899 lines
83 KiB
Text
899 lines
83 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||
<script>document.cookie = "big_pipe_nojs=1; path=/; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"</script>
|
||
<meta name="description" content="HEAL researchers find the Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) care approach reduces withdrawal symptoms in infants born with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome." />
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://heal.nih.gov/director/power-of-connection" />
|
||
<link rel="image_src" href="/files/heal-logo-social.png" />
|
||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="NIH HEAL Initiative" />
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://heal.nih.gov/director/power-of-connection" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://heal.nih.gov/files/heal-logo-social.png" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:url" content="https://heal.nih.gov/files/heal-logo-social.png" />
|
||
<meta property="og:updated_time" content="Tue, 07/30/2024 - 11:37am" />
|
||
<meta property="article:published_time" content="Tue, 05/23/2023 - 2:28pm" />
|
||
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="Tue, 07/30/2024 - 11:37am" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@NIH" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://heal.nih.gov/files/heal-logo-social.png" />
|
||
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
|
||
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
|
||
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
|
||
<link rel="icon" href="/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
|
||
<script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={};</script>
|
||
|
||
<title>The Power of Connection: Improving Care for Infants Exposed to Opioids | NIH HEAL Initiative</title>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/files/css/css_ptZvjz1DHdENmqKvZE20JWlSxsZK9VJYj5ERnyQccXA.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxFylEOwyAMA9ALATlSFZp0oKWAQlDX209IVP2zn41EVrHcgCuEQ2sxR_UqUpE2yeW7CUYWVnjUT_VLvSU-2fHPpgLpaChhVddQ8aPYUn-WV8IobUTJPTHNo-VdGPaq7PrdjU-I2PkPfHY_0g" />
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/files/css/css_Kzcx5y8_UgmvOm2su6202zfZz3qqdNhdBCeZjOratTU.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=particle&include=eJxFylEOwyAMA9ALATlSFZp0oKWAQlDX209IVP2zn41EVrHcgCuEQ2sxR_UqUpE2yeW7CUYWVnjUT_VLvSU-2fHPpgLpaChhVddQ8aPYUn-WV8IobUTJPTHNo-VdGPaq7PrdjU-I2PkPfHY_0g" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin="anonymous">
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.1/css/solid.min.css">
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.1/css/brands.min.css">
|
||
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,600,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
|
||
<!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->
|
||
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-147034615-1"></script>
|
||
<meta name="msvalidate.01" content="C17405549FB53FD60915A09433C78FF3" />
|
||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=EmulateIE8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"4885254293",applicationID:"336795922"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
|
||
(()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>m,gD:()=>v,xN:()=>h});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(614),c=r(944),u=r(384),l=r(122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,l.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},773:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(154),r(566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(773),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),R=r(434);const A=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,R.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[R.Jt]||t[r];return A.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>A.get(c))),i}function _(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),R=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var A="api-",_=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(A,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(A,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(R.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw R.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{R.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var O=r(284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(S(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),_(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.283.2.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-2Y8GMAOGF658KnXzOZ/v+DlLch8TBFvV0tTNnOy9wrpvtDa1t5CdZMyX+LubTymBlzPp6NUjllBghMCZqXBPmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(908),E=i(843),_=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(773);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script>
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
|
||
<script>
|
||
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
|
||
function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
|
||
gtag('js', new Date());
|
||
|
||
gtag('config', 'UA-147034615-1');
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
|
||
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
|
||
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
|
||
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
|
||
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
|
||
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W8TVZ6J');</script>
|
||
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- DAP -->
|
||
<script language="javascript" id="_fed_an_ua_tag" src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=HHS&subagency=NIH&exts=doc,docx,xls,xlsx,xlsm,ppt,pptx,exe,zip,pdf,js,txt,csv,dxf,wmv,jpg,wma,mov,avi,mp3,mp4,csv"></script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- End DAP -->
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body class="fout-fix" data-spy="scroll" data-target="#scrollnav">
|
||
<a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable">
|
||
Skip to main content
|
||
</a>
|
||
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
|
||
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W8TVZ6J"
|
||
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
|
||
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
|
||
<div class="mobile-overlay" id="overlay" aria-hidden="true"></div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="header-container" class="header-container">
|
||
|
||
<div class="ribbon fluid-container">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-sm-12">
|
||
|
||
<div class="ribbon-links">
|
||
<a href="http://www.hhs.gov/" class="">
|
||
<img src="/assets/hhs-logo.png" alt="U.S. Department of Health & Human Services website"/>
|
||
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
|
||
</a>
|
||
<img src="/assets/delimiter-arrow.png" alt="" role="presentation"/>
|
||
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/">National Institutes of Health</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="layout-container">
