publicdata/nih-gov
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions
nih-gov/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/14/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care/amp/index.html
Scott Williams f361c7df98 Incremental update
2025-03-17 02:05:34 +00:00

104 lines
93 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html amp lang="en-US" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable transformed="self;v=1" i-amphtml-layout="" i-amphtml-no-boilerplate="">
<head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ampproject.org"><style amp-runtime="" i-amphtml-version="012502032353000">html{overflow-x:hidden!important}html.i-amphtml-fie{height:100%!important;width:100%!important}html:not([amp4ads]),html:not([amp4ads]) body{height:auto!important}html:not([amp4ads]) body{margin:0!important}body{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%}html.i-amphtml-singledoc.i-amphtml-embedded{-ms-touch-action:pan-y pinch-zoom;touch-action:pan-y pinch-zoom}html.i-amphtml-fie>body,html.i-amphtml-singledoc>body{overflow:visible!important}html.i-amphtml-fie:not(.i-amphtml-inabox)>body,html.i-amphtml-singledoc:not(.i-amphtml-inabox)>body{position:relative!important}html.i-amphtml-ios-embed-legacy>body{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:auto!important;position:absolute!important}html.i-amphtml-ios-embed{overflow-y:auto!important;position:static}#i-amphtml-wrapper{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:auto!important;position:absolute!important;top:0!important;left:0!important;right:0!important;bottom:0!important;margin:0!important;display:block!important}html.i-amphtml-ios-embed.i-amphtml-ios-overscroll,html.i-amphtml-ios-embed.i-amphtml-ios-overscroll>#i-amphtml-wrapper{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch!important}#i-amphtml-wrapper>body{position:relative!important;border-top:1px solid transparent!important}#i-amphtml-wrapper+body{visibility:visible}#i-amphtml-wrapper+body .i-amphtml-lightbox-element,#i-amphtml-wrapper+body[i-amphtml-lightbox]{visibility:hidden}#i-amphtml-wrapper+body[i-amphtml-lightbox] .i-amphtml-lightbox-element{visibility:visible}#i-amphtml-wrapper.i-amphtml-scroll-disabled,.i-amphtml-scroll-disabled{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:hidden!important}amp-instagram{padding:54px 0px 0px!important;background-color:#fff}amp-iframe iframe{box-sizing:border-box!important}[amp-access][amp-access-hide]{display:none}[subscriptions-dialog],body:not(.i-amphtml-subs-ready) [subscriptions-action],body:not(.i-amphtml-subs-ready) [subscriptions-section]{display:none!important}amp-experiment,amp-live-list>[update]{display:none}amp-list[resizable-children]>.i-amphtml-loading-container.amp-hidden{display:none!important}amp-list [fetch-error],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-button],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-end],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-failed],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-loading]{display:none}amp-list[diffable] div[role=list]{display:block}amp-story-page,amp-story[standalone]{min-height:1px!important;display:block!important;height:100%!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important;overflow:hidden!important;width:100%!important}amp-story[standalone]{background-color:#000!important;position:relative!important}amp-story-page{background-color:#757575}amp-story .amp-active>div,amp-story .i-amphtml-loader-background{display:none!important}amp-story-page:not(:first-of-type):not([distance]):not([active]){transform:translateY(1000vh)!important}amp-autocomplete{position:relative!important;display:inline-block!important}amp-autocomplete>input,amp-autocomplete>textarea{padding:0.5rem;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.33)}.i-amphtml-autocomplete-results,amp-autocomplete>input,amp-autocomplete>textarea{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem}[amp-fx^=fly-in]{visibility:hidden}amp-script[nodom],amp-script[sandboxed]{position:fixed!important;top:0!important;width:1px!important;height:1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;visibility:hidden}
/*# sourceURL=/css/ampdoc.css*/[hidden]{display:none!important}.i-amphtml-element{display:inline-block}.i-amphtml-blurry-placeholder{transition:opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.0,0.0,0.2,1)!important;pointer-events:none}[layout=nodisplay]:not(.i-amphtml-element){display:none!important}.i-amphtml-layout-fixed,[layout=fixed][width][height]:not(.i-amphtml-layout-fixed){display:inline-block;position:relative}.i-amphtml-layout-responsive,[layout=responsive][width][height]:not(.i-amphtml-layout-responsive),[width][height][heights]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-layout-responsive),[width][height][sizes]:not(img):not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-layout-responsive){display:block;position:relative}.i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic,[layout=intrinsic][width][height]:not(.i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic){display:inline-block;position:relative;max-width:100%}.i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic .i-amphtml-sizer{max-width:100%}.i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer{max-width:100%;display:block!important}.i-amphtml-layout-container,.i-amphtml-layout-fixed-height,[layout=container],[layout=fixed-height][height]:not(.i-amphtml-layout-fixed-height){display:block;position:relative}.i-amphtml-layout-fill,.i-amphtml-layout-fill.i-amphtml-notbuilt,[layout=fill]:not(.i-amphtml-layout-fill),body noscript>*{display:block;overflow:hidden!important;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0}body noscript>*{position:absolute!important;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:2}body noscript{display:inline!important}.i-amphtml-layout-flex-item,[layout=flex-item]:not(.i-amphtml-layout-flex-item){display:block;position:relative;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto}.i-amphtml-layout-fluid{position:relative}.i-amphtml-layout-size-defined{overflow:hidden!important}.i-amphtml-layout-awaiting-size{position:absolute!important;top:auto!important;bottom:auto!important}i-amphtml-sizer{display:block!important}@supports (aspect-ratio:1/1){i-amphtml-sizer.i-amphtml-disable-ar{display:none!important}}.i-amphtml-blurry-placeholder,.i-amphtml-fill-content{display:block;height:0;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;width:0;margin:auto}.i-amphtml-layout-size-defined .i-amphtml-fill-content{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0}.i-amphtml-replaced-content,.i-amphtml-screen-reader{padding:0!important;border:none!important}.i-amphtml-screen-reader{position:fixed!important;top:0px!important;left:0px!important;width:4px!important;height:4px!important;opacity:0!important;overflow:hidden!important;margin:0!important;display:block!important;visibility:visible!important}.i-amphtml-screen-reader~.i-amphtml-screen-reader{left:8px!important}.i-amphtml-screen-reader~.i-amphtml-screen-reader~.i-amphtml-screen-reader{left:12px!important}.i-amphtml-screen-reader~.i-amphtml-screen-reader~.i-amphtml-screen-reader~.i-amphtml-screen-reader{left:16px!important}.i-amphtml-unresolved{position:relative;overflow:hidden!important}.i-amphtml-select-disabled{-webkit-user-select:none!important;-ms-user-select:none!important;user-select:none!important}.i-amphtml-notbuilt,[layout]:not(.i-amphtml-element),[width][height][heights]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element),[width][height][sizes]:not(img):not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element){position:relative;overflow:hidden!important;color:transparent!important}.i-amphtml-notbuilt:not(.i-amphtml-layout-container)>*,[layout]:not([layout=container]):not(.i-amphtml-element)>*,[width][height][heights]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element)>*,[width][height][sizes]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element)>*{display:none}amp-img:not(.i-amphtml-element)[i-amphtml-ssr]>img.i-amphtml-fill-content{display:block}.i-amphtml-notbuilt:not(.i-amphtml-layout-container),[layout]:not([layout=container]):not(.i-amphtml-element),[width][height][heights]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element),[width][height][sizes]:not(img):not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