1395 lines
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<article id="post-24808" class="post-24808 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-collections category-guests tag-anniversaries tag-archives tag-francis-collins tag-genetics tag-human-genome-project tag-manuscript tag-marshall-nirenberg tag-nih">
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<img width="600" height="280" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10_feature.jpg?resize=600%2C280&ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="History of Genomics Program 10 year anniversary banner" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="24829" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/history-program-trident-hero6-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"History program trident hero6","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="History program trident hero6" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10_feature.jpg?fit=300%2C133&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&ssl=1" />
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<h1 class="entry-title">The History of Genomics Program at 10 Years</h1>
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<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/" title="11:00 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2022-08-25T11:00:25-04:00">August 25, 2022</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/" rel="category tag">Guests</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span></div>
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<p><em>Circulating Now welcomes guest blogger Zach Utz, MA, Archivist and Public Historian, from</em> <em>the <a href="https://www.genome.gov/">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (NHGRI) History of Genomics Program</em><em>—</em><em>the</em><em> only field-specific history program within the National Institutes of Health (NIH)—</em><em>to celebrate </em><em>its</em><em> 10-year anniversary. Since its inception in 2012, the History of Genomics Program has chronicled how genomics research began and evolved at NHGRI</em><em>. It has also captured the ideas and plans that led to one of the most important biomedical research undertakings in history: <a href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/fact-sheets/human-genome-project">The Human Genome Project</a>.</em></p>
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<p>In September 2008, the <a href="https://www.genome.gov/">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (NHGRI) was experiencing seismic changes. Francis Collins, MD, PhD, made the decision to step down as institute director. Collins had joined NHGRI (then called the National Human Genome Research Center, or NCHGR) in 1993 after the first director, James Watson, PhD, resigned. Collins would go on to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health from 2009 to 2021.</p>
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<p>At NHGRI, Collins leadership proved key to the success of the publicly funded <a href="https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Timeline-of-Events">Human Genome Project</a>, which formally began in 1990 and concluded in 2003 with the near-complete sequence of the human genome. Collins also played a central role in many of the landmark NHGRI projects that followed, including the <a href="https://www.genome.gov/10001688/international-hapmap-project">International Haplotype Map Project</a> (HapMap), <a href="https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project">1,000 Genomes</a>, and <a href="https://www.genome.gov/27540081/human-heredity-and-health-in-africa-frequently-asked-questions-about-h3africa">Human Heredity and Health in Africa</a> (H3Africa).</p>
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<figure id="attachment_24815" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-24815" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="24815" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/collins-lab/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?fit=1210%2C761&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1210,761" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Collins-lab" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Collins analyzing an autoradiogram displaying the results of a Sanger DNA sequencing experiment, such as that used in the early years of the Human Genome Project.<br />
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Courtesy NHGRI Photo Archive</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?fit=300%2C189&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?fit=840%2C528&ssl=1" class="wp-image-24815 size-large" title="Francis Collins" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?resize=840%2C528&ssl=1" alt="A wids shot of a man in a suit sitting in a lab looking at data." width="840" height="528" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?resize=1024%2C644&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?resize=300%2C189&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?resize=768%2C483&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?resize=1200%2C755&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?resize=840%2C528&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-lab.jpg?w=1210&ssl=1 1210w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-24815" class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Collins analyzing an autoradiogram displaying the results of a Sanger DNA sequencing experiment, such as that used in the early years of the Human Genome Project.<br /><em>Courtesy NHGRI Photo Archive</em></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_6301" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6301" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/marshall-nirenberg-performing-experiment.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="6301" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/03/18/a-tribute-to-marshall-nirenberg-myrna-weissman/marshall-nirenberg-performing-experiment/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/marshall-nirenberg-performing-experiment.png?fit=963%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="963,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Marshall-Nirenberg-performing-experiment" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Marshall Nirenberg performing experiment, ca. 1962</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/marshall-nirenberg-performing-experiment.png?fit=241%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/marshall-nirenberg-performing-experiment.png?fit=822%2C1024&ssl=1" class="wp-image-6301" title="Marshall Nirenberg" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/marshall-nirenberg-performing-experiment.png?resize=300%2C374&ssl=1" alt="Nirenberg in the lab in a lab coat and gloves manipulating glassware." width="300" height="374" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6301" class="wp-caption-text">Marshall Nirenberg performing experiment, ca. 1962<br /><a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/jj/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584910X46-img"><em>Profiles in Science, Marshall Nirenberg Papers, National Library of Medicine</em></a></figcaption></figure>