|
||
<header class="container navbar navbar-light navbar">
|
||
<div class="navbar-header-btns">
|
||
<button class="menu-btn" type="button" class="" aria-expanded="false">Menu</button>
|
||
<button class='searchBtnMobile' aria-label="search-toggle"></button>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<a href="/" class="navbar-logo gtm-header-home" title="Navbar Logo Title"><img src="../../../assets/NIH_HEAL_Color.svg" alt="Navbar Logo Alt"></a>
|
||
<form class="search-menu form-inline d-lg-block" action="https://search.usa.gov/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get">
|
||
<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓">
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="affiliate" id="affiliate" value="heal">
|
||
<div class="input-group">
|
||
<input class="search-input form-control" type="search" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search heal.nih.gov" name="query">
|
||
<div class="input-group-append">
|
||
<button type="submit" class="btn btn gtm-header-search btn-tertiary">Search</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-particle-mainnavigation-menu" class="container navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light primary-navigation">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-particle-mainnavigation-menu">Main navigation</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="no-bullets menu-level-0">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-0">
|
||
<a href="/about" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-link" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43151">About</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="no-bullets menu-level-1">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/about/why-heal" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43131">Why HEAL?</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/about/opioid-crisis" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43136">The Opioid Crisis</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/about/impact" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42501">Making a Difference</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/about/nih-heal-initiative-leadership" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43146">NIH HEAL Initiative Leadership</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/about/nih-heal-initiative-annual-report-budget" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43141">Annual Report and Budget</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/about/strategic-plan" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46921">Strategic Planning</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-0">
|
||
<a href="/research" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-link" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">Research</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-1 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Translation of Research to Practice for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="no-bullets menu-level-2">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/brim" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/106">Behavioral Research to Improve Medication-Based Treatment</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/continuum-care-hospitalized-patients-opioid-use-disorder" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42151">The Continuum of Care in Hospitalized Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Infectious Complications of Drug Use</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/enhancing-clinical-trials-network" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/96">Enhancing the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network to Address Opioids</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/harm-reduction-approaches-reduce-overdose-deaths" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41416">Harm Reduction Research Network</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/healing-communities" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/91">HEALing Communities Study</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/delivery-healthcare-services-polysubstance-use" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42146">Improving Delivery of Healthcare Services for Polysubstance Use</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/jcoin" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/101">Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/native-collective-research-effort-enhance-wellness-overdose-substance-mental-health-pain" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42586">Native Collective Research Effort to Enhance Wellness (N CREW) Program: Addressing Overdose, Substance Use, Mental Health, and Pain</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/optimizing-addiction-services" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44086">Optimizing the Quality, Reach, and Impact of Addiction Services</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/research-to-practice/research-recovery-network" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39646">Recovery Research Networks</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">New Strategies to Prevent and Treat Opioid Addiction</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-2 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies/care-polysubstance-use-primary-care" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42126">Collaborative Care for Polysubstance use in Primary Care Settings (Co-Care)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies/optimizing-care" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/111">Optimizing Care for People with Opioid Use Disorder and Mental Health Conditions</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies/duration-retention-discontinuation" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/126">Optimizing the Duration, Retention, and Discontinuation of Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies/preventing-opioid-use-disorder" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/116">Preventing Opioid Use Disorder</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies/prevent-progression" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/131">Prevention of Progression to Moderate or Severe Opioid Use Disorder</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/new-strategies/sleep-dysfunction" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/121">Sleep Dysfunction as a Core Feature of Opioid Use Disorder and Recovery</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/infants-and-children" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">Enhanced Outcomes for Infants and Children Exposed to Opioids</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-2 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/infants-and-children/act-now" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/136">Advancing Clinical Trials in Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal (ACT NOW)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/infants-and-children/opioid-exposure-during-pregnancy" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44096">The Biology of Opioid Exposure During Pregnancy and Effects on Early Neuro-Behavioral Development</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/infants-and-children/healthy-brain" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/141">HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study (HBCD)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/infants-and-children/virtual-assessments-developmental-trajectories" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44101">Virtual Assessments to Understand Developmental Trajectories of Substance Use Exposure</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/therapeutic-options" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/76">Novel Therapeutic Options for Opioid Use Disorder and Overdose</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-2 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/therapeutic-options/immunotherapies" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/151">Development of Novel Immunotherapeutics for Opioid Addiction</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/therapeutic-options/focusing-development" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/146">Focusing Medication Development to Prevent and Treat Opioid Use Disorders and Overdose</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/therapeutic-options/oral-complications-buprenorphine" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44106">Oral Complications Arising From Pharmacotherapies to Treat Opioid Use Disorders</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/therapeutic-options/rapid-assessment-emerging-opioid-threats" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44111">Rapidly Assessing the Public Health Impact of Emerging Opioid Threats</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/81">Clinical Research in Pain Management</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-2 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/health-equity-pain-management" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42106">Advancing Health Equity in Pain Management</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/pain-signatures" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/186">Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures Program</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/back-pain" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/161">Back Pain Consortium Research Program</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/biomarkers" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/191">Discovery and Validation of Biomarkers, Endpoints and Signatures for Pain Conditions</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/eppic-net" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/176">Early Phase Pain Investigation Clinical Network (EPPIC-Net)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/hemodialysis" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/181">Integrated Approach to Pain and Opioid Use in Hemodialysis Patients</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/pain-management-research" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/166">Pain Management Effectiveness Research Network</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/prism" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/171">Pragmatic and Implementation Studies for the Management of Pain to Reduce Opioid Prescribing (PRISM)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/chronic-pain-rural-populations" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44091">Prevention and Management of Chronic Pain in Rural Populations</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/clinical-research/integrative-management-chronic-pain" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39621">Reducing Opioid-Related Harms to Treat Chronic Pain (IMPOWR and MIRHIQL)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/86">Preclinical and Translational Research in Pain Management</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-2 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/optimization-non-addictive-therapies" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/206">Development and Optimization of Non-Addictive Therapies to Treat Pain</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/novel-targets" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/216">Discovery and Validation of Novel Targets for Safe and Effective Treatment of Pain</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/integrated-research" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44116">Integrated Basic and Clinical Team-Based Research in Pain</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/screening-platform" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/211">Preclinical Screening Platform for Pain</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/restoring-joint-health-function-reduce-pain" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42136">Restoring Joint Health and Function to Reduce Pain Consortium (RE-JOIN)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/discoveries-into-devices" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201">Translating Discoveries into Effective Devices to Treat Pain</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/preclinical-translational/novel-drugs-screening-platforms" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/196">Translational Research to Advance Testing of Novel Drugs and Human Cell-Based Screening Platforms to Treat Pain and Opioid Use Disorder</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/cross-cutting-research" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40331">Cross-Cutting Research</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-2 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/cross-cutting-research/real-time-opioid-pain-management-data" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42116">Leveraging Existing and Real-Time Opioid and Pain Management Data </a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/cross-cutting-research/small-business-programs" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42111">Small Business Programs </a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/cross-cutting-research/stigma-pain-management-opioid-disorder" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40256">Stigma in Pain Management and Opioid Use Disorder</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-2">
|
||
<a href="/research/cross-cutting-research/translating-data-action-prevent-overdose" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-third" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42121">HEAL Data2Action (HD2A)</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/research/training-next-generation-researchers" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46831">Training the Next Generation of Researchers in HEAL</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-0">
