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<title>Revealing Data: Close Reading and Textual Analysis as Historical Methods &#8211; Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title>
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<img width="900" height="400" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/flu3_feature.jpg?resize=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="A network diagram shows connections of varying strength between words related to influenza." decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15444" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/16/revealing-data-close-reading-and-textual-analysis-as-historical-methods/flu3_feature/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/flu3_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Flu3_feature" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/flu3_feature.jpg?fit=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/flu3_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&amp;ssl=1" />
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<h1 class="entry-title">Revealing Data: Close Reading and Textual Analysis as Historical Methods</h1>
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<p><em>Historical medical journals provide unique perspectives on the development of expert understanding of transmission, morbidity, and impact during an epidemic. Examining the ways that medical journals contributed to the spread of information, evaluation of interpretations, and creation of new knowledge in a specific historical process can contribute to current discussions about the relationship between expert perspectives and public understanding. Information on the Russian Influenza (1889–1890) in the </em>British Medical Journal<em> offers an excellent case study for evaluating historical significance and contemporary relevance. </em>Circulating Now<em> welcomes guest bloggers E. Thomas Ewing, Ian Hargreaves, Jessica King, Andrew Pregnall, and Tyler Talnagi who examine different dimensions of the role of medical journals in collecting, presenting, and interpreting knowledge of a disease outbreak in this last of three posts for our ongoing <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a> series.<strong><br />
</strong></em></p>
<p>During the 1889–1890 influenza epidemic, the question of how influenza spread became the focus of public discussion among medical experts and can now be explored through the articles published by medical journals. This post combines two techniques, close analytical reading and large scale text interpretation, to explore how contemporaries understood the etiology of influenza and how their understanding shaped expert and public perceptions of the disease.</p>
<p>The February 8, 1890 issue of the <i>British Medical Journal</i> published a letter under the headline, “The Etiology of Influenza,” responding to a study of epidemic influenza at a psychiatric hospital in Edinburgh published in the previous issue, dated February 1, 1890. The original study and the letter were both written by physicians, who drew upon their own experience treating patients and documenting the course of the disease to explain the spread and impact of the influenza. The studies, one from the Royal Asylum in Edinburgh by Drs. George M. Robertson and Frank A. Elkins and one from Dr. William Bruce on his observation of his own patients in Dingwall, were similar in ways of collecting, classifying, and analyzing information about the influenza epidemic.</p>
<p>The question of causation became a point of disagreement. Robertson and Elkins cited examples of seemingly random case outbreaks among patients and hospital officials to support this guarded interpretation: “We can express no very definite opinion as regards the contagiousness of the disease; if however contagiousness exists, it only does so to a very slight degree.” By contrast, Dr. Bruce directly challenged this statement as an example of the “anti-contagionist” argument by asserting that uneven patterns of illness, simultaneous outbreaks in different locations, and greatest susceptibility of those spending time outdoors are all consistent with an infectious disease. While praising the Edinburgh study as “a splendid storehouse of facts, and facts are what are still needed to complete the life history of this peculiar epidemic,” Bruce nevertheless argued that it did not “throw sufficient light” on the question of “incubation,” and he concluded with a broad statement of the need for more research into this topic: “It is a pity that we have had so much speculation with so few attempts at really detecting the germ which, according to the analogy of similar diseases, must be present. I am no bacteriologist, but surely something might be done by examining the sputum or filtering the expired air of infected patients. I may be excused adding to the numerous hypotheses, and saying that I believe it will be found to be closely allied to the germ peculiar to contagious pneumonia, where in fresh sputum I have seen the bacillus active and moving.”</p>
<p>The “etiology of influenza,” which Bruce connected to the broader argument for and against “contagion,” is a topic well-suited to large-scale textual analysis of the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, thus demonstrating the value of historical scholarship that combines traditional close-reading techniques with the possibilities of examining extensive quantities of digitized text using analytical tools. Large-scale text analysis provides an alternative method to explore the themes identified by a close reading of these two articles.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15495" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15495" style="width: 636px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11-2.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15495" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/16/revealing-data-close-reading-and-textual-analysis-as-historical-methods/image11-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11-2.png?fit=636%2C585&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="636,585" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 1." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 1. Collocations with Contag* and Infect*, within 15 words, British Medical Journal, July 1889 to June 1890, total number of terms&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11-2.png?fit=300%2C276&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11-2.png?fit=636%2C585&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15495 size-full" style="border:1px solid #000000;" title="Figure 1. " src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11-2.png?resize=636%2C585&#038;ssl=1" alt="A bar chart shows a corrolation of nearly 800 between infection and disease, and almost 400 with infection and case." width="636" height="585" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15495" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. Collocations with Contag* and Infect*, within 15 words, <em>British Medical Journal</em>, July 1889 to June 1890, total number of terms</figcaption></figure>
