nih-gov/magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/learning-about-aging-from-turtles-and-other-cold-blooded-critters/index.html
2025-02-26 13:17:41 -05:00

724 lines
38 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!doctype html>
<html dir="ltr" lang="en">
<head>
<!-- meta data -->
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1">
<link rel='canonical' href='https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/learning-about-aging-from-turtles-and-other-cold-blooded-critters'>
<title>Learning about aging from turtles and other cold-blooded critters | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine</title>
<meta property="og:site_name" content="NIH MedlinePlus Magazine">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@medlineplus">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@medlineplus">
<meta name='description' content='To uncover the secrets of aging, some scientists are turning to cold-blooded reptiles (such as turtles, snakes, and crocodiles) and amphibians (such as frogs, toads, and salamanders). In a large study funded by the National Institute on Aging, scientists examined 77 reptile and amphibian species to unravel the mysteries of longevity. Contrary to popular belief, temperature regulation doesn&#039;t determine aging rates. Rather, protective traits, environmental temperature, and reproductive age all play significant roles. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolution of aging and offer potential conservation strategies. Explore how understanding these creatures may even lead to longer and healthier lives for humans.'>
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US">
<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="es_ES">
<meta property="og:description" content="To uncover the secrets of aging, some scientists are turning to cold-blooded reptiles (such as turtles, snakes, and crocodiles) and amphibians (such as frogs, toads, and salamanders). In a large study funded by the National Institute on Aging, scientists examined 77 reptile and amphibian species to unravel the mysteries of longevity. Contrary to popular belief, temperature regulation doesn&#039;t determine aging rates. Rather, protective traits, environmental temperature, and reproductive age all play significant roles. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolution of aging and offer potential conservation strategies. Explore how understanding these creatures may even lead to longer and healthier lives for humans.">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="To uncover the secrets of aging, some scientists are turning to cold-blooded reptiles (such as turtles, snakes, and crocodiles) and amphibians (such as frogs, toads, and salamanders). In a large study funded by the National Institute on Aging, scientists examined 77 reptile and amphibian species to unravel the mysteries of longevity. Contrary to popular belief, temperature regulation doesn&#039;t determine aging rates. Rather, protective traits, environmental temperature, and reproductive age all play significant roles. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolution of aging and offer potential conservation strategies. Explore how understanding these creatures may even lead to longer and healthier lives for humans.">
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="240215103329416">
<!-- generated by seo_lite template -->
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Learning about aging from turtles and other cold-blooded critters | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine">
<meta property="og:title" content="Learning about aging from turtles and other cold-blooded critters | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov//images/uploads/main_images/Galapagos_turtles_%28Turtles_and_tetrapods_main_image%29.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov//images/uploads/main_images/Galapagos_turtles_%28Turtles_and_tetrapods_main_image%29.jpg">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/learning-about-aging-from-turtles-and-other-cold-blooded-critters">
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/learning-about-aging-from-turtles-and-other-cold-blooded-critters/">
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/es/artículo/aprendizaje-sobre-el-envejecimiento-de-las-tortugas-y-otras-criaturas-de-sangre-fria/">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="1vqBPMloWNSvBFlS5qlOUjpWHxdv1TfmfFrH-tfYpcs" />
<!-- styles -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/images/design/favicon.ico">
<link href="/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<link href="/css/uswds.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<!-- link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/?css=custom/styles-2020.v.1632316900" / -->
<link href="/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<link href="/css/slick.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="/css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<!-- fluid styles -->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/?css=custom/fluid-styles.v.1702498498" />