element){color:transparent!important;line-height:0!important}.i-amphtml-ghost{visibility:hidden!important}.i-amphtml-element>[placeholder],[layout]:not(.i-amphtml-element)>[placeholder],[width][height][heights]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element)>[placeholder],[width][height][sizes]:not([layout]):not(.i-amphtml-element)>[placeholder]{display:block;line-height:normal}.i-amphtml-element>[placeholder].amp-hidden,.i-amphtml-element>[placeholder].hidden{visibility:hidden}.i-amphtml-element:not(.amp-notsupported)>[fallback],.i-amphtml-layout-container>[placeholder].amp-hidden,.i-amphtml-layout-container>[placeholder].hidden{display:none}.i-amphtml-layout-size-defined>[fallback],.i-amphtml-layout-size-defined>[placeholder]{position:absolute!important;top:0!important;left:0!important;right:0!important;bottom:0!important;z-index:1}amp-img[i-amphtml-ssr]:not(.i-amphtml-element)>[placeholder]{z-index:auto}.i-amphtml-notbuilt>[placeholder]{display:block!important}.i-amphtml-hidden-by-media-query{display:none!important}.i-amphtml-element-error{background:red!important;color:#fff!important;position:relative!important}.i-amphtml-element-error:before{content:attr(error-message)}i-amp-scroll-container,i-amphtml-scroll-container{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:block}i-amp-scroll-container.amp-active,i-amphtml-scroll-container.amp-active{overflow:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.i-amphtml-loading-container{display:block!important;pointer-events:none;z-index:1}.i-amphtml-notbuilt>.i-amphtml-loading-container{display:block!important}.i-amphtml-loading-container.amp-hidden{visibility:hidden}.i-amphtml-element>[overflow]{cursor:pointer;position:relative;z-index:2;visibility:hidden;display:initial;line-height:normal}.i-amphtml-layout-size-defined>[overflow]{position:absolute}.i-amphtml-element>[overflow].amp-visible{visibility:visible}template{display:none!important}.amp-border-box,.amp-border-box *,.amp-border-box :after,.amp-border-box :before{box-sizing:border-box}amp-pixel{display:none!important}amp-analytics,amp-auto-ads,amp-story-auto-ads{position:fixed!important;top:0!important;width:1px!important;height:1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;visibility:hidden}amp-story{visibility:hidden!important}html.i-amphtml-fie>amp-analytics{position:initial!important}[visible-when-invalid]:not(.visible),form [submit-error],form [submit-success],form [submitting]{display:none}amp-accordion{display:block!important}@media (min-width:1px){:where(amp-accordion>section)>:first-child{margin:0;background-color:#efefef;padding-right:20px;border:1px solid #dfdfdf}:where(amp-accordion>section)>:last-child{margin:0}}amp-accordion>section{float:none!important}amp-accordion>section>*{float:none!important;display:block!important;overflow:hidden!important;position:relative!important}amp-accordion,amp-accordion>section{margin:0}amp-accordion:not(.i-amphtml-built)>section>:last-child{display:none!important}amp-accordion:not(.i-amphtml-built)>section[expanded]>:last-child{display:block!important}
/*# sourceURL=/css/ampshared.css*/</style><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="Mrs. Medicine: Doctors’ Wives and the Making of Modern American Health Care"><meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/14/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care/"><meta property="og:description" content="An interview with Kelly O’Donnell PhD on her NLM History Talk and her research on mid-20th century women’s auxiliary organizations in medicine."><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-09-14T15:00:18+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-21T14:57:36+00:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections"><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?fit=900%2C399&amp;ssl=1"><meta property="og:image:width" content="900"><meta property="og:image:height" content="399"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Cover of a bulletin with the 1964 convention schedule and a calendar graphic."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@NLM_NIH"><meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Mrs. Medicine: Doctors’ Wives and the Making of Modern American Health Care"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?fit=900%2C399&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=640"><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Cover of a bulletin with the 1964 convention schedule and a calendar graphic."><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"><meta name="generator" content="AMP Plugin v2.5.5; mode=reader; theme=legacy"><script async="" src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.mjs" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-anim-0.1.mjs" async="" custom-element="amp-anim" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-anim-0.1.js" crossorigin="anonymous" custom-element="amp-anim"></script><script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-social-share-0.1.mjs" async="" custom-element="amp-social-share" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-social-share-0.1.js" crossorigin="anonymous" custom-element="amp-social-share"></script><script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-youtube-0.1.mjs" async="" custom-element="amp-youtube" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-youtube-0.1.js" crossorigin="anonymous" custom-element="amp-youtube"></script><style amp-custom="">#amp-mobile-version-switcher{left:0;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:100}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a{background-color:#444;border:0;color:#eaeaea;display:block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;padding:15px 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:active,#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:focus,#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.jp-related-posts-i2__list{--hgap:1rem;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:var(--hgap);row-gap:2rem;margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none}.jp-related-posts-i2__post{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-basis:calc(( 100% - var(--hgap) ) / 2)}.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(n+3):first-child,.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(n+3):first-child ~ *{flex-basis:calc(( 100% - var(--hgap) * 2 ) / 3)}.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(4):first-child,.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(4):first-child ~ *{flex-basis:calc(( 100% - var(--hgap) ) / 2)}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;row-gap:.5rem;width:100%;margin-bottom:1rem;line-height:1.2}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-link:focus-visible{outline-offset:2px}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-img{order:-1;max-width:100%}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs{margin:0;list-style-type:unset}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs dt{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);white-space:nowrap}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs dd{margin:0}.jp-relatedposts-i2[data-layout="list"] .jp-related-posts-i2__list{display:block}.jp-relatedposts-i2[data-layout="list"] .jp-related-posts-i2__post{margin-bottom:2rem}@media only screen and (max-width: 640px){.jp-related-posts-i2__list{display:block}.jp-related-posts-i2__post{margin-bottom:2rem}}.tiled-gallery{clear:both;margin:0 0 20px;overflow:hidden}.tiled-gallery amp-img:not(#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_),.tiled-gallery amp-anim:not(#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_){margin:2px}.tiled-gallery .gallery-group{float:left;position:relative}.tiled-gallery .tiled-gallery-item{float:left;margin:0;position:relative;width:inherit}.tiled-gallery .gallery-row{overflow:hidden}.tiled-gallery .tiled-gallery-item a{background:transparent;border:none;color:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;text-decoration:none;width:auto}.tiled-gallery .tiled-gallery-item amp-img,.tiled-gallery .tiled-gallery-item amp-anim,.tiled-gallery .tiled-gallery-item amp-img:hover,.tiled-gallery .tiled-gallery-item