<p>A frequency chart, Figure 1, shows which medical terms were collocated with infect* and contag* (terms were truncated to recognize variations, such as infection, infectious, infected, infectivity, and infective) in the corpus of the <em>British Medical Journal</em> for one year before and after the Russian influenza, from July 1889 to June 1890. Not surprisingly, common medical terms appear most frequently. This list is suggestive, however, because it identifies a glossary of of specific diseases, in addition to influenza, which appear in proximity to these two terms, including diphtheria, leprosy, measles, pneumonia, as well as tuberculosis and phthisis referring to the same disease), pox (presumably small-pox), scarlet (presumably scarlet fever).</p>
<figure id="attachment_15496" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15496" style="width: 774px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3-2.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15496" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/16/revealing-data-close-reading-and-textual-analysis-as-historical-methods/image3-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3-2.png?fit=774%2C365&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="774,365" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 2." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 2. Disease terms, collocated with contag* and infect*, within 15 words, as percent of collocated terms &lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3-2.png?fit=300%2C141&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3-2.png?fit=774%2C365&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15496 size-full" style="border:1px solid #000000;" title="Figure 2. " src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3-2.png?resize=774%2C365&#038;ssl=1" alt="A bar chart shows influenza linked nearly evenly with both terms." width="774" height="365" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15496" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2. Disease terms, collocated with contag* and infect*, within 15 words, as percent of collocated terms</figcaption></figure>
<p>Figure 2 shows how disease terms were collocated with infect* and contag*, as calculated as a percentage of medical terms. with some interesting patterns: influenza and phthisis/tuberculosis appeared in close proximity to both infect* and contag*, whereas small-pox and measles only appeared close to infect* while pneumonia and leprosy were only associated with contag*.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15440" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15440" style="width: 545px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image5.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15440" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/16/revealing-data-close-reading-and-textual-analysis-as-historical-methods/image5/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image5.png?fit=545%2C379&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="545,379" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 3." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 3. Network diagram, collocations, infect*, contag*, and influenza, British Medical Journal, July 1889 to June 1890, complete text&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image5.png?fit=300%2C209&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image5.png?fit=545%2C379&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15440 size-full" style="border:1px solid #000000;" title="Figure 3. " src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image5.png?resize=545%2C379&#038;ssl=1" alt="A network diagram shows connections of varying strength between words." width="545" height="379" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15440" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 3. Network diagram, collocations, infect*, contag*, and influenza, <em>British Medical Journal</em>, July 1889 to June 1890, complete text</figcaption></figure>
<p>A network diagram provides further examples of the collocation of terms, as shown in Figure 3. As suggested above, this network diagram shows a clustering of terms connected to all three words (influenza, contag*, and infect*) that were general medical terms (epidemic, patient, hospital, medical, case, and disease). Some of the more interesting terms were located on the periphery, with connections to only one of the terms. <i>Authorities, pox,</i> and <i>isolation</i> were connected only to infect*, while <i>death</i> and <i>attack</i> were connected only to influenza. As with the above chart, this kind of network visualization suggests possible connections that require further analysis in order to make definitive statements about expert understanding of the infectious or contagious nature of influenza.</p>
<table>
<caption>Table 1. Influenza in Context (15 words)<br />
Phrases with terms infect* or contag*, from the <em>British Medical Journal</em>, July 1889 to June 1890 (<a href="http://ethomasewing.org/revealing-data-tables/">see complete table here</a>)</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><strong>Infectious or Contagious?</strong></td>
<td><strong>Left Side of Phrase</strong></td>
<td><strong>Term</strong></td>
<td><strong>Right Side of Phrase</strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Complicated</td>
<td>personal in- tercourse for its transmission, though intensely infectious within such proximity ; the poison of</td>
<td>influenza</td>
<td>, on the other hand, if less contagious, was capable of much wider diffusion, so as</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>being now below the average number in the cor- responding periods of recent years. IS</td>
<td>influenza</td>
<td>CONTAGIOUS? Di!. I&#8217;uoisT, as a proof of the contagiousness of influenza, recently cited at the</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Unknown</td>
<td>affection, which is contagious and frequently trans- mitted from one human being to another. The</td>
<td>influenza</td>