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<p>Genomic research at NIH had come a long way since <a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/jj">Marshall Nirenberg</a> and his team completed the <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/01/21/deciphering-the-genetic-code-a-50-year-anniversary/">Nobel Prize winning work</a> of discovering how sequences of DNA, known as “triplets,” direct the assembly of amino acids into the structural and functional proteins essential to life. Manuscript collections like the <a href="https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/4/resources/941">Marshall Nirenberg Papers</a>, held at the National Library of Medicine, are important records of scientific work and its impact on society. Dr. Collins recognized that his office was beginning to look like an archive.</p>
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<p>During his 15-year tenure, he accumulated nearly 100 boxes of printed materials, including correspondence, files from some of the most important meetings during the Human Genome Project, reports, planning documents and handwritten notes. As he was cleaning out his office during his final week, he wondered what he should do with his large collection of files.</p>
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<p>Collins called up his friend and colleague, Eric Green, MD, PhD, who was the NHGRI scientific director at the time, and asked, “Do you think we should be scanning some of these documents and, if so, can you help?”</p>
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<p>Green had also spent a great deal of time thinking about preserving the Human Genome Project’s legacy, often thinking to himself, “this is a historic project. I really hope someone is writing all of this down!” So it came as no surprise that Green’s answers to Collins were an emphatic, “Yes and yes!” With that exchange, the seeds of the NHGRI History of Genomics Program were planted.</p>
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<h3>The History of Genomics Program begins!</h3>
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<p>When Green became the NHGRI director in 2008, it fell to him to figure out how to preserve this rich historical legacy. Green’s staff soon began finding even more boxes of records from other key leaders of the institute. He called upon Gloria Butler, a records manager; Susan Vasquez, special assistant to the director; and Kris Wetterstrand, MS, the scientific liaison to the director for extramural activities, to devise a plan. They started scanning the documents, but it was clear to Green that simply preserving these materials wasn’t enough; according to Green:</p>
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<blockquote><p>“It was like cluttering up an attic and not having any inventory of what’s up there or where it could be found. That seemed insufficient for the historic value of the documents. We needed someone who would develop a better organizing infrastructure, one with consideration about how such documents would be used. We needed a professional historian.”</p></blockquote>
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<p>Christopher Donohue, PhD, who was finishing his doctorate in history with a specialization in the history of science, technology and medicine, fit the bill. He joined as the NHGRI historian in August of 2012 to help lead the program. We now observe his date of hire as the date the History of Genomics Program was born!</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.genome.gov/leadership-initiatives/History-of-Genomics-Program"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="24828" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/history-program-trident-hero6/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?fit=1014%2C541&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1014,541" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"History program trident hero6","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="History program trident hero6" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?fit=300%2C160&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?fit=840%2C448&ssl=1" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-24828" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?resize=840%2C448&ssl=1" alt="History of Genomics Program 10 year anniversary banner" width="840" height="448" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?w=1014&ssl=1 1014w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?resize=300%2C160&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?resize=768%2C410&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-History-10-1.jpg?resize=840%2C448&ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a></p>
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<p>NHGRI Director Eric Green perfectly summed up the spirit of the program at a 2017 National Advisory Council on Human Genome Research meeting:</p>
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<blockquote><p>“I’ll be candid — the History of Genomics Program is somewhat unprecedented,” says Green. “Most other institutes just haven’t done something like this. But that’s what we do at NHGRI. We do things that are unprecedented all the time, and it’s served us well.”</p></blockquote>
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<h3>Scanning the History of NHGRI</h3>
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<p>To date, the History of Genomics Program has scanned more than 1 million pages of historical documents. In 2018, I was brought onboard to help do the archival work of managing and organizing our collections. Part of this involved updating our existing searchable database with more metadata. We currently have approximately 3,000 files in this database, which is a small subset of our larger holdings. To date, we have over 50 individual researchers utilizing this database. Every year we receive files from staff as they leave the institute, and we work diligently to preserve these records. Some of these files contain sensitive information about the grant funding process, or personally identifiable information (PII). Our historian and I have been working to make as many files as possible available while also protecting this sensitive information.</p>
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<p>For the past several years, we have been collaborating with the Amaral Lab at Northwestern University to develop new machine learning tools that will help us more efficiently and effectively process and understand the breadth of our archival collections. The potential benefits of these new tools are immense, including algorithms to read handwriting and technology to redact sensitive information from historical-rich documents. NHGRI recently held a fascinating <a href="https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar/the-history-of-genomics-told-through-machine-learning">virtual roundtable discussion</a> where Luis Amaral, PhD, and his doctoral student Spencer Hong, MS presented their research.</p>
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<p>In the past six months, I have been annotating the collection of files that make up the most historically significant portion of our archive: the Francis Collins collection. In the coming weeks, we will debut a new space within the NHGRI website that will provide users with a searchable finding aid for the 2,700 folders within the Collins collection.</p>