amp-anim:hover{background:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;max-width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:middle}.tiled-gallery-caption{background:#f0f0f1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.8);color:#333;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 0;position:absolute;bottom:0;text-indent:10px;text-overflow:ellipsis;width:100%;white-space:nowrap}:where(.wp-block-button__link){border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link){border:2px solid;padding:.667em 1.333em}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color)){color:currentColor}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-background)),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background)){background-color:initial;background-image:none}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(.wp-block-post-comments input[type=submit]){border:none}:where(.wp-block-cover-image:not(.has-text-color)),:where(.wp-block-cover:not(.has-text-color)){color:#fff}:where(.wp-block-cover-image.is-light:not(.has-text-color)),:where(.wp-block-cover.is-light:not(.has-text-color)){color:#000}:root :where(.wp-block-cover h1:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-cover h2:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-cover h3:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-cover h4:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-cover h5:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-cover h6:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-cover p:not(.has-text-color)){color:inherit}:where(.wp-block-file){margin-bottom:1.5em}:where(.wp-block-file__button){border-radius:2em;display:inline-block;padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):active,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):focus,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):hover,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):visited{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative}@keyframes show-content-image{0%{visibility:hidden}99%{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc(( -100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width) ) / 2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc(( -100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width) ) / 2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([data-amp-original-style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment)){line-height:1.1}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([data-amp-original-style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p)){line-height:1.8}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid){padding:0}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list){padding-left:0}ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root :where(.wp-block-list.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu button.wp-block-navigation-item__content),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-pages-list__item button.wp-block-navigation-item__content){padding:.5em 1em}@keyframes overlay-menu__fade-in-animation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(.5em)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}:where(.wp-block-post-excerpt){box-sizing:border-box;margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}:where(.wp-block-preformatted.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}:where(.wp-block-search__input){font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots){height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots):before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em}:root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded){border-radius:9999px}:root :where(.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a){padding:.25em}:root :where(.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link a){padding:0}:root :where(.wp-block-social-links.is-style-pill-shape .wp-social-link a){padding-left:.6666666667em;padding-right:.6666666667em}:root :where(.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline){display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1ch}:root :where(.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline a){border:1px solid;margin-right:0;padding:1ch 2ch}:root :where(.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline a):not(#_#_#_#_#_#_#_#_){font-size:unset;text-decoration:none}:root :where(.wp-block-table-of-contents){box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-term-description){box-sizing:border-box;margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}:where(pre.wp-block-verse){font-family:inherit}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([data-amp-original-style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(amp-img[class*=wp-image-]),html :where(amp-anim[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}@-webkit-keyframes a{to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn);transform:rotate(1turn)}}@keyframes a{to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn);transform:rotate(1turn)}}@-webkit-keyframes b{0%{background-position:0 0}to{background-position:30px 0}}@keyframes b{0%{background-position:0 0}to{background-position:30px 0}}amp-anim.amp-wp-enforced-sizes,amp-img.amp-wp-enforced-sizes{object-fit:contain}amp-anim img,amp-anim noscript,amp-img img,amp-img noscript{image-rendering:inherit;object-fit:inherit;object-position:inherit}.alignleft,.alignright{margin-top:1em;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:auto}.alignright{float:right}.alignleft{float:left}.amp-wp-enforced-sizes{max-width:100%;margin:0 auto}html{background:#0a5f85}body{background:#fff;color:#353535;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,Serif;font-weight:300;line-height:1.75}p,ul,figure{margin:0 0 1em;padding:0}a,a:visited{color:#0a5f85}a:hover,a:active,a:focus{color:#353535}.amp-wp-meta,.amp-wp-header div,.amp-wp-title,.wp-caption-text,.amp-wp-tax-category,.amp-wp-tax-tag,.amp-wp-comments-link,.amp-wp-footer p,.back-to-top{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI","Roboto","Oxygen-Sans","Ubuntu","Cantarell","Helvetica Neue",sans-serif}.amp-wp-header{background-color:#0a5f85}.amp-wp-header div{color:#fff;font-size:1em;font-weight:400;margin:0 auto;max-width:calc(840px - 32px);padding:.875em 16px;position:relative}.amp-wp-header a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.amp-wp-header .amp-wp-site-icon{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;position:absolute;right:18px;top:10px}.amp-wp-article{color:#353535;font-weight:400;margin:1.5em auto;max-width:840px;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-wrap:break-word}.amp-wp-article-header{align-items:center;align-content:stretch;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;margin:1.5em 16px 0}.amp-wp-title{color:#353535;display:block;flex:1 0 100%;font-weight:900;margin:0 0 .625em;width:100%}.amp-wp-meta{color:#696969;display:inline-block;flex:2 1 50%;font-size:.875em;line-height:1.5em;margin:0 0 1.5em;padding:0}.amp-wp-article-header .amp-wp-meta:last-of-type{text-align:right}.amp-wp-article-header .amp-wp-meta:first-of-type{text-align:left}.amp-wp-byline amp-img,.amp-wp-byline .amp-wp-author{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.amp-wp-byline amp-img{border:1px solid #0a5f85;border-radius:50%;position:relative;margin-right:6px}.amp-wp-posted-on{text-align:right}.amp-wp-article-featured-image{margin:0 0 1em}.amp-wp-article-featured-image img:not(amp-img){max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0 auto}.amp-wp-article-featured-image amp-img{margin:0 auto}.amp-wp-article-featured-image.wp-caption .wp-caption-text{margin:0 18px}.amp-wp-article-content{margin:0 16px}.amp-wp-article-content ul{margin-left:1em}.amp-wp-article-content .wp-caption{max-width:100%}.amp-wp-article-content amp-img{margin:0 auto}.amp-wp-article-content amp-img.alignright{margin:0 0 1em 16px}.amp-wp-article-content amp-img.alignleft{margin:0 16px 1em 0}.wp-caption{padding:0}.wp-caption.alignleft{margin-right:16px}.wp-caption.alignright{margin-left:16px}.wp-caption .wp-caption-text{border-bottom:1px solid #c2c2c2;color:#696969;font-size:.875em;line-height:1.5em;margin:0;padding:.66em 10px .75em}amp-youtube{background:#c2c2c2;margin:0 -16px 1.5em}.amp-wp-article-footer .amp-wp-meta{display:block}.amp-wp-tax-category,.amp-wp-tax-tag{color:#696969;font-size:.875em;line-height:1.5em;margin:1.5em 