,19.536l-6.749-4.491l3.015-2.011l3.735,2.492V19.536z M12,14.035L8.953,12 L12,9.966L15.047,12L12,14.035z M12.862,19.536v-4.009l3.735-2.492l3.016,2.011L12.862,19.536z M20.303,13.438L18.147,12 l2.156-1.438L20.303,13.438z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-deviantart" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M 18.19 5.636 18.19 2 18.188 2 14.553 2 14.19 2.366 12.474 5.636 11.935 6 5.81 6 5.81 10.994 9.177 10.994 9.477 11.357 5.81 18.363 5.81 22 5.811 22 9.447 22 9.81 21.634 11.526 18.364 12.065 18 18.19 18 18.19 13.006 14.823 13.006 14.523 12.641 18.19 5.636z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-digg" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M4.5,5.4h2.2V16H1V8.5h3.5V5.4L4.5,5.4z M4.5,14.2v-4H3.2v4H4.5z M7.6,8.5V16h2.2V8.5C9.8,8.5,7.6,8.5,7.6,8.5z M7.6,5.4 v2.2h2.2V5.4C9.8,5.4,7.6,5.4,7.6,5.4z M10.7,8.5h5.7v10.1h-5.7v-1.8h3.5V16h-3.5C10.7,16,10.7,8.5,10.7,8.5z M14.2,14.2v-4h-1.3v4 H14.2z M17.3,8.5H23v10.1h-5.7v-1.8h3.5V16h-3.5C17.3,16,17.3,8.5,17.3,8.5z M20.8,14.2v-4h-1.3v4H20.8z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-discord" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M10.227 9.957c-.559 0-1 .48-1 1.063 0 .585.453 1.066 1 1.066.558 0 1-.48 1-1.066.007-.582-.442-1.063-1-1.063zm3.574 0c-.559 0-.996.48-.996 1.063 0 .585.449 1.066.996 1.066.558 0 1-.48 1-1.066 0-.582-.442-1.063-1-1.063zm0 0 M18.563 1.918H5.438c-1.11 0-2.008.879-2.008 1.973v12.957c0 1.093.898 1.972 2.007 1.972h11.11l-.52-1.773 1.254 1.14 1.184 1.075 2.105 1.82V3.891c0-1.094-.898-1.973-2.008-1.973zM14.78 14.434s-.351-.414-.644-.778c1.281-.355 1.773-1.14 1.773-1.14a5.745 5.745 0 0 1-1.129.566c-.488.2-.96.336-1.418.41a7.07 7.07 0 0 1-2.539-.008 8.133 8.133 0 0 1-1.441-.414 6.219 6.219 0 0 1-.715-.324c-.027-.02-.059-.027-.086-.047a.113.113 0 0 1-.039-.031c-.176-.094-.273-.16-.273-.16s.468.765 1.71 1.129c-.293.363-.656.797-.656.797-2.164-.067-2.984-1.457-2.984-1.457 0-3.086 1.41-5.586 1.41-5.586 1.41-1.036 2.75-1.008 2.75-1.008l.098.113c-1.762.5-2.575 1.258-2.575 1.258s.215-.117.579-.277c1.046-.454 1.878-.579 2.222-.606.059-.008.11-.02.168-.02a8.728 8.728 0 0 1 1.977-.019c.933.106 1.93.375 2.949.922 0 0-.773-.719-2.438-1.219l.137-.152s1.34-.028 2.75 1.008c0 0 1.414 2.5 1.414 5.586 0 0-.836 1.39-3 1.457zm0 0" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-dribbble" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,22C6.486,22,2,17.514,2,12S6.486,2,12,2c5.514,0,10,4.486,10,10S17.514,22,12,22z M20.434,13.369 c-0.292-0.092-2.644-0.794-5.32-0.365c1.117,3.07,1.572,5.57,1.659,6.09C18.689,17.798,20.053,15.745,20.434,13.369z M15.336,19.876c-0.127-0.749-0.623-3.361-1.822-6.477c-0.019,0.006-0.038,0.013-0.056,0.019c-4.818,1.679-6.547,5.02-6.701,5.334 c1.448,1.129,3.268,1.803,5.243,1.803C13.183,20.555,14.311,20.313,15.336,19.876z M5.654,17.724 c0.193-0.331,2.538-4.213,6.943-5.637c0.111-0.036,0.224-0.07,0.337-0.102c-0.214-0.485-0.448-0.971-0.692-1.45 c-4.266,1.277-8.405,1.223-8.778,1.216c-0.003,0.087-0.004,0.174-0.004,0.261C3.458,14.207,4.29,16.21,5.654,17.724z M3.639,10.264 c0.382,0.005,3.901,0.02,7.897-1.041c-1.415-2.516-2.942-4.631-3.167-4.94C5.979,5.41,4.193,7.613,3.639,10.264z M9.998,3.709 c0.236,0.316,1.787,2.429,3.187,5c3.037-1.138,4.323-2.867,4.477-3.085C16.154,4.286,14.17,3.471,12,3.471 C11.311,3.471,10.641,3.554,9.998,3.709z M18.612,6.612C18.432,6.855,17,8.69,13.842,9.979c0.199,0.407,0.389,0.821,0.567,1.237 c0.063,0.148,0.124,0.295,0.184,0.441c2.842-0.357,5.666,0.215,5.948,0.275C20.522,9.916,19.801,8.065,18.612,6.612z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-dropbox" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,6.134L6.069,9.797L2,6.54l5.883-3.843L12,6.134z M2,13.054l5.883,3.843L12,13.459L6.069,9.797L2,13.054z M12,13.459 l4.116,3.439L22,13.054l-4.069-3.257L12,13.459z M22,6.54l-5.884-3.843L12,6.134l5.931,3.663L22,6.54z M12.011,14.2l-4.129,3.426 l-1.767-1.153v1.291l5.896,3.539l5.897-3.539v-1.291l-1.769,1.153L12.011,14.2z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-etsy" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M9.16033,4.038c0-.27174.02717-.43478.48913-.43478h6.22283c1.087,0,1.68478.92391,2.11957,2.663l.35326,1.38587h1.05978C19.59511,3.712,19.75815,2,19.75815,2s-2.663.29891-4.23913.29891h-7.962L3.29076,2.163v1.1413L4.731,3.57609c1.00543.19022,1.25.40761,1.33152,1.33152,0,0,.08152,2.71739.08152,7.20109s-.08152,7.17391-.08152,7.17391c0,.81522-.32609,1.11413-1.33152,1.30435l-1.44022.27174V22l4.2663-.13587h7.11957c1.60326,0,5.32609.13587,5.32609.13587.08152-.97826.625-5.40761.70652-5.89674H19.7038L18.644,18.52174c-.84239,1.90217-2.06522,2.038-3.42391,2.038H11.1712c-1.3587,0-2.01087-.54348-2.01087-1.712V12.65217s3.0163,0,3.99457.08152c.76087.05435,1.22283.27174,1.46739,1.33152l.32609,1.413h1.16848l-.08152-3.55978.163-3.587H15.02989l-.38043,1.57609c-.24457,1.03261-.40761,1.22283-1.46739,1.33152-1.38587.13587-4.02174.1087-4.02174.1087Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-eventbrite" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M18.041,3.931L5.959,3C4.325,3,3,4.325,3,5.959v12.083C3,19.675,4.325,21,5.959,21l12.083-0.931C19.699,19.983,21,18.744,21,17.11V6.89C21,5.256,19.741,4.027,18.041,3.931zM16.933,8.17c-0.082,0.215-0.192,0.432-0.378,0.551c-0.188,0.122-0.489,0.132-0.799,0.132c-1.521,0-3.062-0.048-4.607-0.048c-0.152,0.708-0.304,1.416-0.451,2.128c0.932-0.004,1.873,0.005,2.81,0.005c0.726,0,1.462-0.069,1.586,0.525c0.04,0.189-0.001,0.426-0.052,0.615c-0.105,0.38-0.258,0.676-0.625,0.783c-0.185,0.054-0.408,0.058-0.646,0.058c-1.145,0-2.345,0.017-3.493,0.02c-0.169,0.772-0.328,1.553-0.489,2.333c1.57-0.005,3.067-0.041,4.633-0.058c0.627-0.007,1.085,0.194,1.009,0.85c-0.031,0.262-0.098,0.497-0.211,0.725c-0.102,0.208-0.248,0.376-0.488,0.452c-0.237,0.075-0.541,0.064-0.862,0.078c-0.304,0.014-0.614,0.008-0.924,0.016c-0.309,0.009-0.619,0.022-0.919,0.022c-1.253,0-2.429,0.08-3.683,0.073c-0.603-0.004-1.014-0.249-1.124-0.757c-0.059-0.273-0.018-0.58,0.036-0.841c0.541-2.592,1.083-5.176,1.629-7.763c0.056-0.265,0.114-0.511,0.225-0.714C9.279,7.051,9.534,6.834,9.9,6.735c0.368-0.099,0.883-0.047,1.344-0.047c0.305,0,0.612,0.008,0.914,0.016c0.925,0.026,1.817,0.03,2.747,0.053c0.304,0.007,0.615,0.016,0.915,0.016c0.621,0,1.17,0.073,1.245,0.614C17.104,7.675,17.014,7.954,16.933,8.17z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,2C6.5,2,2,6.5,2,12c0,5,3.7,9.1,8.4,9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5,1.5-3.9,3.8-3.9c1.1,0,2.2,0.2,2.2,0.2v2.5h-1.3 c-1.2,0-1.6,0.8-1.6,1.6V12h2.8l-0.4,2.9h-2.3v7C18.3,21.1,22,17,22,12C22,6.5,17.5,2,12,2z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-feed" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M2,8.667V12c5.515,0,10,4.485,10,10h3.333C15.333,14.637,9.363,8.667,2,8.667z M2,2v3.333 c9.19,0,16.667,7.477,16.667,16.667H22C22,10.955,13.045,2,2,2z M4.5,17C3.118,17,2,18.12,2,19.5S3.118,22,4.5,22S7,20.88,7,19.5 S5.882,17,4.5,17z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-fediverse" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M5.85081 