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<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="840" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/08\/25\/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 840px; height: 467px;" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="467" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 479px; height: 467px;" data-original-width="479" data-original-height="467" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/clinton-and-collins/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="475"> <meta itemprop="height" content="463"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="24820" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Clinton-and-Collins.jpg" data-orig-size="721,703" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="White House Celebration of the Draft Human Genome Sequence" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Clinton-and-Collins.jpg?fit=300%2C293&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Clinton-and-Collins.jpg?fit=721%2C703&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Clinton-and-Collins.jpg?w=475&h=463&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Clinton-and-Collins.jpg?w=721&ssl=1 721w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Clinton-and-Collins.jpg?resize=300%2C293&ssl=1 300w" width="475" height="463" loading="lazy" data-original-width="475" data-original-height="463" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="White House Celebration of the Draft Human Genome Sequence" alt="Collins stands next to President Clinton at a podium." style="width: 475px; height: 463px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> President Bill Clinton and Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D. (NHGRI Director) at a June 2000 event at the White House celebrating the draft human genome sequence generated by the Human Genome Project. Courtesy NHGRI Photo Archive </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 361px; height: 467px;" data-original-width="361" data-original-height="467" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/collins-notes/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="357"> <meta itemprop="height" content="463"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="24819" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-notes.png" data-orig-size="274,355" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Francis Collins Handwritten Notes for President Bill Clinton" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-notes.png?fit=232%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-notes.png?fit=274%2C355&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-notes.png?w=357&h=463&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-notes.png?w=274&ssl=1 274w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Collins-notes.png?resize=232%2C300&ssl=1 232w" width="357" height="463" loading="lazy" data-original-width="357" data-original-height="463" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Francis Collins Handwritten Notes for President Bill Clinton" alt="A handwritten list on lined paper of points to be made." style="width: 357px; height: 463px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Francis Collins handwritten notes for President Bill Clinton in preparation for a June 2000 White House event celebrating the draft human genome sequence generated by the Human Genome Project. Courtesy NHGRI Archive </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 840px; height: 565px;" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="565" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 840px; height: 565px;" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="565" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/dna-sample/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="836"> <meta itemprop="height" content="561"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="24818" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg" data-orig-size="938,629" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Researcher at Washington University Holding a DNA Sample" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?fit=300%2C201&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?fit=840%2C563&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?w=836&h=561&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?w=938&ssl=1 938w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?resize=300%2C201&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?resize=768%2C515&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-sample.jpg?resize=840%2C563&ssl=1 840w" width="836" height="561" loading="lazy" data-original-width="836" data-original-height="561" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Researcher at Washington University Holding a DNA Sample" alt="A woman in a lab coat and heavy gloves holds up a frozen sample in a test tube." style="width: 836px; height: 561px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Researcher at Washington University in St. Louis handling frozen clones containing human DNA being studied by Human Genome Project researchers. Courtesy NHGRI Photo Archive </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
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<h3>Hosting Genomics History</h3>
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<p>Whether you realize it or not, many parts of our daily lives are influenced by genomic information and technologies. Genomics now provides a powerful lens for use in various areas, including medical decisions, food safety, ancestry and more. NHGRI is committed to driving the responsible use of genomics in society in order to advance knowledge and ensure that genomics benefits the health of all humans.</p>
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<p>In December 2021, NHGRI’s History of Genomics Program co-hosted a two-day virtual event entitled “<a href="https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar/the-meaning-of-eugenics-historical-and-present-day-discussions-of-eugenics-and-scientific-racism">The Meaning of Eugenics: Historical and Present-Day Discussions of Eugenics and Scientific Racism</a>.” More than a dozen scholars and 1,000 attendees came together to discuss eugenics and scientific racism. In addition, the program collaborated with others in the NHGRI Office of Communications to develop an <a href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/timelines/eugenics">educational timeline</a> and <a href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism">fact sheet</a> focused on the histories of eugenics and scientific racism.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar/the-meaning-of-eugenics-historical-and-present-day-discussions-of-eugenics-and-scientific-racism"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="24824" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/nhgri-eugenics-event/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?fit=1200%2C366&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1200,366" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="NHGRI-Eugenics-event" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?fit=300%2C92&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?fit=840%2C256&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-24824 size-large" title="Watch: “The Meaning of Eugenics: Historical and Present-Day Discussions of Eugenics and Scientific Racism.”" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event-1024x312.jpg?resize=840%2C256&ssl=1" alt="Event: The Meaning of Eugenics: Historical and Present-Day Discussions of Eugenics and Scientific Racism" width="840" height="256" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?resize=1024%2C312&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?resize=300%2C92&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?resize=768%2C234&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?resize=840%2C256&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NHGRI-Eugenics-event.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a></p>