16px}.amp-wp-comments-link{color:#696969;font-size:.875em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center;margin:2.25em 0 1.5em}.amp-wp-comments-link a{border-style:solid;border-color:#c2c2c2;border-width:1px 1px 2px;border-radius:4px;background-color:transparent;color:#0a5f85;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:18px;margin:0 auto;max-width:200px;padding:11px 16px;text-decoration:none;width:50%;-webkit-transition:background-color .2s ease;transition:background-color .2s ease}.amp-wp-footer{border-top:1px solid #c2c2c2;margin:calc(1.5em - 1px) 0 0}.amp-wp-footer div{margin:0 auto;max-width:calc(840px - 32px);padding:1.25em 16px 1.25em;position:relative}.amp-wp-footer h2{font-size:1em;line-height:1.375em;margin:0 0 .5em}.amp-wp-footer p{color:#696969;font-size:.8em;line-height:1.5em;margin:0 85px 0 0}.amp-wp-footer a{text-decoration:none}.back-to-top{bottom:1.275em;font-size:.8em;font-weight:600;line-height:2em;position:absolute;right:16px}@font-face{font-family:"social-logos";src:url("data:application/octet-stream;base64,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") format("woff2");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}amp-social-share{border-radius:50%;color:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:50%;position:relative;line-height:1;width:32px;height:32px;margin:0 5px 5px 0;vertical-align:middle}amp-social-share::before{display:inline-block;font:normal 18px/1 "social-logos";padding:7px;position:relative;top:1px;vertical-align:top;text-align:center}amp-social-share[type='email']{background:#e9e9e9;color:#656565}amp-social-share[type='email']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='tumblr']{background:#2c4762}amp-social-share[type='tumblr']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='facebook']{background:#0866ff}amp-social-share[type='facebook']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='twitter']{background:#00acee}amp-social-share[type='twitter']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='pinterest']{background:#ca1f27}amp-social-share[type='pinterest']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='telegram']{background:#08c}amp-social-share[type='telegram']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='linkedin']{background:#0077b5}amp-social-share[type='linkedin']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='pocket']{background:#ee4056}amp-social-share[type='pocket']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='reddit']{background:#cee3f8;color:#555}amp-social-share[type='reddit']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='skype']{background:#00aff0}amp-social-share[type='skype']::before{content:""}amp-social-share[type='whatsapp']{background:#43d854}amp-social-share[type='whatsapp']::before{content:""}.jp-related-posts-i2__list{--hgap:1rem;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:var(--hgap);row-gap:2rem;margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none}.jp-related-posts-i2__post{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-basis:calc(( 100% - var(--hgap) ) / 2)}.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(n+3):first-child,.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(n+3):first-child ~ *{flex-basis:calc(( 100% - var(--hgap) * 2 ) / 3)}.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(4):first-child,.jp-related-posts-i2__post:nth-last-child(4):first-child ~ *{flex-basis:calc(( 100% - var(--hgap) ) / 2)}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;row-gap:.5rem;width:100%;margin-bottom:1rem;line-height:1.2}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-link:focus-visible{outline-offset:2px}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-img{order:-1;max-width:100%}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs{margin:0;list-style-type:unset}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs dt{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);white-space:nowrap}.jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs dd{margin:0}.jp-relatedposts-i2[data-layout="list"] .jp-related-posts-i2__list{display:block}.jp-relatedposts-i2[data-layout="list"] .jp-related-posts-i2__post{margin-bottom:2rem}@media only screen and (max-width: 640px){.jp-related-posts-i2__list{display:block}.jp-related-posts-i2__post{margin-bottom:2rem}}.amp-wp-82f216c:not(#_#_#_#_#_){width:840px;height:662px}.amp-wp-fb2c70b:not(#_#_#_#_#_){width:412px;height:662px}.amp-wp-e1abe68:not(#_#_#_#_#_){width:408px;height:658px}.amp-wp-3457b31:not(#_#_#_#_#_){width:428px;height:662px}.amp-wp-77e0f2f:not(#_#_#_#_#_){width:424px;height:658px}.amp-wp-faff040:not(#_#_#_#_#_){width:400px}
/*# sourceURL=amp-custom.css */</style><link rel="canonical" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/14/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care/"><title>Mrs. Medicine: Doctors’ Wives and the Making of Modern American Health Care – Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=232%2C60\u0026ssl=1"}},"@type":"BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/14/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care/","headline":"Mrs. Medicine: Doctors’ Wives and the Making of Modern American Health Care","datePublished":"2023-09-14T11:00:18-04:00","dateModified":"2024-10-21T10:57:36-04:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Circulating Now"},"image":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?fit=900%2C399\u0026ssl=1"}</script></head>
<body class="">
<header id="top" class="amp-wp-header">
<div>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/">
<amp-anim src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/circulating-now-512.gif?fit=32%2C32&amp;ssl=1" width="32" height="32" class="amp-wp-site-icon amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" data-hero-candidate="" alt="Site icon" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMyIiB3aWR0aD0iMzIiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4xIi8+"></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/circulating-now-512.gif?fit=32%2C32&amp;ssl=1" width="32" height="32" alt="Site icon"></noscript></amp-anim>
<span class="amp-site-title">
Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections </span>
</a>
</div>
</header>
<article class="amp-wp-article">
<header class="amp-wp-article-header">
<h1 class="amp-wp-title">Mrs. Medicine: Doctors’ Wives and the Making of Modern American Health Care</h1>
<div class="amp-wp-meta amp-wp-byline">
<amp-img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a?s=72&amp;d=mm&amp;r=pg" srcset="
https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a?s=24&amp;d=mm&amp;r=pg 1x,
https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a?s=48&amp;d=mm&amp;r=pg 2x,
https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a?s=72&amp;d=mm&amp;r=pg 3x
" alt="Circulating Now" width="24" height="24" layout="fixed" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:24px;height:24px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-img>
<span class="amp-wp-author author vcard">Circulating Now</span>
</div>
<div class="amp-wp-meta amp-wp-posted-on">
<time datetime="2023-09-14T15:00:18+00:00">
1 year ago </time>
</div>
</header>
<figure class="amp-wp-article-featured-image wp-caption">
<amp-img width="840" height="372" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?fit=840%2C372&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" alt="Cover of a bulletin with the 1964 convention schedule and a calendar graphic." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?resize=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C340&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C372&amp;ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" data-hero-candidate="" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" data-hero i-amphtml-ssr i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjM3MiIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Cover of a bulletin with the 1964 convention schedule and a calendar graphic." src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?fit=840%2C372&amp;ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?resize=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C340&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_feature_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C372&amp;ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px"></amp-img> </figure>