<!-- google tag manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMVM77');</script>
</head>
<body>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMVM77" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="googletagmanager"></iframe></noscript>
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
<!-- Wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div id="top"></div>
<!-- Container -->
<header role="banner">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<div class="usa-header-top">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="usa-width-one-half top_logo">
<div class="usa-top-logo ">
<img src="/themes/ee/site/default/asset/img/common/nlm-logo-new.svg" alt="National Library of Medicine">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner">
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="/images/design/icon-dot-gov-white.svg" alt="Dot gov">
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
The .gov means its official.<br>Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="/images/design/icon-https-white.svg" alt="Https">
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
<p>
The site is secure.<br> The <em>https://</em> ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>-->
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-grid usa-logo-grid">
<div class="nih-logo">
<img src="/images/design/nih-mobile.svg" alt="NIH logo">
</div>
<div class="usa-width-two-thirds">
<div class="usa-logo">
<a href="/"><img src="/images/design/medlineplus-logo2.png" alt="Medlineplus"></a>
</div>
<div class="tagline">
<p>Trusted Health Information from the National Institutes of Health</p>
</div>
<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
</div>
<div class="usa-width-one-third">
<div class="lang-mobile">
<a href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/es/artículo/aprendizaje-sobre-el-envejecimiento-de-las-tortugas-y-otras-criaturas-de-sangre-fria/">Español</a>
</div>
<div class="usa-social">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/es/artículo/aprendizaje-sobre-el-envejecimiento-de-las-tortugas-y-otras-criaturas-de-sangre-fria/">Español</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/home/nih-medlineplus-magazine.feed"><i class="fa fa-rss-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>rss</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" target="_blank"><img src=/images/uploads/multimedia/twitter.svg class="twit" alt="Twitter"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH"><i class="fa fa-youtube-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>youtube</a></li>
<li><a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMOCPL/subscriber/new?preferences=true"><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="usa-search-box">
<form class="usa-search usa-search-small" id="search_form" action="https://search.usa.gov/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get" data-publisher-ignored="yes">
<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /><input type="hidden" name="affiliate" id="affiliate" value="mlp-mag" />
<div role="search">
<label for="basic-search-field-small">Search</label>
<input id="basic-search-field-small" type="search" class="search-form usagov-search-autocomplete" placeholder="Search..." name="query" autocomplete="off" >
<button type="submit" name="commit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i>Search</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="usa-navbar-section" role="navigation">
<!-- navbar -->
<div class="usa-grid">
<nav role="navigation" class="usa-nav">
<div class="usa-nav-inner">
<button class="usa-nav-close">
<img src="/images/design/close.svg" alt="close">
</button>
<ul class="usa-nav-primary usa-accordion">
<li>
<button class="usa-accordion-button usa-nav-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-nav-section-one">
<span>Health A-Z</span>
</button>
<ul id="extended-nav-section-one" class="usa-nav-submenu" aria-hidden="true">
<li>
<a href="/topic/anxiety/">Anxiety</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/antidepressants/">Antidepressants</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/breast-cancer/">Breast Cancer</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/cholesterol/">Cholesterol</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/COVID-19/">COVID-19</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/hypothyroidism/">Hypothyroidism</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/palliative-care/">Palliative Care</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/physical-activity/">Physical Activity</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topic/skin-conditions/">Skin Conditions</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/topics/"><strong>View all topics</strong></a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<button class="usa-accordion-button usa-nav-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-nav-section-two">
<span>NIH Research</span>
</button>