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<p><a href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=44365"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="24822" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/hogarth_20220428/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?fit=1080%2C1080&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1080,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Hogarth_20220428" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?fit=840%2C840&ssl=1" class="alignright wp-image-24822 size-medium" title="Watch: “The Measure of Black (Un)Fitness: Legacies of Slavery in the Early Eugenics Movement”" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=300%2C300&ssl=1" alt="Graphic advertising an April 2022 NLM History Talk" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=300%2C300&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=1024%2C1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=768%2C768&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=400%2C400&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?resize=840%2C840&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Hogarth_20220428.jpg?w=1080&ssl=1 1080w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a>Addressing the history of eugenics is important because it has persisted in policies and beliefs around the world, including the United States. Eugenics is an inaccurate but pervasive theory presented by Sir Francis Galton in his 1886 book <em><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994021953406676">Inquiries Into Human Faculty and its Development</a></em>—a copy of which is held at NLM—and is linked to historical and present-day forms of discrimination, racism, ableism and colonialism. Preserving the history of genomics allows contemporary and future historians like Dr. Rana Hogarth to access and use these materials in their work. Following her participation in NHGRI’s December 2021 event, Dr. Hogarth’s recent <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/lectures/index.html">NLM History Talk</a>, “<a href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=44365">The Measure of Black (Un)Fitness: Legacies of Slavery in the Early Eugenics Movement</a>,” sponsored by NLM and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in April 2022, explored how people of African descent became targets of eugenic study during the early decades of the twentieth century.</p>
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<p>This year is shaping up to be just as active. Along with stakeholders and scholars, the History of Genomics Program continues to host events that focus on the issues of genetics, ableism and disability. A <a href="https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar/irreducible-subjects-disability-and-genomics-in-the-past-present-and-future">two-day symposium is scheduled for October 6-7</a>. Registration is free and open to the public! As we look forward, we are constantly trying to think of ways to further engage the public in the history of genomics and how this relatively young and exciting field continues to shape our understandings of science and medicine.</p>
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<p><em><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="24811" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/25/the-history-of-genomics-program-at-10-years/zach-utz/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?fit=426%2C284&ssl=1" data-orig-size="426,284" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Zach Utz" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?fit=300%2C200&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?fit=426%2C284&ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-24811" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?resize=150%2C100&ssl=1" alt="Informal portrait of a white man in glasses." width="150" height="100" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?resize=300%2C200&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Zach-Utz.jpg?w=426&ssl=1 426w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a>Zach Utz, MA, is an archivist and public historian, in the History of Genomics Program, in the Office of Communications, at the National Human Genome Research Institute NHGRI.</em></p>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (39 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women's History (66 items)">Women's History</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
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</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="archives-5" class="widget widget_archive clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3></div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-5">Archives</label>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2025/01/'> January 2025 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/01/'> January 2022 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/12/'> December 2021 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/01/'> January 2021 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/12/'> December 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/11/'> November 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/10/'> October 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/09/'> September 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/08/'> August 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/07/'> July 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/06/'> June 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/05/'> May 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/04/'> April 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/03/'> March 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/02/'> February 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/01/'> January 2020 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/12/'> December 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/11/'> November 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/10/'> October 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/09/'> September 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/08/'> August 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/07/'> July 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/06/'> June 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/05/'> May 