<div class="amp-wp-article-content">
<p><em>Kelly O’Donnell, PhD will give the <a id="subtoggle_0historyofmedicinelecturesnationallibraryofmedicine_3" class="on" href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=48695">7th annual Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine</a> on Thursday, September 21, 2023 at 2:00 PM ET. This talk will be <a id="anch_127" href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=48695">live-streamed</a> globally, and <a id="anch_128" href="https://videocast.nih.gov/PastEvents?c=221">archived</a>, by <a id="anch_129" href="https://videocast.nih.gov/">NIH VideoCasting</a> and live-streamed on the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0lQMm8p33o">NLM YouTube Channel</a>. </em><em>Dr. Kelly O’Donnell is Visiting Assistant Professor of U.S. History at Bryn Mawr College, and <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/get-involved/debakey-fellowship.html">2019 NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow</a>.</em> Circulating Now<em> interviewed her about her research and </em><em>upcoming </em><em>talk</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong>Circulating Now: </strong>Please tell us a little about yourself. Where are you from? What do you do? What is your typical workday like?<strong><br>
</strong></p>
<p><strong> <a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-25786 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1" alt="Photograph of a white woman in glasses posed outdoors." width="218" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?w=312&amp;ssl=1 312w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 218px) 100vw, 218px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjIxOCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1" alt="Photograph of a white woman in glasses posed outdoors." width="218" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelly_ODonnell.jpg?w=312&amp;ssl=1 312w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 218px) 100vw, 218px"></noscript></amp-img></a>Kelly O’Donnell: </strong>I am a historian of medicine and gender in the modern United States. I recently started a new position as a Visiting Assistant Professor of U.S. History at Bryn Mawr College. I am originally from Philadelphia and its western suburbs (Delco, PA), so I am thrilled to be back home. I spent the past two years as a Lecturer in History of Science and Medicine at Yale University, which is also where I earned my PhD in 2015.</p>
<p>Classes just started, so I am settling in and decorating my office to make it feel cozier. It’s a gorgeous old building, and there is a fireplace, so that part isn’t hard! I am the modern Americanist in my department, but I contribute to our Health Studies program as well, so this semester I am teaching a History of Reproductive Health class and an American Health Politics seminar. I am also fortunate to be co-teaching our senior capstone course with a very generous colleague. (Working with seniors on their theses has always been my favorite.)</p>
<p>When I am not teaching, I am completing my first book on the history of the birth control pill and the debate in the 1970s over its potential side effects. I am eager to finally wrap that up and move on full-time to my next project, on the history of doctors’ wives in American medicine. I began research for this new project back initially in 2018 and was a DeBakey Fellow in 2019. It has been my motivation, my fun side hobby, and I am excited to share some of that research in this lecture.</p>
<p>When I am not teaching <em>or </em>researching, I am either in the kitchen concocting vegetarian dishes or out on a trail running very slowly.</p>
<p><strong>CN: </strong>What initially sparked your interest in the history of medicine?</p>
<figure id="attachment_27498" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27498" class="wp-caption alignright amp-wp-faff040" data-amp-original-style="width: 400px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27498 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=400%2C533&amp;ssl=1" alt="First page of a bulletin with many portrait photographs, articles and symbols." width="400" height="533" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=600%2C800&amp;ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=300%2C400&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=150%2C200&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=840%2C1120&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjUzMyIgd2lkdGg9IjQwMCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=400%2C533&amp;ssl=1" alt="First page of a bulletin with many portrait photographs, articles and symbols." width="400" height="533" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=600%2C800&amp;ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=300%2C400&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=150%2C200&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?resize=840%2C1120&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1957_OOA-Auxiliary-Bulletin_19310070R.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27498" class="wp-caption-text"><em>The O.O.A. Auxiliary Bulletin</em>, March, 1957<em><br><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma992001823406676">National Library of Medicine #19310070R</a></em></figcaption></figure>
<p><strong>KO: </strong>I spent a lot of time in doctors’ offices growing up—not so much as a patient myself, but observing. When I was very young, my mother worked as a medical assistant for a couple of different doctors in Southwest Philly. They had these classic converted rowhouse offices on residential streets. Very old school, very different from the types of spaces I’d later encounter. To this day I am fascinated by physical spaces, setups, and fundamentally what health care practices look like in person (and how that can vary from place to place).</p>
<p>As I got into my preteen and teen years, both of my parents became seriously ill. My mother was no longer able to work. Much of her life revolved around visiting doctors to address her chronic pain and cardiovascular problems, then qualifying for disability. I also spent my sophomore and junior years of high school going to appointments with my dad, who passed away from liver disease when I was 16.</p>
<p>I never had any interest in becoming a doctor myself—I am notoriously squeamish. But when I got into studying the history of science and science and technology studies in college, I naturally gravitated towards medicine and health care. I had all these unique experiences and so many lingering questions from the people and practices I had encountered growing up. When I discovered the social history of medicine, a lightbulb clicked, and I knew that was what I wanted to do. So, I applied to PhD programs as a senior and the rest is history.</p>
<p><strong>CN:</strong> Your talk, “<a href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=48695">Mrs. Medicine: Doctors’ Wives and the Making of Modern American Health Care</a>,”<strong> </strong>explores the roles, expectations, and contributions of spouses of physicians in the twentieth century. How did the experience of spouses associated with the medical field differ from those in other segments of society?</p>