<ul id="extended-nav-section-two" class="usa-nav-submenu" aria-hidden="true">
<li>
<a href="/research-highlights/">Research Highlights</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nih-technology-breakthroughs/">NIH Technology Breakthroughs</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/meet-the-researcher/">Meet the Researchers</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nih-resources/">Resources at NIH</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<button class="usa-accordion-button usa-nav-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-nav-section-three">
<span>Issues</span>
</button>
<ul id="extended-nav-section-three" class="usa-nav-submenu" aria-hidden="true">
<li>
<a href="/issues/current">Current Issue</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/issues/past-issues/">Past Issues</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/issues/issue-archive">Archived Issues</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<button class="usa-accordion-button usa-nav-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-nav-section-five">
<span>Multimedia</span>
</button>
<ul id="extended-nav-section-five" class="usa-nav-submenu" aria-hidden="true">
<li>
<a href="/multimedia/video/">Video</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/multimedia/infographics/">Infographics</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/multimedia/health-fast-facts/">Health Fast Facts</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/multimedia/landing/">All Multimedia</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<button class="usa-accordion-button usa-nav-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-nav-section-six">
<span>About</span>
</button>
<ul id="extended-nav-section-six" class="usa-nav-submenu" aria-hidden="true">
<li>
<a href="/about/the-magazine-team">Contact us</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<button class="usa-accordion-button usa-nav-link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-nav-section-four">
<span>Subscribe</span>
</button>
<ul id="extended-nav-section-four" class="usa-nav-submenu" aria-hidden="true">
<li>
<a href="/subscribe/">Email Updates</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="usa-search-box">
<form class="usa-search usa-search-small" id="search_form_mobile" action="https://search.usa.gov/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get" data-publisher-ignored="yes">
<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /><input type="hidden" name="affiliate" id="affiliate-mobile" value="mlp-mag" />
<div role="search">
<label for="basic-search-field-small-mobile">Search</label>
<input id="basic-search-field-small-mobile" type="search" class="search-form" placeholder="Search..." name="query" autocomplete="off" >
<button type="submit" name="commit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i>Search</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<main>
<!--banner-->
<section class="usa-grid usa-section article_section" role="main" aria-labelledby="main" id="main-content">
<a href="/topic/healthy-aging/" class="article_btn">Healthy Aging</a>
<div class="inner_heading">
<h1 id="main">Learning about aging from turtles and other cold-blooded critters</h1>
<!-- article/learning-about-aging-from-turtles-and-other-cold-blooded-critters learning-about-aging-from-turtles-and-other-cold-blooded-critters -->
</div>
<h2 class="lead_text">Some animal species live much longer than others. Scientists want to know why—and what it could mean for humans. </h2>
<div class="inner_article_img article_banner_img">
<img src="/images/uploads/main_images/Galapagos_turtles_%28Turtles_and_tetrapods_main_image%29.jpg" alt="Traits such as venom, shells, and armor may help animals live longer by protecting them from predators. ">
<div class="article_caption" aria-hidden="true">
<p><i class="fa fa-camera"></i> Traits such as venom, shells, and armor may help animals live longer by protecting them from predators. </p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="usa-grid article_section" role="region" aria-labelledby="article">
<article id="article">
<div class="usa-width-two-thirds inner-article_content inner_article_content" id="feature">
<p>As we get older, our bodies change in ways that can affect our health and well-being. Over time, our cells age and change, and our organs may not function as well. This increases our risk for chronic diseases and other health problems.&nbsp;</p>
<h2>More than just a number</h2>
<p>Ever wondered why some people seem younger or older than their actual age? It&#39;s because age is more than just a number! Although aging is a natural process that happens to all of us, it doesn&rsquo;t affect every body in the same ways.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Chronological age:</strong> The number of years you&rsquo;ve been alive.</li>
<li><strong>Biological age:</strong> How old your cells, tissues, and organs appear to be based on your body&rsquo;s overall health and functioning. This can be different from your actual age. It accounts for factors like your genetics and lifestyle and how your body is affected by the aging process.</li>