|
||
<a href="/data" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-link" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44206">Data</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="no-bullets menu-level-1">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/heal-data-ecosystem" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38836">About the HEAL Data Ecosystem</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/complying-heal-data-sharing-policy" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39216">Complying With the HEAL Data Sharing Policy</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/common-data-elements" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39116">Common Data Elements (CDEs) Program</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/common-data-elements-repository" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42871">Common Data Elements (CDEs) Repository</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/ecosystem-events-outreach" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40321">HEAL Data Ecosystem Events and Outreach</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/public-access-data" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">HEAL Public Access and Data Sharing</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/data/data-ecosystem-collective-board" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40951">HEAL Data Ecosystem Collective Board</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-0">
|
||
<a href="/funding" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-link" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/221">Funding</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-1 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/funding/awarded" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/881">Funded Projects</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/funding/open" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/871">Open Funding Opportunities</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/funding/closed" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/876">Closed Funding Opportunities</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/funding/research-concepts" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40206">Research Concepts</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-0">
|
||
<a href="/news" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-link" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/226">News & Events</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-1 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/news/news" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33666">News</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/news/events" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33671">Events</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/news/events/headliners" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42551">Headliners Webinar Series</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/news/stories" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33676">Research Spotlights</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/videos" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/36351">Videos</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded no-bullets nav-list-item-0">
|
||
<a href="/resources" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-link" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/231">Resources</a>
|
||
|
||
<button class="expand-btn" aria-label="expand-button"></button>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="menu-level-1 no-bullets">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="menu-item no-bullets nav-list-item-1">
|
||
<a href="/resources/engagement" class="menu-link gtm-topnav-drop" tabindex="0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43166">Patient and Community Engagement</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="color-gradient"></div>
|
||
|
||
<main role="main">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-sm-12 breadcrumb-col col-md-7">
|
||
<div id="block-particle-breadcrumbs">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav aria-label="breadcrumb" role="navigation">
|
||
<ol class="breadcrumb">
|
||
<li class="breadcrumb-item gtm-breadcrumb"><a href="/" class="gtm-breadcrumb">Home</a></li>
|
||
<li class="breadcrumb-item active is-active gtm-breadcrumb" aria-current="page">The Power of Connection:<br /> Improving Care for Infants Exposed to Opioids</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-5">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="layout-content">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div id="block-particle-content">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h1> The Power of Connection:<br /> Improving Care for Infants Exposed to Opioids </h1>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="paragraph paragraph--type--basic-content paragraph--view-mode--default">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="container overflow-auto">
|
||
<div class='basic-content content-align-left full pattern'>
|
||
<div class='col-xl-12 ' style=''>
|
||
<div class="">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<figure class='img-fluid figure align-right w-33'>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="visually-hidden field-label">Image</div>
|
||
<img loading="lazy" src="/files/heal_director_crop.jpg" width="873" height="700" alt="Rebecca G. Baker, Ph.D." class="img-fluid" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p>Rebecca G. Baker, Ph.D., is the director of the NIH HEAL Initiative<sup>®</sup>. <a href="https://heal.nih.gov/about/director">Read more about Dr. Baker</a>.</p> </figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
|
||