<figure id="attachment_27502" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27502" class="wp-caption alignleft amp-wp-faff040" data-amp-original-style="width: 400px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27502 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?resize=400%2C680&amp;ssl=1" alt="A photograph of a banquet table with a podium and a group of women with teacups, with flower arrangements and fancy hats much in evidence." width="400" height="680" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?resize=602%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 602w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?resize=177%2C300&amp;ssl=1 177w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?w=706&amp;ssl=1 706w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjY4MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwMCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?resize=400%2C680&amp;ssl=1" alt="A photograph of a banquet table with a podium and a group of women with teacups, with flower arrangements and fancy hats much in evidence." width="400" height="680" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?resize=602%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 602w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?resize=177%2C300&amp;ssl=1 177w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1959_At-the-Convention-hats_7503459.jpg?w=706&amp;ssl=1 706w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27502" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Bulletin of the Women’s Auxiliary to the American Medical Association</em>, September, 1959<br><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994598223406676"><em>National Library of Medicine #7503459</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p><strong>KO: </strong>That’s a great question, and one that I am hoping to answer more concretely as I get further into this research. On the one hand, you could say that medical marriages were very similar to others when it came to their participants’ professional identities, especially when you’re thinking about earlier in the 20th century or farther back into the 19th. In an era when married women—particularly of the middle and upper classes—did not work outside the home in the way that they do today, many types of marriages did essentially become family business arrangements. Women would perform all kinds of labor that later would become paid labor, from cleaning to bookkeeping to interacting with customers. So, in that way, if you’re thinking for example about a small private medical practice, that is a pretty standard family business configuration—and perhaps doctors’ spouses are simply more obvious or extreme versions of that vein in history of marriage.</p>
<p>On the other hand, I have been arguing that the role of “doctor’s wife” was much more distinct. Particularly once we get into the mid-twentieth century peak medical auxiliary organizing era, to be a doctor’s wife meant something particular, and it was an identity that a lot of women coalesced and organized around. As I’ll get into in my lecture, women’s medical auxiliaries (comprising of wives of physicians) viewed themselves as uniquely positioned between the medical profession and the community it served—as a conduit, a translator, a vital link in public health work. Doctors’ wives, regardless of their own professional backgrounds (as a nurse or teacher, for example), were seen as having their own type of special expertise because of their intimate knowledge of the profession from almost the inside. The best comparison would be something like a pastor’s wife. This begins to fracture in the 1970s with the rise of women’s labor force participation and the increasing expectation that they would have their own careers and independent professional identities. But for a few generations, there was a strong sense of this hybrid, spousal authority.</p>
<p>Medical marriages are also a really great window in the stressors experienced by those in the profession because you can see how things like increased residency training or the shift to more hospital based labor practices play out on a deeply personal scale.</p>
<p><strong>CN:</strong> In researching this subject, were you drawn to any particular individual’s story?<strong><br>
</strong></p>
<p><strong>KO: </strong>One thing I quickly became really interested in is how physicians’ papers are donated to and organized in a given archive. When I started researching this project, that’s where I began—personal papers. That’s where historians typically begin. Spouses often play a major role in that process generally and I’ve found that ironically (or perhaps intentionally) their own lives and contributions tend to get obscured in these collections. In a typical collection of a physician’s papers, everything is hyper-focused on their career and their achievements in medicine. So, it is surprisingly difficult to find doctors’ wives in the archives of the history of medicine!</p>
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="840" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/09\/14\/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="gallery-row amp-wp-82f216c" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="662" data-amp-original-style="width: 840px; height: 662px;"> <div class="gallery-group images-1 amp-wp-fb2c70b" data-original-width="412" data-original-height="662" data-amp-original-style="width: 412px; height: 662px;"> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="width" content="408"> <meta itemprop="height" content="658"> <amp-img class="amp-wp-enforced-sizes amp-wp-e1abe68 i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" data-attachment-id="27501" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg" data-orig-size="982,1584" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?fit=186%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?fit=635%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?w=408&amp;h=658&amp;ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?w=982&amp;ssl=1 982w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=186%2C300&amp;ssl=1 186w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=635%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 635w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C1239&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=952%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 952w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C1355&amp;ssl=1 840w" width="408" height="658" data-original-width="408" data-original-height="658" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459" alt="A photograph of six women posing with open bulletins." layout="intrinsic" data-amp-original-style="width: 408px; height: 658px;" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjY1OCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwOCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?w=408&amp;h=658&amp;ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?w=982&amp;ssl=1 982w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=186%2C300&amp;ssl=1 186w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=635%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 635w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C1239&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=952%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 952w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C1355&amp;ssl=1 840w" width="408" height="658" loading="lazy" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="1964_Reading-the-bulletin_7503459" alt="A photograph of six women posing with open bulletins."></noscript></amp-img> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Everybody Reads the Bulletin, in Bulletin of the Women’s Auxiliary to the American Medical Association, September, 1964 National Library of Medicine #7503459 </div> </div> </div> <div class="gallery-group images-1 amp-wp-3457b31" data-original-width="428" data-original-height="662" data-amp-original-style="width: 428px; height: 662px;"> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="width" content="424"> <meta itemprop="height" content="658"> <amp-img class="amp-wp-enforced-sizes amp-wp-77e0f2f i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" data-attachment-id="27500" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg" data-orig-size="1000,1552" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="1964_prospective-member_7503459" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?fit=193%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?fit=660%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?w=424&amp;h=658&amp;ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=193%2C300&amp;ssl=1 193w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=660%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 660w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C1192&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=990%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 990w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C1304&amp;ssl=1 840w" width="424" height="658" data-original-width="424" data-original-height="658" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="1964_prospective-member_7503459" alt="A woman sits at a table with a man standing behind her and two children beside her." layout="intrinsic" data-amp-original-style="width: 424px; height: 658px;" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjY1OCIgd2lkdGg9IjQyNCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?w=424&amp;h=658&amp;ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=193%2C300&amp;ssl=1 193w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=660%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 660w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C1192&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=990%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 990w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_prospective-member_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C1304&amp;ssl=1 840w" width="424" height="658" loading="lazy" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="1964_prospective-member_7503459" alt="A woman sits at a table with a man standing behind her and two children beside her."></noscript></amp-img> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> A Prospective Member, in Bulletin of the Women’s Auxiliary to the American Medical Association, September, 1964 National Library of Medicine #7503459 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