<li><strong>Aging rate: </strong>How quickly or slowly your body changes as you get older (such as developing wrinkles or gray hair). While some people seem to age more slowly, others seem to age more quickly. Factors like exercise, diet, stress management, and sleep habits can all influence your aging rate.</li>
</ul>
<p>Some animals seem to have a slower aging process and tend to live longer lives. Cold-blooded animals such as reptiles and amphibians have some of the longest lifespans for their size. Take turtles, for example&mdash;some species of this reptile can live for over 150 years!&nbsp;</p>
<p>What can we learn from these long-lived creatures? In a <a class="usa-external_link" href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/aging-insights-reptiles-amphibians" target="_blank">recent large study</a>, funded in part by the National Institute on Aging, an international team set out to answer that very question.&nbsp;</p>
<div class="img-left"><img alt="Turtles, crocodiles, and salamanders had particularly low aging rates and long lifespans for their sizes." class="img-left" src="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/themes/ee/site/default/asset/img/common/salamander.jpg" />
<div class="article_caption">
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-camera">&nbsp;</i>Turtles, crocodiles, and salamanders had particularly low aging rates and long lifespans for their sizes.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Clues from reptiles and amphibians</h2>
<p>While most research on aging variation in animals has focused on birds and mammals, this team examined 77 different species of reptiles and amphibians in the wild. They started by collecting data from more than 100 populations of cold-blooded, four-legged animals (called &ldquo;ectothermic tetrapods&rdquo;) around the world. Comparing this data to similar data from birds and mammals, the researchers uncovered links between animal aging rates, longevity, environments, traits, and behaviors&mdash;and made some surprising discoveries.</p>
<p>Cold-blooded animals rely on heat from the environment to stay warm. Some scientists thought these animals might have longer lifespans due to their slower metabolic rates and lower energy demands, resulting in less damage to their cells and tissues and a slower aging process.&nbsp;</p>
<p>But it turns out that temperature regulation doesn&rsquo;t seem to hold the secret to animal aging. Overall, the cold-blooded animals in this study did not age more slowly or live longer than their warm-blooded counterparts.&nbsp;</p>
<p>They <i>did</i> have more diverse aging rates and lifespans, though. Some aged very quickly and others aged extremely slowly. At least one species in each group of ectotherms, which included turtles, crocodiles, and salamanders, had slower aging rates and longer lifespans than other similarly sized animals.</p>
<div class="img-left"><img alt="Traits such as venom, shells, and armor may help animals live longer by protecting them from predators." class="img-left" src="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/themes/ee/site/default/asset/img/common/Lizard.jpg" />
<div class="article_caption">
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-camera">&nbsp;</i>Traits such as venom, shells, and armor may help animals live longer by protecting them from predators.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Protective traits and aging rates</h2>
<p>The researchers also discovered a few key factors that appeared to affect how quickly or slowly the cold-blooded animals aged and how long they lived:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Protection against predators. </strong>Reptiles and amphibians that had protective traits&mdash;such as a hard shell, scales, or a venomous bite&mdash;aged more slowly than those without them.&nbsp;</li>
<li><strong>Environmental temperature.</strong> In warmer environments, reptiles aged more quickly, while amphibians aged more slowly.</li>
<li><strong>Reproductive age.</strong> Reptiles that began reproducing later in life aged more slowly and lived longer. While amphibians that began to reproduce at later ages lived longer, they did not age more slowly. However, amphibian aging rates were associated with the number of eggs they laid each year: Species that laid more eggs per year tended to age more quickly.</li>
</ul>
<p>This study sheds light on the evolution of aging and how it varies across species. It also adds to our understanding of the complex factors that contribute to aging, including how quickly or slowly certain animals age. These insights can help inform conservation strategies for reptiles and amphibians in the wild, many of which are threatened or endangered. Someday they could even help humans lead longer, healthier lives!&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/pdf/Learning_about_aging_from_turtles.PDF_.final_.07102023.pdf" target="_blank">Alternative accessible version (pdf)</a></p>