8.88733C5.63868 9.29358 5.30628 9.62442 4.89905 9.83466L10.1241 15.0801L11.3838 14.4417L5.85081 8.88733ZM12.7428 15.8059L11.4831 16.4443L14.1306 19.1022C14.3428 18.6958 14.6752 18.3649 15.0825 18.1547L12.7428 15.8059ZM18.788 10.9628L15.83 12.4619L16.0481 13.857L19.3951 12.1608C19.0742 11.8335 18.8622 11.4151 18.788 10.9628ZM14.1128 13.3322L7.11871 16.8768C7.43963 17.2041 7.65166 17.6225 7.72582 18.0748L14.3309 14.7273L14.1128 13.3322ZM11.8635 4.60095L8.48868 11.1895L9.48512 12.1898L13.0584 5.21403C12.6065 5.13759 12.1892 4.92348 11.8635 4.60095ZM7.61092 12.9031L5.90146 16.2403C6.35333 16.3168 6.77058 16.5309 7.0962 16.8534L8.60729 13.9033L7.61092 12.9031ZM4.87004 9.8493C4.52582 10.0216 4.14278 10.1017 3.75836 10.0817C3.68642 10.0777 3.61473 10.0702 3.54352 10.0593L4.54173 16.444C4.88595 16.2717 5.26899 16.1916 5.65342 16.2116C5.7253 16.2156 5.79694 16.2231 5.86809 16.2341L4.87004 9.8493ZM7.73111 18.1064C7.75395 18.2547 7.76177 18.4049 7.75437 18.5547C7.73734 18.8604 7.65743 19.1592 7.51964 19.4326L13.9033 20.457C13.8805 20.3087 13.8727 20.1585 13.88 20.0087C13.897 19.703 13.977 19.4042 14.1148 19.1308L7.73111 18.1064ZM19.4175 12.1841L16.471 17.9364C16.923 18.0128 17.3403 18.227 17.666 18.5496L20.6124 12.7973C20.1604 12.7208 19.7431 12.5067 19.4175 12.1841ZM15.3989 4.04834C15.1867 4.45466 14.8542 4.78556 14.4469 4.99581L19.01 9.57651C19.2221 9.17019 19.5546 8.83929 19.9619 8.62904L15.3989 4.04834ZM11.234 3.37973L5.46578 6.30295C5.78666 6.63022 5.99866 7.04859 6.07282 7.50088L11.841 4.57753C11.5202 4.25029 11.3082 3.83197 11.234 3.37973ZM14.4364 5.0011C14.0876 5.17976 13.6978 5.26314 13.3064 5.24282C13.2412 5.23884 13.1762 5.23202 13.1116 5.22237L13.6226 8.49422L15.0168 8.71794L14.4364 5.0011ZM13.9196 10.3964L15.1276 18.132C15.4678 17.9652 15.8448 17.888 16.2231 17.9077C16.3011 17.9121 16.3788 17.9207 16.4559 17.9333L15.3138 10.62L13.9196 10.3964ZM6.07692 7.52543C6.10063 7.67596 6.10884 7.82852 6.10141 7.98072C6.08459 8.28399 6.00588 8.5806 5.87013 8.85231L9.1445 9.37821L9.78804 8.12143L6.07692 7.52543ZM11.6889 8.42664L11.0452 9.68356L18.7819 10.9261C18.7596 10.7795 18.7521 10.631 18.7594 10.483C18.7766 10.1755 18.8575 9.87496 18.9968 9.60035L11.6889 8.42664Z" />
|
||
<path d="M13.3174 5.04077C14.433 5.10157 15.3867 4.24642 15.4474 3.13079C15.5082 2.01516 14.6531 1.06149 13.5374 1.00073C12.4218 0.93994 11.4682 1.79509 11.4074 2.91072C11.3466 4.02635 12.2018 4.98002 13.3174 5.04077ZM20.8714 12.6241C21.987 12.6848 22.9407 11.8297 23.0015 10.714C23.0623 9.59842 22.2071 8.64478 21.0915 8.58399C19.9759 8.52323 19.0222 9.37838 18.9614 10.494C18.9006 11.6096 19.7558 12.5633 20.8714 12.6241ZM15.992 22.1497C17.1076 22.2105 18.0613 21.3554 18.1221 20.2398C18.1828 19.1241 17.3277 18.1705 16.2121 18.1097C15.0965 18.0489 14.1428 18.9041 14.082 20.0197C14.0212 21.1353 14.8764 22.089 15.992 22.1497ZM5.42232 20.4537C6.53795 20.5144 7.49162 19.6593 7.55238 18.5437C7.61317 17.428 6.75802 16.4744 5.64239 16.4136C4.52677 16.3529 3.5731 17.208 3.51234 18.3236C3.45158 19.4392 4.3067 20.3929 5.42232 20.4537ZM3.76933 9.87973C4.88496 9.94052 5.83863 9.08537 5.89938 7.96974C5.96014 6.85411 5.10503 5.90045 3.98937 5.83969C2.87374 5.77893 1.9201 6.63405 1.85931 7.74967C1.79855 8.8653 2.6537 9.81897 3.76933 9.87973Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-flickr" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M6.5,7c-2.75,0-5,2.25-5,5s2.25,5,5,5s5-2.25,5-5S9.25,7,6.5,7z M17.5,7c-2.75,0-5,2.25-5,5s2.25,5,5,5s5-2.25,5-5 S20.25,7,17.5,7z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-foursquare" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M17.573,2c0,0-9.197,0-10.668,0S5,3.107,5,3.805s0,16.948,0,16.948c0,0.785,0.422,1.077,0.66,1.172 c0.238,0.097,0.892,0.177,1.285-0.275c0,0,5.035-5.843,5.122-5.93c0.132-0.132,0.132-0.132,0.262-0.132h3.26 c1.368,0,1.588-0.977,1.732-1.552c0.078-0.318,0.692-3.428,1.225-6.122l0.675-3.368C19.56,2.893,19.14,2,17.573,2z M16.495,7.22 c-0.053,0.252-0.372,0.518-0.665,0.518c-0.293,0-4.157,0-4.157,0c-0.467,0-0.802,0.318-0.802,0.787v0.508 c0,0.467,0.337,0.798,0.805,0.798c0,0,3.197,0,3.528,0s0.655,0.362,0.583,0.715c-0.072,0.353-0.407,2.102-0.448,2.295 c-0.04,0.193-0.262,0.523-0.655,0.523c-0.33,0-2.88,0-2.88,0c-0.523,0-0.683,0.068-1.033,0.503 c-0.35,0.437-3.505,4.223-3.505,4.223c-0.032,0.035-0.063,0.027-0.063-0.015V4.852c0-0.298,0.26-0.648,0.648-0.648 c0,0,8.228,0,8.562,0c0.315,0,0.61,0.297,0.528,0.683L16.495,7.22z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-ghost" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M10.203,20.997H3.005v-3.599h7.198V20.997z M20.995,17.398h-7.193v3.599h7.193V17.398z M20.998,10.2H3v3.599h17.998V10.2zM13.803,3.003H3.005v3.599h10.798V3.003z M21,3.003h-3.599v3.599H21V3.003z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-goodreads" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M17.3,17.5c-0.2,0.8-0.5,1.4-1,1.9c-0.4,0.5-1,0.9-1.7,1.2C13.9,20.9,13.1,21,12,21c-0.6,0-1.3-0.1-1.9-0.2 c-0.6-0.1-1.1-0.4-1.6-0.7c-0.5-0.3-0.9-0.7-1.2-1.2c-0.3-0.5-0.5-1.1-0.5-1.7h1.5c0.1,0.5,0.2,0.9,0.5,1.2 c0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6,0.9,0.8c0.3,0.2,0.7,0.3,1.1,0.4c0.4,0.1,0.8,0.1,1.2,0.1c1.4,0,2.5-0.4,3.1-1.2c0.6-0.8,1-2,1-3.5v-1.7h0 c-0.4,0.8-0.9,1.4-1.6,1.9c-0.7,0.5-1.5,0.7-2.4,0.7c-1,0-1.9-0.2-2.6-0.5C8.7,15,8.1,14.5,7.7,14c-0.5-0.6-0.8-1.3-1-2.1 c-0.2-0.8-0.3-1.6-0.3-2.5c0-0.9,0.1-1.7,0.4-2.5c0.3-0.8,0.6-1.5,1.1-2c0.5-0.6,1.1-1,1.8-1.4C10.3,3.2,11.1,3,12,3 c0.5,0,0.9,0.1,1.3,0.2c0.4,0.1,0.8,0.3,1.1,0.5c0.3,0.2,0.6,0.5,0.9,0.8c0.3,0.3,0.5,0.6,0.6,1h0V3.4h1.5V15 C17.6,15.9,17.5,16.7,17.3,17.5z M13.8,14.1c0.5-0.3,0.9-0.7,1.3-1.1c0.3-0.5,0.6-1,0.8-1.6c0.2-0.6,0.3-1.2,0.3-1.9 c0-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.9c-0.1-0.6-0.4-1.2-0.7-1.7c-0.3-0.5-0.7-0.9-1.3-1.2c-0.5-0.3-1.1-0.5-1.9-0.5s-1.4,0.2-1.9,0.5 c-0.5,0.3-1,0.7-1.3,1.2C8.5,6.4,8.3,7,8.1,7.6C8,8.2,7.9,8.9,7.9,9.5c0,0.6,0.1,1.3,0.2,1.9C8.3,12,8.6,12.5,8.9,13 c0.3,0.5,0.8,0.8,1.3,1.1c0.5,0.3,1.1,0.4,1.9,0.4C12.7,14.5,13.3,14.4,13.8,14.1z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-google" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12.02,10.18v3.72v0.01h5.51c-0.26,1.57-1.67,4.22-5.5,4.22c-3.31,0-6.01-2.75-6.01-6.12s2.7-6.12,6.01-6.12 c1.87,0,3.13,0.8,3.85,1.48l2.84-2.76C16.99,2.99,14.73,2,12.03,2c-5.52,0-10,4.48-10,10s4.48,10,10,10c5.77,0,9.6-4.06,9.6-9.77 c0-0.83-0.11-1.42-0.25-2.05H12.02z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,2C6.477,2,2,6.477,2,12c0,4.419,2.865,8.166,6.839,9.489c0.5,0.09,0.682-0.218,0.682-0.484 c0-0.236-0.009-0.866-0.014-1.699c-2.782,0.602-3.369-1.34-3.369-1.34c-0.455-1.157-1.11-1.465-1.11-1.465 c-0.909-0.62,0.069-0.608,0.069-0.608c1.004,0.071,1.532,1.03,1.532,1.03c0.891,1.529,2.341,1.089,2.91,0.833
|
||