<p>The nation’s opioid crisis has affected people and families of all ages, including babies in the first days of life. Every day in the United States, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/opioid-use-during-pregnancy/">60 infants</a> are born with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, or NOWS. Those first days and weeks of life are a critical period for both babies and mothers, and a <a href="https://heal.nih.gov/research/infants-and-children">key area of research focus</a> for the NIH HEAL Initiative. Finding the best approaches to address the medical and social needs of these children as they grow is critical for the future health of our country.</p><p>Today we are seeing the return on this investment with <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2214470">major new findings</a> that will change clinical care. HEAL researchers through the <a href="https://heal.nih.gov/research/infants-and-children/act-now">Advancing Clinical Trials in Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal</a> (ACT NOW) research program show that using the Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) care approach cut hospital stays by nearly 7 days for babies experiencing extreme discomfort and withdrawal symptoms. The ESC care approach also reduced by 63% the infants’ need for opioid medications to recover from withdrawal symptoms. ESC prioritizes non-opioid care as a first line of treatment – including involving mothers as therapy with skin-to-skin contact, holding, swaddling, and rocking in a low light and quiet environment.</p><h2>Then and Now</h2><p>For nearly 50 years, hospitals cared for infants born with NOWS using different approaches. Many babies with NOWS are given morphine and methadone to manage symptoms from opioid dependence, but other medications can also be given to treat withdrawal symptoms. When and how much to prescribe opioids varies widely. HEAL recognized that clinical research could help fill this knowledge gap toward identifying a standard of care everyone could follow.</p><p>To solve this problem, NIH-funded research first looked across the United States and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7780957/">found significant differences</a> in how hospitals evaluate infants born with NOWS: hospital stays for infants ranged from 2 days to 2 weeks. The ACT NOW research team then got to work <a href="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10380355">comparing the two main assessment approaches</a> being used to guide NOWS treatment (ESC and the Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring Tool, or FNAST). FNAST is an extensive scoring system that measures signs of withdrawal in infants in various ways every 4 hours. It looks at a wide range of things, including the ability to sleep and eat, but it also documents many other symptoms such as sneezing and congestion, sweating and heart rate, dirty diapers, and others. The scoring for all these measures may be subjective and overestimate the need for opioid treatment.</p><p>The Eat, Sleep, Console care approach is an alternate strategy developed 8 years ago, and it is also widely used in hospitals. The ESC care approach is focused on function. Can a baby do what it’s supposed to do: eat, sleep, and be calmed by soothing and rocking? For the most part, if the answer to these questions is “yes,” then opioids are unlikely to be needed. ESC care encourages parents and other primary caregivers to be directly involved, emphasizing holding, swaddling, and rocking in low-stimulus environments. The care approach is also family focused, “empowering mothers in the care of their infants and letting them feel valued as mothers,” as noted by Leslie Young, M.D., of the University of Vermont who co-led this HEAL-funded clinical trial with Lori Devlin, D.O., of the University of Louisville in Kentucky.</p><h2>Connecting Research and Community Experts</h2><p>Aside from the health implications for babies and their families from these new research findings, there’s another important story. This discovery process was accelerated by HEAL leveraging several ongoing research efforts. By doing so, we reached more infants in more hospitals in very diverse clinical environments across America. It’s never easy to move research to practice, but it is easier when you’ve worked closely with different types of end users to identify their strengths and challenges.</p><p>ACT NOW is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/echo/idea-states-pediatric-clinical-trials-network-clinical-sites-foa">IDeA States Pediatric Clinical Trials Network</a> (itself a part of the NIH <a href="https://www.nih.gov/research-training/environmental-influences-child-health-outcomes-echo-program">Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes</a> program) and the <a href="https://neonatal.rti.org/">Neonatal Research Network</a>, funded by the NIH <em>Eunice Kennedy Shriver</em> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The Eat, Sleep, Console clinical trial was conducted across 18 states and included 1,305 infants and their primary caregivers at more than 2 dozen hospitals in urban and rural environments. This diversity enabled the research team to address the needs of communities that have been hit especially hard by the opioid crisis. The research results are also more likely to be generalizable across the country. Conducted mostly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Eat, Sleep, Console research team faced many challenges but rose to the occasion – everyone on the team is deeply invested in improving care for this young population. The team trained about 5,000 nurses in the ESC care approach.</p><h2>Hope for the Future</h2><p>The national addiction and overdose crisis can feel overwhelming. Through evidence-based care and empowering people, research like the Eat, Sleep, Console study is making a difference in the lives of individuals and communities across America. This important work relies on strong partnerships with federal agencies, the private sector, research institutions, communities, collaboration, and dedication to infants and their families.</p><p>The ACT NOW research program will continue to monitor children within this clinical trial for 2 years to look for any potential effects on the well-being of infants and their families as well as monitor the infants’ development. Ongoing HEAL research is also comparing rapid with slow opioid weaning approaches for babies with NOWS as well as tracking brain imaging and other health aspects in infants with and without NOWS. These research efforts aim to better understand long-term effects of opioid exposure on a child’s future health. We imagine a future in which all infants born exposed to opioids during a mother’s pregnancy receive high-quality care – setting them up for a healthy future.</p><p>Connect with us by email at <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#256d60646954504056514c4a4b654a410b4b4c4d0b424a53"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="94dcd1d5d8e5e1f1e7e0fdfbfad4fbf0bafafdfcbaf3fbe2">[email protected]</span></a>, and subscribe to the NIH HEAL Initiative email list to get the monthly HEAL Digest sent directly to your inbox.</p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</main>
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<p class="last-updated">Page last updated
|
||
July 30, 2024</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<footer class="fluid-container p-3 footer" role="contentinfo">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-12 col-md-3">
|
||
<div class="footer-logo"><a href="/"><img alt="NIH HEAL Initiative" src="/assets/HEAL_Initaitive_White.svg" /></a></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Contact Us</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Please send email to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0e464b4f427f7b6b7d7a6761604e616a2060676620696178"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="0f474a4e437e7a6a7c7b6660614f606b2161666721686079">[email protected]</span></a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-6 col-md-3">