<div class="article-meta">
<p><a class="usa-external_link" href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/aging-insights-reptiles-amphibians" target="_blank">NIH Research Matters</a>, <a class="usa-external_link" href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/epigenetics-aging-what-bodys-hands-time-tell-us" target="_blank">National Institute on Aging</a></p>
<div class="mt-1 mb-2"><strong>Image credit:</strong> Getty Images </div>
<p><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> August 09, 2023</p>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<div class="usa-width-one-third aside_content" id="complementary" role="complementary" aria-labelledby="complementary">
<aside>
<div class="usa-grid find_section padding-0">
<div class="heading">
<h3 id="sidebar">Find Out More</h3>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/olderadulthealth.html" target="_blank">MedlinePlus: Older Adult Health</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/" target="_blank">National Institute on Aging</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics/healthy-aging" target="_blank">National Institute on Aging: Healthy Aging</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/aging-insights-reptiles-amphibians" target="_blank">NIH Research Matters: Aging Insights from Reptiles and Amphibians</a></li>
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Healthy+aging&amp;term=Longevity&amp;cntry=&amp;state=&amp;city=&amp;dist=&amp;Search=Search&amp;recrs=a&amp;recrs=d" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="usa-grid explore_section padding-0">
<div class="heading">
<h3>Explore More on MedlinePlus.gov</h3>
</div>
<div class="explore_link"><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/healthyaging.html" class="usa-external_link" target="_blank">Healthy Aging</a> </div>
<a href="/topics/" class="load_btn usa-external_link" target="_blank">More health topics on MedlinePlus.gov »</a>
</div>
</aside>
</div>
</section>
</main>
<!-- Segment 1: article -->
<!-- Related Articles : -->
<!-- Related Articles from entry : 3657 : 3528|3536|3526 -->
<section class="usa-grid usa-section" role="region" aria-labelledby="related-articles">
<div class="heading">
<h3 id="related-articles">You May Also Like</h3>
</div>
<div class="usa-width-one-third">
<div class="feature_box">
<a href="/article/meet-the-director-richard-j-hodes-md-national-institute-on-aging/">
<div class="feature_img">
<img src="/images/uploads/main_images/_main_article_list/MedlinePlusMagazine_Hodes_image1_980x587_144.jpg" class="feature_img" alt="In his role as NIA Director, Dr. Richard J. Hodes oversees research on all aspects of aging―biological, clinical, behavioral, and social. ">
<span class="feature_tag">
Meet the Director</span>
</div>
<h4>Meet the Director: Richard J. Hodes, M.D., National Institute on Aging</h4>
<p>Richard J. Hodes, M.D., an influential scientist in the field of immunology, has dedicated his career to the science...</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-width-one-third">
<div class="feature_box">
<a href="/article/stay-connected-tips-from-the-national-institute-on-aging-for-combating-social-isolation-and-loneliness/">
<div class="feature_img">
<img src="/images/uploads/main_images/_main_article_list/healthyAging3_980x587_144.jpg" class="feature_img" alt="Use NIAs resources to spread the word about the harmful effects of social isolation and loneliness and to share strategies for staying connected. ">
<span class="feature_tag">
Healthy Aging</span>
</div>
<h4>Stay connected: Tips from the National Institute on Aging for combating social isolation and loneliness</h4>
<p>Have you ever felt lonely in a busy supermarket or a crowded party? While we all feel lonely sometimes, social...</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-width-one-third">
<div class="feature_box">
<a href="/article/live-long-be-well-science-based-tips-for-healthy-aging/">
<div class="feature_img">
<img src="/images/uploads/main_images/_main_article_list/healthyAging980x587_144.jpg" class="feature_img" alt="Prioritize your health with tips from the National Institute on Aging. ">
<span class="feature_tag">
Healthy Aging</span>
</div>
<h4>Live long, be well: Science-based tips for healthy aging</h4>
<p>It&rsquo;s a time to celebrate getting older, but caring for your body, mind, mental health, and relationships has health benefits...</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- <section class="inbox_section" role="region" aria-labelledby="subscribe">
<div class="usa-grid" id="subscribe">
<h2>Trusted health information delivered to your inbox</h2>
<form id="GD-snippet-form" action=
"https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMMP/subscribers/qualify" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" data-publisher-ignored="yes" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="yZ0SpTi1i9jOE2hqCnIK4EjbIKRWglj/Ltq7aX3F3KkWcqkCFRAIpzz0areoLIpVXiD7vKKJdHug07v6QWruaQ==" />
<p>Enter your email below</p>
<label for="signup">Sign</label>