c0.091-0.647,0.349-1.086,0.635-1.337c-2.22-0.251-4.555-1.111-4.555-4.943c0-1.091,0.39-1.984,1.03-2.682 C6.546,8.54,6.202,7.524,6.746,6.148c0,0,0.84-0.269,2.75,1.025C10.295,6.95,11.15,6.84,12,6.836 c0.85,0.004,1.705,0.114,2.504,0.336c1.909-1.294,2.748-1.025,2.748-1.025c0.546,1.376,0.202,2.394,0.1,2.646 c0.64,0.699,1.026,1.591,1.026,2.682c0,3.841-2.337,4.687-4.565,4.935c0.359,0.307,0.679,0.917,0.679,1.852 c0,1.335-0.012,2.415-0.012,2.741c0,0.269,0.18,0.579,0.688,0.481C19.138,20.161,22,16.416,22,12C22,6.477,17.523,2,12,2z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-instagram" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-mail" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M20,4H4C2.895,4,2,4.895,2,6v12c0,1.105,0.895,2,2,2h16c1.105,0,2-0.895,2-2V6C22,4.895,21.105,4,20,4z M20,8.236l-8,4.882 L4,8.236V6h16V8.236z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-mastodon" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M20.617 13.92c-.265 1.36-2.37 2.85-4.788 3.14-1.262.15-2.503.288-3.827.228-2.165-.1-3.873-.517-3.873-.517 0 .212.013.412.04.6.28 2.136 2.118 2.264 3.858 2.324 1.756.06 3.32-.433 3.32-.433l.072 1.59s-1.228.658-3.417.78c-1.207.066-2.705-.03-4.45-.493-3.785-1-4.436-5.036-4.536-9.13-.03-1.215-.01-2.36-.01-3.32 0-4.186 2.74-5.413 2.74-5.413 1.384-.635 3.757-.902 6.225-.923h.06c2.467.022 4.842.29 6.225.924 0 0 2.742 1.227 2.742 5.413 0 0 .034 3.09-.383 5.233zm-2.854-4.91v5.07h-2.008V9.16c0-1.037-.436-1.563-1.31-1.563-.964 0-1.447.624-1.447 1.86v2.692h-1.996V9.455c0-1.235-.484-1.86-1.45-1.86-.872 0-1.308.527-1.308 1.564v4.92H6.236V9.01c0-1.034.263-1.858.793-2.467.546-.61 1.26-.92 2.15-.92 1.027 0 1.805.394 2.32 1.184l.5.84.5-.84c.514-.79 1.292-1.185 2.32-1.185.888 0 1.604.312 2.15.92.53.61.793 1.434.793 2.47z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-meetup" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M19.24775,14.722a3.57032,3.57032,0,0,1-2.94457,3.52073,3.61886,3.61886,0,0,1-.64652.05634c-.07314-.0008-.10187.02846-.12507.09547A2.38881,2.38881,0,0,1,13.49453,20.094a2.33092,2.33092,0,0,1-1.827-.50716.13635.13635,0,0,0-.19878-.00408,3.191,3.191,0,0,1-2.104.60248,3.26309,3.26309,0,0,1-3.00324-2.71993,2.19076,2.19076,0,0,1-.03512-.30865c-.00156-.08579-.03413-.1189-.11608-.13493a2.86421,2.86421,0,0,1-1.23189-.56111,2.945,2.945,0,0,1-1.166-2.05749,2.97484,2.97484,0,0,1,.87524-2.50774.112.112,0,0,0,.02091-.16107,2.7213,2.7213,0,0,1-.36648-1.48A2.81256,2.81256,0,0,1,6.57673,7.58838a.35764.35764,0,0,0,.28869-.22819,4.2208,4.2208,0,0,1,6.02892-1.90111.25161.25161,0,0,0,.22023.0243,3.65608,3.65608,0,0,1,3.76031.90678A3.57244,3.57244,0,0,1,17.95918,8.626a2.97339,2.97339,0,0,1,.01829.57356.10637.10637,0,0,0,.0853.12792,1.97669,1.97669,0,0,1,1.27939,1.33733,2.00266,2.00266,0,0,1-.57112,2.12652c-.05284.05166-.04168.08328-.01173.13489A3.51189,3.51189,0,0,1,19.24775,14.722Zm-6.35959-.27836a1.6984,1.6984,0,0,0,1.14556,1.61113,3.82039,3.82039,0,0,0,1.036.17935,1.46888,1.46888,0,0,0,.73509-.12255.44082.44082,0,0,0,.26057-.44274.45312.45312,0,0,0-.29211-.43375.97191.97191,0,0,0-.20678-.063c-.21326-.03806-.42754-.0701-.63973-.11215a.54787.54787,0,0,1-.50172-.60926,2.75864,2.75864,0,0,1,.1773-.901c.1763-.535.414-1.045.64183-1.55913A12.686,12.686,0,0,0,15.85,10.47863a1.58461,1.58461,0,0,0,.04861-.87208,1.04531,1.04531,0,0,0-.85432-.83981,1.60658,1.60658,0,0,0-1.23654.16594.27593.27593,0,0,1-.36286-.03413c-.085-.0747-.16594-.15379-.24918-.23055a.98682.98682,0,0,0-1.33577-.04933,6.1468,6.1468,0,0,1-.4989.41615.47762.47762,0,0,1-.51535.03566c-.17448-.09307-.35512-.175-.53531-.25665a1.74949,1.74949,0,0,0-.56476-.2016,1.69943,1.69943,0,0,0-1.61654.91787,8.05815,8.05815,0,0,0-.32952.80126c-.45471,1.2557-.82507,2.53825-1.20838,3.81639a1.24151,1.24151,0,0,0,.51532,1.44389,1.42659,1.42659,0,0,0,1.22008.17166,1.09728,1.09728,0,0,0,.66994-.69764c.44145-1.04111.839-2.09989,1.25981-3.14926.11581-.28876.22792-.57874.35078-.86438a.44548.44548,0,0,1,.69189-.19539.50521.50521,0,0,1,.15044.43836,1.75625,1.75625,0,0,1-.14731.50453c-.27379.69219-.55265,1.38236-.82766,2.074a2.0836,2.0836,0,0,0-.14038.42876.50719.50719,0,0,0,.27082.57722.87236.87236,0,0,0,.66145.02739.99137.99137,0,0,0,.53406-.532q.61571-1.20914,1.228-2.42031.28423-.55863.57585-1.1133a.87189.87189,0,0,1,.29055-.35253.34987.34987,0,0,1,.37634-.01265.30291.30291,0,0,1,.12434.31459.56716.56716,0,0,1-.04655.1915c-.05318.12739-.10286.25669-.16183.38156-.34118.71775-.68754,1.43273-1.02568,2.152A2.00213,2.00213,0,0,0,12.88816,14.44366Zm4.78568,5.28972a.88573.88573,0,0,0-1.77139.00465.8857.8857,0,0,0,1.77139-.00465Zm-14.83838-7.296a.84329.84329,0,1,0,.00827-1.68655.8433.8433,0,0,0-.00827,1.68655Zm10.366-9.43673a.83506.83506,0,1,0-.0091,1.67.83505.83505,0,0,0,.0091-1.67Zm6.85014,5.22a.71651.71651,0,0,0-1.433.0093.71656.71656,0,0,0,1.433-.0093ZM5.37528,6.17908A.63823.63823,0,1,0,6.015,5.54483.62292.62292,0,0,0,5.37528,6.17908Zm6.68214,14.80843a.54949.54949,0,1,0-.55052.541A.54556.54556,0,0,0,12.05742,20.98752Zm8.53235-8.49689a.54777.54777,0,0,0-.54027.54023.53327.53327,0,0,0,.532.52293.51548.51548,0,0,0,.53272-.5237A.53187.53187,0,0,0,20.58977,12.49063ZM7.82846,2.4715a.44927.44927,0,1,0,.44484.44766A.43821.43821,0,0,0,7.82846,2.4715Zm13.775,7.60492a.41186.41186,0,0,0-.40065.39623.40178.40178,0,0,0,.40168.40168A.38994.38994,0,0,0,22,10.48172.39946.39946,0,0,0,21.60349,10.07642ZM5.79193,17.96207a.40469.40469,0,0,0-.397-.39646.399.399,0,0,0-.396.405.39234.39234,0,0,0,.39939.389A.39857.39857,0,0,0,5.79193,17.96207Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M5.727 8.027a.623.623 0 0 0-.204-.527L4.02 5.687v-.273H8.69l3.614 7.926 3.175-7.926h4.457v.274l-1.285 1.234a.367.367 0 0 0-.144.36v9.066a.374.374 0 0 0 .144.363l1.258 1.234v.27h-6.324v-.27l1.3-1.265c.13-.13.13-.164.13-.36V8.988l-3.621 9.196h-.489L6.691 8.988v6.164c-.035.258.051.52.235.707l1.691 2.055v.27h-4.8v-.27l1.69-2.055a.814.814 0 0 0 .22-.707zm0 0" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-nextdoor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M11.8615 0.651877C6.11188 0.714092 1.22843 5.12326 0.698031 10.9732C0.132369 17.213 4.73317 22.7304 10.9732 23.2962C17.213 23.8619 22.7304 19.2611 23.2962 13.0211C23.8619 6.78111 19.2611 1.26369 13.0211 0.69803C12.6356 0.663073 12.2486 0.647668 11.8615 0.651877ZM12.5886 7.09625C15.2249 7.09625 17.2615 8.96861 17.2615 11.3538V16.3385C17.2615 16.4649 17.1572 16.5692 17.0308 16.5692H14.9365C14.8755 16.5684 14.8173 16.5438 14.7742 16.5007C14.7311 16.4576 14.7065 16.3994 14.7057 16.3385V11.7C14.7057 10.6698 13.9102 9.49606 12.5884 9.49606C11.2093 9.49606 10.4712 10.6698 10.4712 11.7V16.3385C10.4712 16.4649 10.3669 16.5692 10.2404 16.5692H8.14615C8.02062 16.5692 7.92111 16.464 7.92111 16.3385V11.8442C7.92111 11.7076 7.82345 11.5924 7.69034 11.5615C5.26634 11.0206 4.89988 9.66277 4.85188 7.66154C4.85095 7.60025 4.87809 7.53785 4.92111 7.49428C4.96412 7.45052 5.02135 7.42505 5.08265 7.42505L7.24043 7.43649C7.36228 7.43834 7.45957 7.53415 7.46529 7.65581C7.48929 8.47551 7.54615 9.39231 8.28462 9.39231C8.43785 9.39231 8.55102 9.17464 8.61932 9.07495C9.43348 7.87864 10.8864 