<td>first ap- peared at Montbeliard on December 13th last. The patient was an inhabitant who</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>These suggestions can be explored with a hybrid approach that uses large-scale text analysis to identify a smaller set of relevant phrases to be analyzed using a close reading technique. The <a href="https://voyant-tools.org/">Voyant</a> tool makes it possible to list more than 250 phrases from one year of <i>British Medical Journal</i>, July 1889 to June 1890, that position the word <i>influenza</i> in context, with fifteen words on either side. Approximately 10% of these phrases also contain either infect* or contag*, thus creating the subset of phrases shown in Table 1 above. An analysis of more than twenty phrases produces the following distribution of answers to the question: during the Russian influenza epidemic, did medical experts consider influenza to be an infectious and/or contagious disease? One-third (7) were interpreted as indicating an affirmative answer, just over one-third indicated that the answer was complicated or contested (8), and a similar share that cannot be classified based on this selection of text. None of these phrases, however, can be classified as denying that influenza is infectious or contagious. Given the complexities evident in the first-hand commentary of the physicians published in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, the interpretations suggested by large scale text analysis confirm that medical experts were moving toward a consensus belief that influenza was contagious or infectious&#8211;but such an understanding was complicated and contested.<strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><em>We hear about data every day. In historical medical collections, data abounds, both quantitative and qualitative. In its format, scope, and biases, data inherently contains more information than its face value. This series, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a>, explores how, by preserving the research data of the past and making it publicly available, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) helps to ensure that generations of researchers can reexamine it, reveal new stories, and make new discoveries. As the NLM becomes the new home of data science at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), </em>Circulating Now<em> explores</em> w<em>hat researchers from a variety of disciplines are learning from centuries of preserved data, and how their work can help us think about the future preservation and uses of the data we collect today.</em></p>
<p><em>Thomas Ewing is a professor of history at Virginia Tech and director of the <a href="http://ethomasewing.org/russianflu/">Tracking the Russian flu project</a>. Funding for this project, including support for undergraduate student researchers, was provided by the <a href="https://securegrants.neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx?f=1&amp;gn=HG-229283-15">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> and a <a href="https://4-va.org/">4VA</a> research grant.</em></p>
<p><em>Ian Hargreaves graduated from Virginia Tech with degrees in Foreign Languages (German) and International Studies, and he is enrolled at the The George Washington University Law School.</em></p>
<p><em>Jessica King graduated from Virginia Tech with majors in Communication and International Studies with a minor in German, and she is enrolled in the Virginia Tech graduate program in Communication.</em></p>
<p><em>Andrew Pregnall is a senior at Virginia Tech pursuing degrees in Microbiology and History.</em></p>
<p><em>Tyler Talnagi graduated from Virginia Tech with degrees in German and International Studies.</em></p>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/art/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-177 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.64pt;" aria-label="art (80 items)">art</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/book-illustration/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1480675 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="book illustration (61 items)">book illustration</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/children/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1343 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="children (21 items)">children</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875829 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="COVID-19 (29 items)">COVID-19</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/data/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-22379 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.586666666667pt;" aria-label="data (62 items)">data</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541876 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (35 items)">digital humanities</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digitization/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106484 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="digitization (40 items)">digitization</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-524 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 17.52pt;" aria-label="film (70 items)">film</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/food/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-586 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="food (33 items)">food</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/france/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4704 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="France (29 items)">France</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (39 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women&#039;s History (66 items)">Women&#039;s History</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2025/01/'> January 2025 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/12/'> December 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/09/'> September 2017 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/08/'> August 2017 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/07/'> July 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/04/'> April 2017 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/03/'> March 2017 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/11/'> November 2016 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/10/'> October 2016 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/09/'> September 2016 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/12/'> December 2015 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/11/'> November 2015 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/10/'> October 2015 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/09/'> September 2015 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/08/'> August 2015 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/09/'> September 2014 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/'> August 2014 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/'> July 2014 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/12/'> December 2013 </option>
<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/11/'> November 2013 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/09/'> September 2013 </option>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/'> July 2013 </option>
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