<input id="signup" type="email" class="input_form" placeholder="Enter email address here ..." required>
<button type="submit" class="submit_btn">Sign up</button>
</form>
</div>
</section> -->
<footer role="contentinfo">
<div class="footer_top">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="usa-width-one-fourth footer_bottom_right">
<div class="" aria-label="Social Links">
<p class="font-white mt-1 mb--1"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html"> Connect with NLM</a></p>
<ul>
<!--<li><a href="/home/nih-medlineplus-magazine" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-rss-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>rss</a></li> -->
<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" target="_blank"><img src=/images/uploads/multimedia/facebook.svg alt="Facebook"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-library-of-medicine-nlm/" target="_blank"><img src=/images/uploads/multimedia/linkedin.svg alt="LinkedIn"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" target="_blank"><img src=/images/uploads/multimedia/twitter.svg alt="Twitter"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" target="_blank"><img src=/images/uploads/multimedia/youtube.svg alt="YouTube"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMOCPL/subscriber/new?preferences=true" target="_blank"><img src=/images/uploads/multimedia/mail.svg alt="email"></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-width-one-fourth mt-1">
<p class="font-white">National Library of Medicine
<br>8600 Rockville Pike
<br> Bethesda, MD 20894
</p>
</div>
<div class="footer_top_middle" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer Menu">
<ul class="usa-width-one-fourth footer_list mt-1">
<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white"> Web Policies </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="" target="_blank">FOIA</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="" target="_blank" id="anch_87">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="usa-width-one-fourth mt-1">
<li><a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/" class="" target="_blank">NLM Support Center</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="" target="_blank">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/jobopenings.html" class="" target="_blank">Careers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer_bottom">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="footer_bottom_left" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer External Links">
<p class="text-center text-white"> <a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="#top" class="scroll-btn scroll fa fa-angle-up"><i>Go to top</i></a>
</footer>
</div>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.slim.min.js" integrity="sha256-u7e5khyithlIdTpu22PHhENmPcRdFiHRjhAuHcs05RI=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<!-- script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.slim.min.js" integrity="sha256-3edrmyuQ0w65f8gfBsqowzjJe2iM6n0nKciPUp8y+7E=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script -->
<script src="/js/uswds.min.js"></script>
<!-- script src="/js/jquery-1.9.1.min.js"></script -->
<!-- script src="/js/jquery.easing.1.3.js"></script -->
<script src="/js/slick.min.js"></script>
<script src="/js/jquery.easing.1.4.min.js"></script>
<script src="/js/custom.js?t=1740551812"></script>
<script>
//<![CDATA[
var usasearch_config = {siteHandle:"mlp-mag"};
var script = document.createElement("script");
script.type = "text/javascript";
script.src = "//search.usa.gov/javascripts/remote.loader.js";
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script);
//]]>
</script>
<script src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-55ca7aa7a7dcbf94"></script>
<script src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/coop_all.js"></script>
<script>
var createCookie = function(name, value, days) {
if (days) {
var date = new Date();AC
date.setTime(date.getTime() + (days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
var expires = '; expires=' + date.toGMTString();
}
else var expires = '';
document.cookie = name + '=' + value + expires + '; path=/';
};
var readCookie = function(name) {
var nameEQ = name + '=';
var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
var c = ca[i];
while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') c = c.substring(1, c.length);
if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) == 0) return c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length);
}
return null;
};
var eraseCookie = function(name) {
createCookie(name, '', -1);
};
function coopcookie() {
$(".insertcoop").hide();
createCookie("coop", "hidden");
};
if (!readCookie("coop"))
{
if (coopMedlinePlusMagazineSpa && window.location.href.includes("medlineplus.gov/es/"))
{
$( "header" ).append( $(coopMedlinePlusMagazineSpa) );
}
else
{
if (coopMedlinePlusMagazineEng)
{
$( "header" ).append( $(coopMedlinePlusMagazineEng) );
}
}
}
if (readCookie("coop"))
{$(".insertcoop").hide();}
else
{$(".insertcoop").show();}
</script>
</body>
</html>