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/04/'> April 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/03/'> March 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/02/'> February 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/01/'> January 2019 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/12/'> December 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/'> November 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/10/'> October 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/09/'> September 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/'> August 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/07/'> July 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/06/'> June 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/05/'> May 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/04/'> April 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/'> March 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/02/'> February 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/'> January 2018 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/12/'> December 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/11/'> November 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/10/'> October 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/09/'> September 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/08/'> August 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/07/'> July 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/06/'> June 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/05/'> May 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/04/'> April 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/03/'> March 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/02/'> February 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/01/'> January 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/12/'> December 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/11/'> November 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/10/'> October 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/09/'> September 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/08/'> August 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/07/'> July 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/06/'> June 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/05/'> May 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/04/'> April 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/03/'> March 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/02/'> February 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/01/'> January 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/12/'> December 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/11/'> November 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/10/'> October 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/09/'> September 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/08/'> August 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/07/'> July 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/06/'> June 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/05/'> May 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/04/'> April 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/03/'> March 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/02/'> February 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/01/'> January 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/12/'> December 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/11/'> November 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/'> October 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/09/'> September 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/'> August 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/'> July 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/06/'> June 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/05/'> May 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/04/'> April 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/'> March 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/02/'> February 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/01/'> January 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/12/'> December 2013 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/11/'> November 2013 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/10/'> October 2013 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/09/'> September 2013 </option>
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||
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/08/'> August 2013 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/'> July 2013 </option>
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</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="text-4" class="widget widget_text clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">VISIT US</h3></div> <div class="textwidget"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/index.html">History of Medicine Division</a> at the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/">National Library of Medicine</a></div>
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|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtelegram', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20250305#ver=20250305' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
|
||
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function () {
|
||
const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' );
|
||
const watchReply = function() {
|
||
// Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice.
|
||
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) {
|
||
// Cache the Core function.
|
||
addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm;
|
||
const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' );
|
||
const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' );
|
||
|
||
function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
const url = new URL( iframe.src );
|
||
if ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue )
|
||
} else {
|
||
url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' );
|
||
}
|
||
if( iframe.src !== url.href ) {
|
||
iframe.src = url.href;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( false );
|
||
} );
|
||
|
||
addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( parentId );
|
||
return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments );
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply );
|
||
// In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces.
|
||
document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply );
|
||
|
||
|
||
const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment');
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
|
||
if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId;
|
||
|
||
// Change height for the matching comment iframe
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) {
|
||
const iframe = commentIframes[i];
|
||
const url = new URL(iframe.src);
|
||
const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id');
|
||
if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) {
|
||
iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px';
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|