<p>When you do, however, it is often in unexpected or surprising places. Sometimes you’ll find one box or one folder of “wife stuff” among dozens or boxes of article preprints or professional correspondence. In one box at the Drexel Legacy Center archives, I came across a few of these wife folders in a collection of a Women’s Med professor. It had some records of the faculty wives’ organization, some travel writing, and even some fictional short story drafts written by this woman. But extremely little about her as a person. It took some real digging, for example, to determine that she had been a nurse working abroad during WWI when she met her husband. It was a great example of how so often you’re told everything you’d ever want to know about the physician from the biographical material boxes or even the finding aid, but if you want to know anything about his wife, that’s on you to figure out. I do like a challenge, though.</p>
<p><strong>CN: </strong>In the NLM collections you examined in particular the publications of medical women’s auxiliary groups, such as <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/03/12/mds-wife-subscriptions-and-prescriptions-about-medical-marriages-across-the-twentieth-century/"><em>MD’s Wife</em></a>, how did these publications support their readers?</p>
<figure id="attachment_27497" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27497" class="wp-caption alignright amp-wp-faff040" data-amp-original-style="width: 400px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27497 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=400%2C490&amp;ssl=1" alt="Cover of a bulletin with the 1964 convention schedule and a calendar graphic." width="400" height="490" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=835%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 835w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=245%2C300&amp;ssl=1 245w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C941&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C1030&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?w=979&amp;ssl=1 979w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ5MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwMCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=400%2C490&amp;ssl=1" alt="Cover of a bulletin with the 1964 convention schedule and a calendar graphic." width="400" height="490" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=835%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 835w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=245%2C300&amp;ssl=1 245w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=768%2C941&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?resize=840%2C1030&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1964_On-the-Calendar_7503459.jpg?w=979&amp;ssl=1 979w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27497" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Bulletin of the Women’s Auxiliary to the American Medical Association</em>, March, 1964<em><br><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994598223406676">National Library of Medicine #7503459</a></em></figcaption></figure>
<p><strong>KO: </strong>These publications are so fascinating, and such underutilized resources. As the <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/03/12/mds-wife-subscriptions-and-prescriptions-about-medical-marriages-across-the-twentieth-century/">linked post</a> attests, I did a real deep dive into them and their history while I was at the NLM (which, by the way, is the only place that has many of these preserved!). Organizational newsletters and periodicals have so much to offer.</p>
<p><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma99195193406676"><em>MD’s Wife</em></a> began as the <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994598223406676"><em>Bulletin of the Women’s Auxiliary to the AMA</em></a>, which largely reported on the activities of local and state level branches of the organization. They would also print conference proceedings when the national group met each year. At the time, this would have kept members at all levels around the country informed about what everyone else was doing, as well as given them a sense of broader identity to fuel their continuing volunteer work. For the history, of course, this provides a great record of what they were up to. Over time, the publication became more of a magazine style. So, you get more things like interesting feature stories and advice about how to cope with the stressors of being married to a doctor.</p>
<p>But it wasn’t just the national AMA auxiliary with a publication like this. NLM also has, for example, <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma992001823406676"><em>The Ohio Osteopathic Association Auxiliary Bulletin</em></a>, <em><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma991971283406676">The Quarterly</a> </em>(from the Kentucky State Medical Association’s auxiliary), and <a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma99265873406676"><em>The Druggist’s Wife</em></a>, from the Women’s Organization of the National Association of Retail Druggists (WONARD). It seems like any type of medical organization that existed—homeopaths, osteopaths, dentists, etc.—had a woman’s auxiliary at some point (probably the 1950s), and every woman’s auxiliary left <em>some </em>kind of newsletter or other trace behind. For the historian this is a goldmine of information allowing me to compare all kinds of practices and identities. If you have these sitting in your attic, don’t throw them out!</p>
<h3>Watch on YouTube</h3>
<p><amp-youtube layout="responsive" width="840" height="473" data-videoid="Z0lQMm8p33o" title="7th Annual NLM Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine" class="i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" i-amphtml-layout="responsive"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" style="display:block;padding-top:56.3095%"></i-amphtml-sizer><a placeholder href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0lQMm8p33o"><amp-img src="https://i0.wp.com/i.ytimg.com/vi/Z0lQMm8p33o/hqdefault.jpg?w=840&amp;ssl=1" layout="fill" object-fit="cover" alt="7th Annual NLM Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine" class="amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-fill i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" i-amphtml-layout="fill"><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/i.ytimg.com/vi/Z0lQMm8p33o/hqdefault.jpg?w=840&amp;ssl=1" alt="7th Annual NLM Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine"></noscript></amp-img></a></amp-youtube></p>
<p><em>Kelly O’Donnell’s presentation is part of our </em><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/lectures/"><em>NLM History Talks</em></a><em>, which promote awareness and use of the National Library of Medicine and other historical collections for research, education, and public service in biomedicine, the social sciences, and the humanities. All talks are <a href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=48695">live-streamed</a> globally, and subsequently archived, by </em><a href="https://videocast.nih.gov/PastEvents.asp?c=221"><em>NIH VideoCasting</em></a><em>. Stay informed about the lecture series on Twitter at </em><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NLMHistTalk?src=hash&amp;lang=en"><em>#NLMHistTalk</em></a>.</p>