|
||
<h2><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/about">About</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="list-unstyled">
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/about/research-plan">Research Plan</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/about/nih-heal-initiative-leadership">Leadership</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/funding">Funding</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="list-unstyled">
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/funding/awarded">Funded Projects</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/funding/open">Open Opportunities</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/funding/closed">Closed Opportunities</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/data">Data</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/news">News</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/resources">Resources</a></h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-6 col-md-3">
|
||
<h2><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research">Research</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="list-unstyled research-list">
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research/research-to-practice">Translation of Research to Practice for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research/new-strategies">New Strategies to Prevent and Treat Opioid Addiction</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research/infants-and-children">Enhanced Outcomes for Infants and Children Exposed to Opioids</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research/medication-options">Novel Therapeutic Options for Opioid Use Disorder and Overdose</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research/clinical-research">Clinical Research in Pain Management</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="/research/preclinical-translational">Preclinical and Translational Research in Pain Management</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/research/cross-cutting-research">Cross-Cutting Research</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/research/training-next-generation-researchers">Training the Next Generation of Researchers in HEAL</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-12 col-md-3">
|
||
<h2>Stay Connected</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIHNIDA/signup/43013" target="_blank" class="signup">Sign up for news and updates.</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer-social-media">
|
||
<h2>Follow NIH</h2>
|
||
<a aria-label="Follow us on X" class="gtm-social-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/nih" target="_blank">
|
||
<span aria-label="Twitter Icon" class="x-icon"> </span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a aria-label="Follow us on Instagram" class="gtm-social-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/nihgov" target="_blank">
|
||
<span aria-label="Instagram Icon" class="ig-icon"> </span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a aria-label="Follow us on Facebook" class="gtm-social-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/nih.gov/" target="_blank">
|
||
<span aria-label="Facebook Icon" class="fb-icon"> </span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a aria-label="Visit the HEAL YouTube" class="gtm-social-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLd_5BzGlfpgpkK12ToGD9VtxF8ClhEusZ" target="_blank">
|
||
<span aria-label="YouTube Icon" class="yt-icon"> </span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<hr class="col-12" />
|
||
<div class="col-md-12 gov-links">
|
||
<ul class="list-inline">
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH Home</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://salud.nih.gov/">En Español</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://www.nih.gov/web-policies-notices">Web Policies and Notices</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office">Freedom of Information Act</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://www.edi.nih.gov/no-fear-act">No Fear Act</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://oig.hhs.gov/">Office of Inspector General</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p><a class="gtm-footer-link" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-md-9 mx-auto gov-links">
|
||
<p>Helping to End Addiction Long-term<sup>®</sup> and NIH HEAL Initiative<sup>®</sup> are registered service marks of the Department of Health and Human Services.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</footer>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/42751","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"particle","libraries":"eJxFylEOwyAMA9ALATlSFZp0oKWAQlDX209IVP2zn41EVrHcgCuEQ2sxR_UqUpE2yeW7CUYWVnjUT_VLvSU-2fHPpgLpaChhVddQ8aPYUn-WV8IobUTJPTHNo-VdGPaq7PrdjU-I2PkPfHY_0g"},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetAppendNewWindowLabel":"(opens in a new window)","extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extTitleNoOverride":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"(\\.gov.*?)","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".footer-social-media, .social-share-button, .twitter-share-button","extCssInclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","extHideIcons":false,"mailtoClass":"0","telClass":"","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","telLabel":"(link is a phone number)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extPreventOrphan":false,"extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","extAdditionalLinkClasses":"","extAdditionalMailtoClasses":"","extAdditionalTelClasses":"","extFaTelClasses":"fa fa-phone","whitelistedDomains":null,"extExcludeNoreferrer":""}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"af5eece730f2d5aa6b0d43e1d564e85bd63161885787ef00214b14f2707a18ff"}}</script>
|
||
<script src="/themes/contrib/particle/apps/drupal/../../dist/app-drupal/assets/drupal-jquery.js?ss1xuy"></script>
|
||
<script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
|
||
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
|
||
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" defer></script>
|
||
<script src="/modules/contrib/addtoany/js/addtoany.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
|
||
<script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/js/extlink.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
|
||
<script src="/themes/contrib/particle/apps/drupal/funding.js?ss1xuy"></script>
|
||
<script src="/themes/contrib/particle/apps/drupal/../../dist/app-drupal/assets/app.js?ss1xuy"></script>
|
||
<script src="/themes/contrib/particle/apps/drupal/menus.js?ss1xuy"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"4885254293","applicationID":"336795922","transactionName":"M1JQZkdWDRVYWkIPCQoYc1FBXgwIFn1EExYFW25cWlMGOnpWWBIUC1teV0drLQldXGAPAxN0XVxBRQwKVVxES1gSXldF","queueTime":16,"applicationTime":948,"atts":"HxVHEA9MHkobWBRcHRlK","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body>
|
||
</html>
|