7.09625 12.5886 7.09625Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-patreon" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M20 7.40755C19.9969 5.10922 18.2543 3.22555 16.2097 2.54588C13.6708 1.70188 10.3222 1.82421 7.89775 2.99921C4.95932 4.42355 4.03626 7.54355 4.00186 10.6552C3.97363 13.2136 4.2222 19.9517 7.92225 19.9997C10.6715 20.0356 11.0809 16.3967 12.3529 14.6442C13.258 13.3974 14.4233 13.0452 15.8578 12.6806C18.3233 12.0537 20.0036 10.0551 20 7.40755Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-pinterest" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12.289,2C6.617,2,3.606,5.648,3.606,9.622c0,1.846,1.025,4.146,2.666,4.878c0.25,0.111,0.381,0.063,0.439-0.169 c0.044-0.175,0.267-1.029,0.365-1.428c0.032-0.128,0.017-0.237-0.091-0.362C6.445,11.911,6.01,10.75,6.01,9.668 c0-2.777,2.194-5.464,5.933-5.464c3.23,0,5.49,2.108,5.49,5.122c0,3.407-1.794,5.768-4.13,5.768c-1.291,0-2.257-1.021-1.948-2.277 c0.372-1.495,1.089-3.112,1.089-4.191c0-0.967-0.542-1.775-1.663-1.775c-1.319,0-2.379,1.309-2.379,3.059 c0,1.115,0.394,1.869,0.394,1.869s-1.302,5.279-1.54,6.261c-0.405,1.666,0.053,4.368,0.094,4.604 c0.021,0.126,0.167,0.169,0.25,0.063c0.129-0.165,1.699-2.419,2.142-4.051c0.158-0.59,0.817-2.995,0.817-2.995 c0.43,0.784,1.681,1.446,3.013,1.446c3.963,0,6.822-3.494,6.822-7.833C20.394,5.112,16.849,2,12.289,2" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-pocket" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M21.927,4.194C21.667,3.48,20.982,3,20.222,3h-0.01h-1.721H3.839C3.092,3,2.411,3.47,2.145,4.17 C2.066,4.378,2.026,4.594,2.026,4.814v6.035l0.069,1.2c0.29,2.73,1.707,5.115,3.899,6.778c0.039,0.03,0.079,0.059,0.119,0.089 l0.025,0.018c1.175,0.859,2.491,1.441,3.91,1.727c0.655,0.132,1.325,0.2,1.991,0.2c0.615,0,1.232-0.057,1.839-0.17 c0.073-0.014,0.145-0.028,0.219-0.044c0.02-0.004,0.042-0.012,0.064-0.023c1.359-0.297,2.621-0.864,3.753-1.691l0.025-0.018 c0.04-0.029,0.08-0.058,0.119-0.089c2.192-1.664,3.609-4.049,3.898-6.778l0.069-1.2V4.814C22.026,4.605,22,4.398,21.927,4.194z M17.692,10.481l-4.704,4.512c-0.266,0.254-0.608,0.382-0.949,0.382c-0.342,0-0.684-0.128-0.949-0.382l-4.705-4.512 C5.838,9.957,5.82,9.089,6.344,8.542c0.524-0.547,1.392-0.565,1.939-0.04l3.756,3.601l3.755-3.601 c0.547-0.524,1.415-0.506,1.939,0.04C18.256,9.089,18.238,9.956,17.692,10.481z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-ravelry" viewBox="0 0 23 20">
|
||
<path d="M12.098 19.34a.25.25 0 01-.118-.043 13.986 13.986 0 01-.394-.258c-.164-.11-.477-.352-.934-.723-.46-.375-.882-.761-1.27-1.168-.39-.406-.796-.925-1.218-1.562a8.521 8.521 0 01-.976-1.926c-.125-.023-.758-.16-1.907-.414A8.785 8.785 0 007.84 17.29a8.152 8.152 0 004.258 2.05zm-6.98-6.762l1.831.313A13.424 13.424 0 016.5 11.02a16.216 16.216 0 01-.207-1.622l-.043-.593c-.61.61-1.047 1.445-1.316 2.5.035.484.097.91.183 1.273zm1.198-6.797a9.064 9.064 0 00-.84 1.653c.32-.344.59-.598.81-.758zm15.649 4.844a8.8 8.8 0 00-.676-3.426 8.85 8.85 0 00-1.824-2.812 8.614 8.614 0 00-2.727-1.883 8.115 8.115 0 00-3.312-.695 8.131 8.131 0 00-3.059.586A8.412 8.412 0 007.754 4.05c-.219.433-.383 1.027-.488 1.785a5.407 5.407 0 011.554-.93 7.481 7.481 0 011.727-.48 16.642 16.642 0 011.558-.153c.489-.02.883-.015 1.18.012l.438.035c.238.008.43.063.574.172a.66.66 0 01.27.367c.03.141.054.278.07.414a.8.8 0 01-.012.317 12.781 12.781 0 00-2.477-.004 7.093 7.093 0 00-1.992.484 9.6 9.6 0 00-1.554.801A12.46 12.46 0 007.176 7.97c.031.27.07.613.125 1.031.054.422.183 1.082.386 1.988.204.903.43 1.57.676 2.004.895.043 1.793-.012 2.696-.164.902-.152 1.683-.351 2.336-.598a20.681 20.681 0 001.77-.746c.526-.254.925-.472 1.19-.66l.407-.265c.156-.121.3-.196.43-.23a.367.367 0 01.331.058c.094.07.157.199.184.383.102.722-.039 1.171-.426 1.351-1.508.723-3.203 1.219-5.086 1.496-.976.149-2.129.207-3.449.176a7.673 7.673 0 001.195 1.973c.504.597 1 1.07 1.493 1.418.496.343.968.636 1.421.878.454.243.825.407 1.106.489l.426.133c1.039.171 1.992.113 2.863-.168 1.414-.739 2.555-1.813 3.418-3.227.867-1.414 1.297-2.969 1.297-4.664zm.805-.414c-.102 1.004-.247 1.793-.434 2.367-.508 1.547-1.168 2.836-1.977 3.867-.808 1.032-1.964 1.973-3.468 2.828-.348.247-.645.41-.895.493-.52.195-1.113.254-1.773.18-.262.019-.528.03-.797.03-2.055 0-3.883-.64-5.492-1.93-1.61-1.288-2.68-2.929-3.22-4.933-.007 0-.019 0-.042-.004-.024-.004-.04-.007-.055-.007-.043.375-.035.793.028 1.257.062.465.156.891.285 1.282.125.39.254.757.39 1.093.133.34.25.606.344.801l.152.29c.059.09.254.394.586.913a4.327 4.327 0 01-1.355-1.187 5.669 5.669 0 01-.856-1.563 14.087 14.087 0 01-.43-1.531 9.012 9.012 0 01-.19-1.2l-.02-.468c-.035-.016-.16-.059-.367-.137-.207-.078-.383-.148-.528-.203-.144-.054-.336-.133-.578-.226a9.221 9.221 0 01-.625-.282c-.176-.09-.36-.183-.543-.285-.187-.097-.34-.199-.465-.3a1.27 1.27 0 01-.27-.286c.138.075.321.172.548.285.23.118.64.286 1.23.508.594.223 1.121.364 1.586.426l.023-.36c.079-1.109.418-2.187 1.024-3.234A9.226 9.226 0 016.5 4.621c.203-.855.5-1.652.883-2.39.11-.208.226-.376.347-.5.125-.13.305-.247.536-.36 1.148-.55 2.25-.937 3.304-1.16A9.935 9.935 0 0114.86.09c1.136.14 2.25.5 3.34 1.082 1.593.855 2.804 2.105 3.624 3.75.82 1.644 1.137 3.406.946 5.289zm0 0" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-reddit" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M22,11.816c0-1.256-1.021-2.277-2.277-2.277c-0.593,0-1.122,0.24-1.526,0.614c-1.481-0.965-3.455-1.594-5.647-1.69 l1.171-3.702l3.18,0.748c0.008,1.028,0.846,1.862,1.876,1.862c1.035,0,1.877-0.842,1.877-1.878c0-1.035-0.842-1.877-1.877-1.877 c-0.769,0-1.431,0.466-1.72,1.13l-3.508-0.826c-0.203-0.047-0.399,0.067-0.46,0.261l-1.35,4.268 c-2.316,0.038-4.411,0.67-5.97,1.671C5.368,9.765,4.853,9.539,4.277,9.539C3.021,9.539,2,10.56,2,11.816 c0,0.814,0.433,1.523,1.078,1.925c-0.037,0.221-0.061,0.444-0.061,0.672c0,3.292,4.011,5.97,8.941,5.97s8.941-2.678,8.941-5.97 c0-0.214-0.02-0.424-0.053-0.632C21.533,13.39,22,12.661,22,11.816z M18.776,4.394c0.606,0,1.1,0.493,1.1,1.1s-0.493,1.1-1.1,1.1 s-1.1-0.494-1.1-1.1S18.169,4.394,18.776,4.394z M2.777,11.816c0-0.827,0.672-1.5,1.499-1.5c0.313,0,0.598,0.103,0.838,0.269 c-0.851,0.676-1.477,1.479-1.812,2.36C2.983,12.672,2.777,12.27,2.777,11.816z M11.959,19.606c-4.501,0-8.164-2.329-8.164-5.193 S7.457,9.22,11.959,9.22s8.164,2.329,8.164,5.193S16.46,19.606,11.959,19.606z M20.636,13.001c-0.326-0.89-0.948-1.701-1.797-2.384 c0.248-0.186,0.55-0.301,0.883-0.301c0.827,0,1.5,0.673,1.5,1.5C21.223,12.299,20.992,12.727,20.636,13.001z M8.996,14.704 c-0.76,0-1.397-0.616-1.397-1.376c0-0.76,0.637-1.397,1.397-1.397c0.76,0,1.376,0.637,1.376,1.397 C10.372,14.088,9.756,14.704,8.996,14.704z M16.401,13.328c0,0.76-0.616,1.376-1.376,1.376c-0.76,0-1.399-0.616-1.399-1.376 c0-0.76,0.639-1.397,1.399-1.397C15.785,11.931,16.401,12.568,16.401,13.328z M15.229,16.708c0.152,0.152,0.152,0.398,0,0.55 c-0.674,0.674-1.727,1.002-3.219,1.002c-0.004,0-0.007-0.002-0.011-0.002c-0.004,0-0.007,0.002-0.011,0.002 c-1.492,0-2.544-0.328-3.218-1.002c-0.152-0.152-0.152-0.398,0-0.55c0.152-0.152,0.399-0.151,0.55,0 c0.521,0.521,1.394,0.775,2.669,0.775c0.004,0,0.007,0.002,0.011,0.002c0.004,0,0.007-0.002,0.011-0.002 c1.275,0,2.148-0.253,2.669-0.775C14.831,16.556,15.078,16.556,15.229,16.708z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-skype" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M10.113,2.699c0.033-0.006,0.067-0.013,0.1-0.02c0.033,0.017,0.066,0.033,0.098,0.051L10.113,2.699z M2.72,10.223 c-0.006,0.034-0.011,0.069-0.017,0.103c0.018,0.032,0.033,0.064,0.051,0.095L2.72,10.223z M21.275,13.771 c0.007-0.035,0.011-0.071,0.018-0.106c-0.018-0.031-0.033-0.064-0.052-0.095L21.275,13.771z M13.563,21.199 c0.032,0.019,0.065,0.035,0.096,0.053c0.036-0.006,0.071-0.011,0.105-0.017L13.563,21.199z M22,16.386 c0,1.494-0.581,2.898-1.637,3.953c-1.056,1.057-2.459,1.637-3.953,1.637c-0.967,0-1.914-0.251-2.75-0.725 c0.036-0.006,0.071-0.011,0.105-0.017l-0.202-0.035c0.032,0.019,0.065,0.035,0.096,0.053c-0.543,0.096-1.099,0.147-1.654,0.147 c-1.275,0-2.512-0.25-3.676-0.743c-1.125-0.474-2.135-1.156-3.002-2.023c-0.867-0.867-1.548-1.877-2.023-3.002 c-0.493-1.164-0.743-2.401-0.743-3.676c0-0.546,0.049-1.093,0.142-1.628c0.018,0.032,0.033,0.064,0.051,0.095L2.72,10.223 c-0.006,0.034-0.011,0.069-0.017,0.103C2.244,9.5,2,8.566,2,7.615c0-1.493,0.582-2.898,1.637-3.953 c1.056-1.056,2.46-1.638,3.953-1.638c0.915,0,1.818,0.228,2.622,0.655c-0.033,0.007-0.067,0.013-0.1,0.02l0.199,0.031 c-0.032-0.018-0.066-0.034-0.098-0.051c0.002,0,0.003-0.001,0.004-0.001c0.586-0.112,1.187-0.169,1.788-0.169 c1.275,0,2.512,0.249,3.676,0.742c1.124,0.476,2.135,1.156,3.002,2.024c0.868,0.867,1.548,1.877,2.024,3.002 c0.493,1.164,0.743,2.401,0.743,3.676c0,0.575-0.054,1.15-0.157,1.712c-0.018-0.031-0.033-0.064-0.052-0.095l0.034,0.201 c0.007-0.035,0.011-0.071,0.018-0.106C21.754,14.494,22,15.432,22,16.386z M16.817,14.138c0-1.331-0.613-2.743-3.033-3.282 l-2.209-0.49c-0.84-0.192-1.807-0.444-1.807-1.237c0-0.794,0.679-1.348,1.903-1.348c2.468,0,2.243,1.696,3.468,1.696 c0.645,0,1.209-0.379,1.209-1.031c0-1.521-2.435-2.663-4.5-2.663c-2.242,0-4.63,0.952-4.63,3.488c0,1.221,0.436,2.521,2.839,3.123 l2.984,0.745c0.903,0.223,1.129,0.731,1.129,1.189c0,0.762-0.758,1.507-2.129,1.507c-2.679,0-2.307-2.062-3.743-2.062 c-0.645,0-1.113,0.444-1.113,1.078c0,1.236,1.501,2.886,4.856,2.886C15.236,17.737,16.817,16.199,16.817,14.138z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-sms" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M17.696 4C20.069 4 22 5.973 22 8.398v4.357c0 2.04-1.368 3.783-3.261 4.266v4.427l-5.234-4.295h-7.2C3.93 17.153 2 15.18 2 12.755V8.398C2 5.973 3.931 4 6.304 4h11.392ZM7.028 8.515c-.98 0-1.66.562-1.66 1.349-.009.497.322.91.985 1.178l.39.142c.242.097.305.171.305.297 0 .162-.131.251-.442.251s-.76-.135-1.004-.284l-.112.046-.215.868c.359.258.832.364 1.33.364 1.104 0 1.764-.523 1.764-1.333-.008-.574-.305-.956-.954-1.216l-.393-.146c-.266-.108-.341-.181-.341-.287 0-.152.131-.243.387-.243.274 0 .587.093.808.214l.109-.047.214-.837c-.315-.224-.741-.316-1.171-.316Zm10.302 0c-.98 0-1.66.562-1.66 1.349-.008.497.322.91.985 1.178l.39.142c.243.097.305.171.305.297 0 .162-.13.251-.442.251-.311 0-.76-.135-1.004-.284l-.112.046-.215.868c.359.258.832.364 1.33.364 1.104 0 1.764-.523 1.764-1.333-.008-.574-.305-.956-.954-1.216l-.393-.146c-.266-.108-.341-.181-.341-.287 0-.152.131-.243.387-.243.274 0 .587.093.808.214l.109-.047.214-.837c-.316-.224-.741-.316-1.171-.316Zm-3.733 0c-.297 0-.55.066-.78.202l-.144.098a1.823 1.823 0 0 0-.264.247l-.078.095-.027-.077c-.15-.34-.55-.565-1.033-.565l-.169.007a1.363 1.363 0 0 0-.896.42l-.08.09-.038-.363-.075-.067H8.994l-.075.079.024.634c.005.2.008.397.008.604v2.652l.075.075h1.178l.075-.075v-2.269c0-.113.012-.202.042-.274.083-.23.262-.392.496-.392.314 0 .483.267.483.753v2.182l.075.075h1.179l.075-.075v-2.277c0-.097.016-.213.043-.285.077-.224.26-.373.486-.373.33 0 .5.272.5.817v2.118l.074.075h1.179l.075-.075v-2.293c0-1.131-.537-1.763-1.39-1.763Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-slideshare" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M11.738,10.232a2.142,2.142,0,0,1-.721,1.619,2.556,2.556,0,0,1-3.464,0,2.183,2.183,0,0,1,0-3.243,2.572,2.572,0,0,1,3.464,0A2.136,2.136,0,0,1,11.738,10.232Zm5.7,0a2.15,2.15,0,0,1-.715,1.619,2.563,2.563,0,0,1-3.469,0,2.183,2.183,0,0,1,0-3.243,2.58,2.58,0,0,1,3.469,0A2.144,2.144,0,0,1,17.439,10.232Zm2.555,2.045V4.7a2.128,2.128,0,0,0-.363-1.4,1.614,1.614,0,0,0-1.261-.415H5.742a1.656,1.656,0,0,0-1.278.386A2.246,2.246,0,0,0,4.129,4.7v7.643a8.212,8.212,0,0,0,1,.454q.516.193.92.318a6.847,6.847,0,0,0,.92.21q.516.085.806.125a6.615,6.615,0,0,0,.795.045l.665.006q.16,0,.642-.023t.506-.023a1.438,1.438,0,0,1,1.079.307,1.134,1.134,0,0,0,.114.1,7.215,7.215,0,0,0,.693.579q.079-1.033,1.34-.988.057,0,.415.017l.488.023q.13.006.517.011t.6-.011l.619-.051a5.419,5.419,0,0,0,.693-.1l.7-.153a5.353,5.353,0,0,0,.761-.221q.345-.131.766-.307a8.727,8.727,0,0,0,.818-.392Zm1.851-.057a10.4,10.4,0,0,1-4.225,2.862,6.5,6.5,0,0,1-.261,5.281,3.524,3.524,0,0,1-2.078,1.681,2.452,2.452,0,0,1-2.067-.17,1.915,1.915,0,0,1-.931-1.863l-.011-3.7V16.3l-.279-.068q-.188-.045-.267-.057l-.011,3.839a1.9,1.9,0,0,1-.943,1.863,2.481,2.481,0,0,1-2.078.17,3.519,3.519,0,0,1-2.067-1.7,6.546,6.546,0,0,1-.25-5.258A10.4,10.4,0,0,1,2.152,12.22a.56.56,0,0,1-.045-.715q.238-.3.681.011l.125.079a.767.767,0,0,1,.125.091V3.8a1.987,1.987,0,0,1,.534-1.4,1.7,1.7,0,0,1,1.295-.579H19.141a1.7,1.7,0,0,1,1.295.579,1.985,1.985,0,0,1,.534,1.4v7.882l.238-.17q.443-.307.681-.011a.56.56,0,0,1-.045.715Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-snapchat" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12.065,2a5.526,5.526,0,0,1,3.132.892A5.854,5.854,0,0,1,17.326,5.4a5.821,5.821,0,0,1,.351,2.33q0,.612-.117,2.487a.809.809,0,0,0,.365.091,1.93,1.93,0,0,0,.664-.176,1.93,1.93,0,0,1,.664-.176,1.3,1.3,0,0,1,.729.234.7.7,0,0,1,.351.6.839.839,0,0,1-.41.7,2.732,2.732,0,0,1-.9.41,3.192,3.192,0,0,0-.9.378.728.728,0,0,0-.41.618,1.575,1.575,0,0,0,.156.56,6.9,6.9,0,0,0,1.334,1.953,5.6,5.6,0,0,0,1.881,1.315,5.875,5.875,0,0,0,1.042.3.42.42,0,0,1,.365.456q0,.911-2.852,1.341a1.379,1.379,0,0,0-.143.507,1.8,1.8,0,0,1-.182.605.451.451,0,0,1-.429.241,5.878,5.878,0,0,1-.807-.085,5.917,5.917,0,0,0-.833-.085,4.217,4.217,0,0,0-.807.065,2.42,2.42,0,0,0-.82.293,6.682,6.682,0,0,0-.755.5q-.351.267-.755.527a3.886,3.886,0,0,1-.989.436A4.471,4.471,0,0,1,11.831,22a4.307,4.307,0,0,1-1.256-.176,3.784,3.784,0,0,1-.976-.436q-.4-.26-.749-.527a6.682,6.682,0,0,0-.755-.5,2.422,2.422,0,0,0-.807-.293,4.432,4.432,0,0,0-.82-.065,5.089,5.089,0,0,0-.853.1,5,5,0,0,1-.762.1.474.474,0,0,1-.456-.241,1.819,1.819,0,0,1-.182-.618,1.411,1.411,0,0,0-.143-.521q-2.852-.429-2.852-1.341a.42.42,0,0,1,.365-.456,5.793,5.793,0,0,0,1.042-.3,5.524,5.524,0,0,0,1.881-1.315,6.789,6.789,0,0,0,1.334-1.953A1.575,1.575,0,0,0,6,12.9a.728.728,0,0,0-.41-.618,3.323,3.323,0,0,0-.9-.384,2.912,2.912,0,0,1-.9-.41.814.814,0,0,1-.41-.684.71.71,0,0,1,.338-.593,1.208,1.208,0,0,1,.716-.241,1.976,1.976,0,0,1,.625.169,2.008,2.008,0,0,0,.69.169.919.919,0,0,0,.416-.091q-.117-1.849-.117-2.474A5.861,5.861,0,0,1,6.385,5.4,5.516,5.516,0,0,1,8.625,2.819,7.075,7.075,0,0,1,12.062,2Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-soundcloud" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M8.9,16.1L9,14L8.9,9.5c0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1-0.1c0,0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1c0,0-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1L8.3,14l0.1,2.1 c0,0.1,0,0.1,0.1,0.1c0,0,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1C8.8,16.3,8.9,16.3,8.9,16.1z M11.4,15.9l0.1-1.8L11.4,9c0-0.1,0-0.2-0.1-0.2 c0,0-0.1,0-0.1,0s-0.1,0-0.1,0c-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.2l0,0.1l-0.1,5c0,0,0,0.7,0.1,2v0c0,0.1,0,0.1,0.1,0.1c0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1 c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.2-0.1c0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2L11.4,15.9z M2.4,12.9L2.5,14l-0.2,1.1c0,0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.1c0,0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1L2.1,14 l0.1-1.1C2.2,12.9,2.3,12.9,2.4,12.9C2.3,12.9,2.4,12.9,2.4,12.9z M3.1,12.2L3.3,14l-0.2,1.8c0,0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.1 c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1L2.8,14L3,12.2C3,12.2,3,12.2,3.1,12.2C3.1,12.2,3.1,12.2,3.1,12.2z M3.9,11.9L4.1,14l-0.2,2.1 c0,0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.1c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1L3.5,14l0.2-2.1c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.1C3.9,11.8,3.9,11.8,3.9,11.9z M4.7,11.9L4.9,14 l-0.2,2.1c0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1L4.3,14l0.2-2.2c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.1C4.7,11.7,4.7,11.8,4.7,11.9z M5.6,12 l0.2,2l-0.2,2.1c0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1c0,0-0.1,0-0.1,0c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.1L5.1,14l0.2-2c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.1s0.1,0,0.1,0 C5.5,11.9,5.5,11.9,5.6,12L5.6,12z M6.4,10.7L6.6,14l-0.2,2.1c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.1c0,0-0.1,0-0.1,0c-0.1,0-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.2L5.9,14 l0.2-3.3c0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.2-0.2c0,0,0.1,0,0.1,0C6.4,10.7,6.4,10.7,6.4,10.7z M7.2,10l0.2,4.1l-0.2,2.1c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.1 c0,0-0.1,0-0.1,0c-0.1,0-0.2-0.1-0.2-0.2l-0.1-2.1L6.8,10c0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.2-0.2c0,0,0.1,0,0.1,0S7.2,9.9,7.2,10z M8,9.6L8.2,14 L8,16.1c0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.2,0.2c-0.1,0-0.2-0.1-0.2-0.2L7.5,14l0.1-4.4c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.1c0,0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.1,0.1 C8,9.6,8,9.6,8,9.6z M11.4,16.1L11.4,16.1L11.4,16.1z M9.7,9.6L9.8,14l-0.1,2.1c0,0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.2s-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1 c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.1-0.1s-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2L9.2,14l0.1-4.4c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.2s0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.2,0.1S9.7,9.5,9.7,9.6 L9.7,9.6z M10.6,9.8l0.1,4.3l-0.1,2c0,0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.2c0,0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.2-0.1c0,0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2L10,14 l0.1-4.3c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.2c0,0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.2,0.1S10.6,9.7,10.6,9.8z M12.4,14l-0.1,2c0,0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.2 c-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.2-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2l-0.1-1l-0.1-1l0.1-5.5v0c0-0.1,0-0.2,0.1-0.2 c0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1c0,0,0.1,0,0.1,0c0.1,0,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.2L12.4,14z M22.1,13.9c0,0.7-0.2,1.3-0.7,1.7c-0.5,0.5-1.1,0.7-1.7,0.7 h-6.8c-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.2-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2V8.2c0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.2-0.3c0.5-0.2,1-0.3,1.6-0.3c1.1,0,2.1,0.4,2.9,1.1 c0.8,0.8,1.3,1.7,1.4,2.8c0.3-0.1,0.6-0.2,1-0.2c0.7,0,1.3,0.2,1.7,0.7C21.8,12.6,22.1,13.2,22.1,13.9L22.1,13.9z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-spotify" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,2C6.477,2,2,6.477,2,12c0,5.523,4.477,10,10,10c5.523,0,10-4.477,10-10C22,6.477,17.523,2,12,2 M16.586,16.424 c-0.18,0.295-0.563,0.387-0.857,0.207c-2.348-1.435-5.304-1.76-8.785-0.964c-0.335,0.077-0.67-0.133-0.746-0.469 c-0.077-0.335,0.132-0.67,0.469-0.746c3.809-0.871,7.077-0.496,9.713,1.115C16.673,15.746,16.766,16.13,16.586,16.424 M17.81,13.7 c-0.226,0.367-0.706,0.482-1.072,0.257c-2.687-1.652-6.785-2.131-9.965-1.166C6.36,12.917,5.925,12.684,5.8,12.273 C5.675,11.86,5.908,11.425,6.32,11.3c3.632-1.102,8.147-0.568,11.234,1.328C17.92,12.854,18.035,13.335,17.81,13.7 M17.915,10.865 c-3.223-1.914-8.54-2.09-11.618-1.156C5.804,9.859,5.281,9.58,5.131,9.086C4.982,8.591,5.26,8.069,5.755,7.919 c3.532-1.072,9.404-0.865,13.115,1.338c0.445,0.264,0.59,0.838,0.327,1.282C18.933,10.983,18.359,11.129,17.915,10.865" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-stackoverflow" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="m 17.817128,20.228605 v -5.337217 h 1.771431 V 22 H 3.6 v -7.108612 h 1.771401 v 5.337217 z" />
|
||
<path d="m 7.3267845,14.385359 8.6959295,1.817316 0.368168,-1.748385 -8.6959318,-1.817319 z m 1.1503197,-4.140944 8.0517968,3.749872 0.73617,-1.610385 -8.0518344,-3.7728517 z m 2.2315078,-3.9569154 6.832405,5.6822664 1.12738,-1.357316 -6.832576,-5.6822636 z m 4.417,-4.2099019 -1.426448,1.0581864 5.291191,7.1316119 1.426412,-1.0582745 z M 7.1427296,18.434189 h 8.8799844 v -1.7713 H 7.1427296 Z" />
|
||
<path d="m 17.817128,20.228605 v -5.337217 h 1.771431 V 22 H 3.6 v -7.108612 h 1.771401 v 5.337217 z" />
|
||
<path d="m 7.3267845,14.385359 8.6959295,1.817316 0.368168,-1.748385 -8.6959318,-1.817319 z m 1.1503197,-4.140944 8.0517968,3.749872 0.73617,-1.610385 -8.0518344,-3.7728517 z m 2.2315078,-3.9569154 6.832405,5.6822664 1.12738,-1.357316 -6.832576,-5.6822636 z m 4.417,-4.2099019 -1.426448,1.0581864 5.291191,7.1316119 1.426412,-1.0582745 z M 7.1427296,18.434189 h 8.8799844 v -1.7713 H 7.1427296 Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-strava" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M15.387 17.944l-2.089-4.116h-3.065L15.387 24l5.15-10.172h-3.066m-7.008-5.599l2.836 5.598h4.172L10.463 0l-7 13.828h4.169" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-stumbleupon" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12,4.294c-2.469,0-4.471,2.002-4.471,4.471v6.353c0,0.585-0.474,1.059-1.059,1.059c-0.585,0-1.059-0.474-1.059-1.059 v-2.824H2v2.941c0,2.469,2.002,4.471,4.471,4.471c2.469,0,4.471-2.002,4.471-4.471V8.765c0-0.585,0.474-1.059,1.059-1.059 s1.059,0.474,1.059,1.059v1.294l1.412,0.647l2-0.647V8.765C16.471,6.296,14.469,4.294,12,4.294z M13.059,12.353v2.882 c0,2.469,2.002,4.471,4.471,4.471S22,17.704,22,15.235v-2.824h-3.412v2.824c0,0.585-0.474,1.059-1.059,1.059 c-0.585,0-1.059-0.474-1.059-1.059v-2.882l-2,0.647L13.059,12.353z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-threads" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M16.0671 11.1235C15.9632 11.0737 15.8583 11.0261 15.7524 10.9806C15.5671 7.56725 13.702 5.61312 10.5702 5.59312H10.5278C8.6545 5.59312 7.09663 6.39262 6.13775 7.84762L7.86012 9.02913C8.57637 7.94225 9.70062 7.71063 10.5286 7.71063H10.5573C11.5884 7.71725 12.3665 8.01713 12.8701 8.60175C13.2366 9.02738 13.4817 9.61562 13.6031 10.358C12.6889 10.2026 11.7001 10.1547 10.6431 10.2155C7.66562 10.3869 5.75138 12.1235 5.88 14.5365C5.94525 15.7605 6.555 16.8135 7.59688 17.5014C8.47775 18.0829 9.61238 18.3673 10.7915 18.3029C12.3488 18.2175 13.5704 17.6234 14.4226 16.537C15.0699 15.712 15.4792 14.6429 15.66 13.2957C16.4021 13.7436 16.9521 14.333 17.2559 15.0415C17.7724 16.2459 17.8025 18.225 16.1876 19.8385C14.7728 21.252 13.072 21.8635 10.5016 21.8824C7.6505 21.8613 5.49412 20.9469 4.09225 19.1646C2.7795 17.4958 2.101 15.0852 2.07562 12C2.101 8.91475 2.77937 6.50425 4.09225 4.83537C5.49425 3.05312 7.6505 2.13875 10.5016 2.1175C13.3735 2.13875 15.5674 3.0575 17.023 4.84837C17.7368 5.72662 18.2749 6.83087 18.6296 8.11862L20.648 7.58012C20.218 5.99512 19.5414 4.62937 18.6206 3.49662C16.7545 1.20088 14.0252 0.024375 10.5087 0H10.4946C6.98525 0.02425 4.2865 1.20525 2.4735 3.51C0.86025 5.56063 0.0280001 8.41437 0.000125051 11.9915L0 12V12.0084C0.028 15.5855 0.86025 18.4393 2.4735 20.4901C4.2865 22.7948 6.98525 23.9757 10.4946 24H10.5087C13.6287 23.9784 15.828 23.1615 17.6397 21.3514C20.0101 18.9833 19.9387 16.0149 19.1575 14.1926C18.597 12.8859 17.5284 11.8245 16.0671 11.1235ZM10.68 16.1884C9.375 16.2619 8.01925 15.6761 7.9525 14.4215C7.90288 13.4913 8.6145 12.4533 10.7601 12.3296C11.0059 12.3154 11.247 12.3085 11.4839 12.3085C12.2633 12.3085 12.9924 12.3843 13.6552 12.5291C13.408 15.6169 11.9578 16.1183 10.68 16.1884Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-telegram" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12 2C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2zm3.08 14.757s-.25.625-.936.325l-2.541-1.949-1.63 1.486s-.127.096-.266.036c0 0-.12-.011-.27-.486-.15-.475-.911-2.972-.911-2.972L6 12.349s-.387-.137-.425-.438c-.037-.3.437-.462.437-.462l10.03-3.934s.824-.362.824.238l-1.786 9.004z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-tiktok" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12.22 2H15.64C15.64 2 15.4502 6.39351 20.3898 6.70186V10.0981C20.3898 10.0981 17.7537 10.2636 15.64 8.64957L15.6769 15.6615C15.6769 16.9151 15.3052 18.1406 14.6087 19.1829C13.9123 20.2253 12.9224 21.0377 11.7642 21.5175C10.606 21.9972 9.33162 22.1228 8.10209 21.8782C6.87257 21.6337 5.74316 21.0301 4.85669 20.1437C3.97022 19.2573 3.3665 18.1279 3.12186 16.8984C2.87723 15.6689 3.00267 14.3945 3.48233 13.2363C3.96199 12.0781 4.77432 11.0881 5.8166 10.3916C6.85888 9.69502 8.0843 9.32318 9.33791 9.32307H10.2271V12.7231V12.7954C9.64757 12.6147 9.02578 12.6217 8.45043 12.8152C7.87508 13.0088 7.37556 13.3792 7.02314 13.8734C6.67071 14.3677 6.48338 14.9606 6.48786 15.5677C6.49235 16.1747 6.68842 16.7648 7.04811 17.2538C7.40781 17.7428 7.91274 18.1057 8.49089 18.2908C9.06903 18.4758 9.69086 18.4736 10.2676 18.2843C10.8444 18.0951 11.3467 17.7285 11.7029 17.2369C12.059 16.7454 12.2508 16.1538 12.2509 15.5468L12.22 2Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-tumblr" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M16.749,17.396c-0.357,0.17-1.041,0.319-1.551,0.332c-1.539,0.041-1.837-1.081-1.85-1.896V9.847h3.861V6.937h-3.847V2.039 c0,0-2.77,0-2.817,0c-0.046,0-0.127,0.041-0.138,0.144c-0.165,1.499-0.867,4.13-3.783,5.181v2.484h1.945v6.282 c0,2.151,1.587,5.206,5.775,5.135c1.413-0.024,2.982-0.616,3.329-1.126L16.749,17.396z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-twitch" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M16.499,8.089h-1.636v4.91h1.636V8.089z M12,8.089h-1.637v4.91H12V8.089z M4.228,3.178L3,6.451v13.092h4.499V22h2.456 l2.454-2.456h3.681L21,14.636V3.178H4.228z M19.364,13.816l-2.864,2.865H12l-2.453,2.453V16.68H5.863V4.814h13.501V13.816z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-vimeo" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M22.396,7.164c-0.093,2.026-1.507,4.799-4.245,8.32C15.322,19.161,12.928,21,10.97,21c-1.214,0-2.24-1.119-3.079-3.359 c-0.56-2.053-1.119-4.106-1.68-6.159C5.588,9.243,4.921,8.122,4.206,8.122c-0.156,0-0.701,0.328-1.634,0.98L1.594,7.841 c1.027-0.902,2.04-1.805,3.037-2.708C6.001,3.95,7.03,3.327,7.715,3.264c1.619-0.156,2.616,0.951,2.99,3.321 c0.404,2.557,0.685,4.147,0.841,4.769c0.467,2.121,0.981,3.181,1.542,3.181c0.435,0,1.09-0.688,1.963-2.065 c0.871-1.376,1.338-2.422,1.401-3.142c0.125-1.187-0.343-1.782-1.401-1.782c-0.498,0-1.012,0.115-1.541,0.341 c1.023-3.35,2.977-4.977,5.862-4.884C21.511,3.066,22.52,4.453,22.396,7.164z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-vk" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M22,7.1c0.2,0.4-0.4,1.5-1.6,3.1c-0.2,0.2-0.4,0.5-0.7,0.9c-0.5,0.7-0.9,1.1-0.9,1.4c-0.1,0.3-0.1,0.6,0.1,0.8 c0.1,0.1,0.4,0.4,0.8,0.9h0l0,0c1,0.9,1.6,1.7,2,2.3c0,0,0,0.1,0.1,0.1c0,0.1,0,0.1,0.1,0.3c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4 c0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.3,0.3c-0.1,0.1-0.4,0.1-0.6,0.1l-2.7,0c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.6-0.1c-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.1-0.5-0.2l-0.2-0.1 c-0.2-0.1-0.5-0.4-0.7-0.7s-0.5-0.6-0.7-0.8c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.4-0.6-0.6C14.8,15,14.6,15,14.4,15c0,0,0,0-0.1,0c0,0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.2 c-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.3c-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5c-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.5-0.1,0.8c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.3c0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.2l0,0.1 c-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.2-0.6,0.2h-1.2c-0.5,0-1,0-1.5-0.2c-0.5-0.1-1-0.3-1.4-0.6s-0.7-0.5-1.1-0.7s-0.6-0.4-0.7-0.6l-0.3-0.3 c-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.2-0.3-0.3s-0.4-0.5-0.7-0.9s-0.7-1-1.1-1.6c-0.4-0.6-0.8-1.3-1.3-2.2C2.9,9.4,2.5,8.5,2.1,7.5C2,7.4,2,7.3,2,7.2 c0-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.2l0-0.1c0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.6-0.2l2.9,0c0.1,0,0.2,0,0.2,0.1S5.9,6.9,5.9,7L6,7c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.3 C6.4,7.7,6.5,8,6.7,8.4C6.9,8.8,7,9,7.1,9.2l0.2,0.3c0.2,0.4,0.4,0.8,0.6,1.1c0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.5,0.7s0.3,0.3,0.4,0.4 c0.1,0.1,0.3,0.1,0.4,0.1c0.1,0,0.2,0,0.3-0.1c0,0,0,0,0.1-0.1c0,0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.1-0.5c0-0.2,0.1-0.5,0.1-0.8 c0-0.4,0-0.8,0-1.3c0-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.8c0-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.1-0.5L9.6,7.6C9.4,7.3,9.1,7.2,8.7,7.1C8.6,7.1,8.6,7,8.7,6.9 C8.9,6.7,9,6.6,9.1,6.5c0.4-0.2,1.2-0.3,2.5-0.3c0.6,0,1,0.1,1.4,0.1c0.1,0,0.3,0.1,0.3,0.1c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.3 c0,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3s0,0.3,0,0.5c0,0.2,0,0.4,0,0.6c0,0.2,0,0.4,0,0.7c0,0.3,0,0.6,0,0.9c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,0.2,0,0.4,0,0.5 c0,0.1,0,0.3,0,0.4s0.1,0.3,0.1,0.4c0.1,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.2,0c0.1,0,0.2,0,0.3-0.1c0.1-0.1,0.2-0.2,0.4-0.4 s0.3-0.4,0.5-0.7c0.2-0.3,0.5-0.7,0.7-1.1c0.4-0.7,0.8-1.5,1.1-2.3c0-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2c0-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1l0,0l0.1,0 c0,0,0,0,0.1,0s0.2,0,0.2,0l3,0c0.3,0,0.5,0,0.7,0S21.9,7,21.9,7L22,7.1z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-whatsapp" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M2.048,22l1.406-5.136c-0.867-1.503-1.324-3.208-1.323-4.955C2.133,6.446,6.579,2,12.042,2c2.651,0.001,5.14,1.033,7.011,2.906c1.871,1.873,2.901,4.363,2.9,7.011c-0.002,5.464-4.448,9.91-9.91,9.91c0,0,0,0,0,0h-0.004c-1.659-0.001-3.288-0.417-4.736-1.206L2.048,22z M7.545,18.828l0.301,0.179c1.265,0.751,2.714,1.148,4.193,1.148h0.003c4.54,0,8.235-3.695,8.237-8.237c0.001-2.201-0.855-4.271-2.41-5.828c-1.555-1.557-3.623-2.415-5.824-2.416c-4.544,0-8.239,3.695-8.241,8.237c-0.001,1.556,0.435,3.072,1.259,4.384l0.196,0.312l-0.832,3.04L7.545,18.828z M17.035,14.274c-0.062-0.103-0.227-0.165-0.475-0.289c-0.248-0.124-1.465-0.723-1.692-0.806c-0.227-0.083-0.392-0.124-0.557,0.124c-0.165,0.248-0.64,0.806-0.784,0.971c-0.144,0.165-0.289,0.186-0.536,0.062c-0.248-0.124-1.046-0.385-1.991-1.229c-0.736-0.657-1.233-1.468-1.378-1.715c-0.144-0.248-0.015-0.382,0.109-0.505c0.111-0.111,0.248-0.289,0.371-0.434c0.124-0.145,0.165-0.248,0.248-0.413c0.083-0.165,0.041-0.31-0.021-0.434c-0.062-0.124-0.557-1.343-0.763-1.839C9.364,7.284,9.159,7.35,9.007,7.342c-0.144-0.007-0.31-0.009-0.475-0.009c-0.165,0-0.433,0.062-0.66,0.31C7.646,7.891,7.006,8.49,7.006,9.709c0,1.219,0.887,2.396,1.011,2.562c0.124,0.165,1.746,2.666,4.23,3.739c0.591,0.255,1.052,0.408,1.412,0.522c0.593,0.189,1.133,0.162,1.56,0.098c0.476-0.071,1.465-0.599,1.671-1.177C17.096,14.873,17.096,14.378,17.035,14.274z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-woocommerce" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M19,2H5C3.3,2,2,3.3,2,5v11c0,1.7,1.3,3,3,3h4l6,3l-1-3h5c1.7,0,3-1.3,3-3V5C22,3.3,20.7,2,19,2z M17.4,6.5c-0.4,0.8-0.8,2.1-1,3.9c-0.3,1.8-0.4,3.1-0.3,4.1c0,0.3,0,0.5-0.1,0.7s-0.3,0.4-0.6,0.4s-0.6-0.1-0.9-0.4c-1-1-1.8-2.6-2.4-4.6c-0.7,1.4-1.2,2.4-1.6,3.1c-0.6,1.2-1.2,1.8-1.6,1.9c-0.3,0-0.5-0.2-0.8-0.7C7.6,13.5,7,10.7,6.4,6.7c0-0.3,0-0.5,0.2-0.7C6.7,5.8,7,5.7,7.3,5.6c0.5,0,0.9,0.2,0.9,0.8c0.3,2.3,0.7,4.2,1.1,5.7l2.4-4.5C11.9,7.2,12.1,7,12.5,7c0.5,0,0.8,0.3,0.9,0.9c0.3,1.4,0.6,2.6,1,3.7c0.3-2.7,0.8-4.7,1.4-5.9c0.2-0.3,0.4-0.5,0.7-0.5c0.2,0,0.5,0.1,0.7,0.2c0.2,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.3,0.6S17.5,6.4,17.4,6.5z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-wordpress" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12.158,12.786L9.46,20.625c0.806,0.237,1.657,0.366,2.54,0.366c1.047,0,2.051-0.181,2.986-0.51 c-0.024-0.038-0.046-0.079-0.065-0.124L12.158,12.786z M3.009,12c0,3.559,2.068,6.634,5.067,8.092L3.788,8.341 C3.289,9.459,3.009,10.696,3.009,12z M18.069,11.546c0-1.112-0.399-1.881-0.741-2.48c-0.456-0.741-0.883-1.368-0.883-2.109 c0-0.826,0.627-1.596,1.51-1.596c0.04,0,0.078,0.005,0.116,0.007C16.472,3.904,14.34,3.009,12,3.009 c-3.141,0-5.904,1.612-7.512,4.052c0.211,0.007,0.41,0.011,0.579,0.011c0.94,0,2.396-0.114,2.396-0.114 C7.947,6.93,8.004,7.642,7.52,7.699c0,0-0.487,0.057-1.029,0.085l3.274,9.739l1.968-5.901l-1.401-3.838 C9.848,7.756,9.389,7.699,9.389,7.699C8.904,7.67,8.961,6.93,9.446,6.958c0,0,1.484,0.114,2.368,0.114 c0.94,0,2.397-0.114,2.397-0.114c0.485-0.028,0.542,0.684,0.057,0.741c0,0-0.488,0.057-1.029,0.085l3.249,9.665l0.897-2.996 C17.841,13.284,18.069,12.316,18.069,11.546z M19.889,7.686c0.039,0.286,0.06,0.593,0.06,0.924c0,0.912-0.171,1.938-0.684,3.22 l-2.746,7.94c2.673-1.558,4.47-4.454,4.47-7.771C20.991,10.436,20.591,8.967,19.889,7.686z M12,22C6.486,22,2,17.514,2,12 C2,6.486,6.486,2,12,2c5.514,0,10,4.486,10,10C22,17.514,17.514,22,12,22z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-yelp" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M12.271,16.718v1.417q-.011,3.257-.067,3.4a.707.707,0,0,1-.569.446,4.637,4.637,0,0,1-2.024-.424A4.609,4.609,0,0,1,7.8,20.565a.844.844,0,0,1-.19-.4.692.692,0,0,1,.044-.29,3.181,3.181,0,0,1,.379-.524q.335-.412,2.019-2.409.011,0,.669-.781a.757.757,0,0,1,.44-.274.965.965,0,0,1,.552.039.945.945,0,0,1,.418.324.732.732,0,0,1,.139.468Zm-1.662-2.8a.783.783,0,0,1-.58.781l-1.339.435q-3.067.981-3.257.981a.711.711,0,0,1-.6-.4,2.636,2.636,0,0,1-.19-.836,9.134,9.134,0,0,1,.011-1.857,3.559,3.559,0,0,1,.335-1.389.659.659,0,0,1,.625-.357,22.629,22.629,0,0,1,2.253.859q.781.324,1.283.524l.937.379a.771.771,0,0,1,.4.34A.982.982,0,0,1,10.609,13.917Zm9.213,3.313a4.467,4.467,0,0,1-1.021,1.8,4.559,4.559,0,0,1-1.512,1.417.671.671,0,0,1-.7-.078q-.156-.112-2.052-3.2l-.524-.859a.761.761,0,0,1-.128-.513.957.957,0,0,1,.217-.513.774.774,0,0,1,.926-.29q.011.011,1.327.446,2.264.736,2.7.887a2.082,2.082,0,0,1,.524.229.673.673,0,0,1,.245.68Zm-7.5-7.049q.056,1.137-.6,1.361-.647.19-1.272-.792L6.237,4.08a.7.7,0,0,1,.212-.691,5.788,5.788,0,0,1,2.314-1,5.928,5.928,0,0,1,2.5-.352.681.681,0,0,1,.547.5q.034.2.245,3.407T12.327,10.181Zm7.384,1.2a.679.679,0,0,1-.29.658q-.167.112-3.67.959-.747.167-1.015.257l.011-.022a.769.769,0,0,1-.513-.044.914.914,0,0,1-.413-.357.786.786,0,0,1,0-.971q.011-.011.836-1.137,1.394-1.908,1.673-2.275a2.423,2.423,0,0,1,.379-.435A.7.7,0,0,1,17.435,8a4.482,4.482,0,0,1,1.372,1.489,4.81,4.81,0,0,1,.9,1.868v.034Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-x" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M14.1173 9.62177L20.4459 2H18.9463L13.4511 8.61788L9.06215 2H4L10.637 12.0074L4 20H5.49977L11.3028 13.0113L15.9379 20H21L14.1169 9.62177H14.1173ZM12.0632 12.0956L11.3907 11.0991L6.04016 3.16971H8.34371L12.6617 9.56895L13.3341 10.5655L18.947 18.8835H16.6434L12.0632 12.096V12.0956Z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-xanga" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M9,9h6v6H9V9z M3,9h6V3H3V9z M15,9h6V3h-6V9z M15,21h6v-6h-6V21z M3,21h6v-6H3V21z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
<symbol id="icon-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
|
||
<path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z" />
|
||
</symbol>
|
||
</defs>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|