<div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Circulate this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><amp-social-share type="twitter" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Twitter" title="Click to share on Twitter" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="facebook" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Facebook" title="Click to share on Facebook" data-param-app_id="249643311490" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="pinterest" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Pinterest" title="Click to share on Pinterest" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="tumblr" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Tumblr" title="Click to share on Tumblr" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="reddit" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Reddit" title="Click to share on Reddit" data-share-endpoint="https://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2023%2F09%2F14%2Fmrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care%2F&amp;title=Mrs.%20Medicine%3A%20Doctors%E2%80%99%20Wives%20and%20the%20Making%20of%20Modern%20American%20Health%20Care" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="linkedin" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on LinkedIn" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="email" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Email" title="Click to share on Email" data-target="_self" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share></div></div></div></div>
<nav class="jp-relatedposts-i2" data-layout="grid" aria-label="Related Posts"><ul class="jp-related-posts-i2__list" role="list" data-post-count="3"><li id="related-posts-item-67c7b78964e01" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post"><a id="related-posts-item-67c7b78964e01-label" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/03/16/michael-e-debakey-and-the-national-library-of-medicine/" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-link">Michael E. DeBakey and the National Library of Medicine<amp-img class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-img amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200" alt="" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjIwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjM1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200" alt="" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fjbbdq_feature.png?fit=932%2C365&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200"></noscript></amp-img></a><dl class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs"><dt>Date</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-date">March 16, 2017</dd><dt>In relation to</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-context"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/">Archives &amp; Manuscripts</a></dd></dl></li><li id="related-posts-item-67c7b78964e7b" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post"><a id="related-posts-item-67c7b78964e7b-label" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/05/16/dr-michael-e-debakey-and-his-influence-in-the-changing-business-of-healthcare-and-the-delivery-of-american-medicine/" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-link">Dr. Michael E. DeBakey and His Influence in the Changing Business of Healthcare and the Delivery of American Medicine<amp-img class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-img amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200" alt="Detail from a brochure for the Micromed DeBakey VAD medical dvice." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjIwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjM1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200" alt="Detail from a brochure for the Micromed DeBakey VAD medical dvice." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/vad_brochure_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200"></noscript></amp-img></a><dl class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs"><dt>Date</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-date">May 16, 2019</dd><dt>In relation to</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-context"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/">Archives &amp; Manuscripts</a></dd></dl></li><li id="related-posts-item-67c7b78964ed7" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post"><a id="related-posts-item-67c7b78964ed7-label" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/09/03/debakey-in-baghdad-and-beirut-the-internationalization-of-surgical-education-1945-1970/" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-link">DeBakey in Baghdad and Beirut: The Internationalization of Surgical Education, 1945–1970<amp-img class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-img amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200" alt="Men in suits greet DeBakey as he leaves a plane." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjIwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjM1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200" alt="Men in suits greet DeBakey as he leaves a plane." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DeBakey-Lebanon_101743405X84_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200"></noscript></amp-img></a><dl class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs"><dt>Date</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-date">September 3, 2020</dd><dt>In relation to</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-context"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/">Guests</a></dd></dl></li></ul></nav>
<footer class="amp-wp-article-footer">
<div class="amp-wp-meta amp-wp-tax-category">
Categories: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/" rel="category tag">Archives &amp; Manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/" rel="category tag">Guests</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/news/" rel="category tag">News</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/rare-books-journals/" rel="category tag">Rare Books &amp; Journals</a> </div>
<div class="amp-wp-meta amp-wp-tax-tag">
Tags: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" rel="tag">1950s</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1960s/" rel="tag">1960s</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/family/" rel="tag">family</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" rel="tag">interview</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" rel="tag">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlm-debakey-lecture/" rel="tag">NLM DeBakey Lecture</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" rel="tag">NLM History Talks</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" rel="tag">research</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" rel="tag">Women's History</a> </div>
<div class="amp-wp-meta amp-wp-comments-link">
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/14/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care/#respond">
Leave a Comment </a>
</div>
</footer>
</article>
<footer class="amp-wp-footer">
<div>
<h2>Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</h2>
<a href="#top" class="back-to-top">Back to top</a>
</div>
</footer>
<amp-pixel src="https://pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=ext&amp;blog=52242398&amp;post=27462&amp;tz=-5&amp;srv=circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov&amp;hp=atomic&amp;ac=2&amp;amp=1&amp;host=circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov&amp;rand=RANDOM&amp;ref=DOCUMENT_REFERRER" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:1px;height:1px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-pixel> <div id="amp-mobile-version-switcher">
<a rel="nofollow" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/14/mrs-medicine-doctors-wives-and-the-making-of-modern-american-health-care/?noamp=mobile">
Exit mobile version </a>
</div>
</body></html>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink