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<title>Revealing Data: Using Term Frequency to Chart Influenza Reporting &#8211; Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title>
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<img width="900" height="400" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/wordcloud_feature4.jpg?resize=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="A word cloud that represents relative frequency of words in articles about influenza, with medical, cases, Dr, Mr, January, epidemic, number, public and symptoms included." decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15524" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/wordcloud_feature-3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/wordcloud_feature4.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="wordcloud_feature" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/wordcloud_feature4.jpg?fit=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/wordcloud_feature4.jpg?fit=840%2C373&amp;ssl=1" />
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<h1 class="entry-title">Revealing Data: Using Term Frequency to Chart Influenza Reporting</h1>
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/" title="11:00 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2018-11-14T11:00:26-05:00">November 14, 2018</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/" rel="category tag">Guests</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/rare-books-journals/" rel="category tag">Rare Books &amp; Journals</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/" rel="category tag">Revealing Data</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/#comments">2 comments</a></span></div>
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<p><em>Historical medical journals provide unique perspectives on the development of expert understanding of transmission, morbidity, and impact during an epidemic. Examining the ways that medical journals contributed to the spread of information, evaluation of interpretations, and creation of new knowledge in a specific historical process can contribute to current discussions about the relationship between expert perspectives and public understanding. Information on the Russian Influenza (1889–1890) in the </em>British Medical Journal<em> offers an excellent case study for evaluating historical significance and contemporary relevance. </em>Circulating Now<em> welcomes guest bloggers E. Thomas Ewing, Ian Hargreaves, Jessica King, Andrew Pregnall, and Tyler Talnagi who examine different dimensions of the role of medical journals in collecting, presenting, and interpreting knowledge of a disease outbreak in this first of three posts for our ongoing <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a> series.<strong><br />
</strong></em></p>
<p>Term frequency makes it possible to visualize the sequence of reporting about a disease outbreak, while also comparing the relative scope of epidemic reporting with the coverage of other diseases and medical topics during various time periods. As an analytical tool, term frequency works well for understanding influenza because this disease term was used relatively consistently across time, particularly in a medical journal, and because the epidemic nature of outbreaks makes it possible to associate increased frequency of use with increases in the number of cases and deaths.</p>
<p>Term frequency can be measured for the <i>British Medical Journal</i> using several databases, each of which provides a different way of counting the appearance of terms across pages, issues, and volumes.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15481" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15481" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15481" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/image3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3.png?fit=1064%2C236&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1064,236" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 1." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 1. British Medical Journal, term frequency, all years&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3.png?fit=300%2C67&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3.png?fit=840%2C186&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15481 size-large" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image3.png?resize=840%2C186&#038;ssl=1" alt="A graph showing a peak in 1892 of 345 instances of the word influenza." width="840" height="186" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15481" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. <em>British Medical Journal</em>, term frequency, all years</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="http://www.nactem.ac.uk/MHM/">History of Medicine project</a> at <a href="http://www.chstm.manchester.ac.uk/">Manchester University</a> [access to <a href="https://www.bmj.com/archive">some of the articles</a> through this project is limited by subscription, your library may provide onsite access] makes it possible to visualize the appearance of keywords from the journal’s first issue through the early 2000s. As shown in Figure 1, <i>influenza</i> appears rarely in this journal for almost fifty years, until the start of the Russian influenza epidemic in late 1889. The year 1892 produces 345 results for this keyword search, the most in any year of publication. <i>Influenza</i> appeared regularly, but less frequently through the early years of the twentieth century, until the second spike in results around the 1918 Spanish influenza epidemic. During the rest of the twentieth century, <i>influenza</i> appeared regularly, until a steady decline began in the 1950s, with brief increases in the last two decades.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15482" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15482" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15482" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/image11/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11.png?fit=1500%2C927&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1500,927" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 2." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 2. British Medical Journal, term frequency, 1885-1900&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11.png?fit=300%2C185&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11.png?fit=840%2C519&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15482 size-large" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image11.png?resize=840%2C519&#038;ssl=1" alt="A bar graph showing a peak in 1892 of the word influenza appearing in 18.7% of articles." width="840" height="519" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15482" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2. <em>British Medical Journal</em>, term frequency, 1885–1900</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PubMed Central</a> (PMC) at the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/">National Library of Medicine</a> allows for searching by journal title, publication date, and keyword. A search for the keyword <i>influenza</i> in the <i>British Medical Journal</i> produces more than 10,000 results. Narrowing the search by years indicates that in the five years before and ten years after the Russian influenza epidemic, from 1885 to 1899, the term influenza appears in 1,589 articles. Figure 2 shows the distribution of search results by year. The year 1892 accounted for more than one-fifth of all articles published with the word <i>influenza</i> during this fifteen year period, more than twice as many as the year of the Russian influenza epidemic. This distribution results from two factors: first, the start of a new and even more deadly wave of influenza epidemic in spring 1892, particularly in Great Britain, and second, the publication of medical studies of influenza cases from the previous three years published in this medical journal.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15483" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15483" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image13.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15483" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/image13/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image13.png?fit=1846%2C1015&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1846,1015" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 3." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 3. British Medical Journal, term frequency, all issues, July 1889-June 1890&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image13.png?fit=300%2C165&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image13.png?fit=840%2C462&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15483 size-large" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image13.png?resize=840%2C462&#038;ssl=1" alt="A graph showing the changing frequency of the term influenza in the BMJ over the course of a year." width="840" height="462" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15483" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 3. <em>British Medical Journal</em>, term frequency, all issues, July 1889–June 1890</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="http://www.medicalheritage.org/">Medical Heritage Library</a> provides access to volumes of the <i>British Medical Journal</i> available from the Internet Archive. A keyword search by volume allows for both a visualization of the term frequency and links directly to articles containing the keywords. Figure 3 shows the term frequency for “influenza” in two volumes of the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, from July 1889 to June 1890, one full year, with the Russian influenza in the middle. These two volumes combined have more than 4.5 million total words and nearly 200,000 unique word forms. Each volume has weekly issues, so dividing the visualization into twenty five segments means that each segment covers two issues. The index has been deleted from the text file, so the results are from articles alone. As the visualization indicates, the word <i>influenza</i> was absent from the <i>British Medical Journal</i> until the outbreak in December 1889 (segments 11–13), while the coverage in this journal continued to increase significantly, before gradually decreasing over the next several months.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15484" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15484" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image12.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15484" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/image12/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image12.png?fit=1858%2C1015&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1858,1015" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 4." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 4. British Medical Journal, term frequency, only articles with influenza&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image12.png?fit=300%2C164&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image12.png?fit=840%2C459&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15484 size-large" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image12.png?resize=840%2C459&#038;ssl=1" alt="A chart indicating how often the word influenza was used in articles that included the word." width="840" height="459" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15484" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 4. <em>British Medical Journal</em>, term frequency, only articles with influenza</figcaption></figure>
<p>Using <a href="https://voyant-tools.org/">Voyant</a> to analyze the text files from PMC makes it possible to identify in which specific articles the word <i>influenza </i>appeared most frequently. As shown in Figure 4, the word <i>influenza</i> appears more than 800 times in 175 articles that include this word in the years 1889 and 1890. Because this chart only includes articles with the word <i>influenza,</i> it does not provide full chronological coverage of 1889 and 1890. The relatively higher frequency of the term in the first several articles indicates that these articles included the word <i>influenza</i> many times, which is a useful way to see where this disease received intense coverage. This approach also makes it possible to identify articles that require close reading to understand how the disease was being reported and interpreted.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15485" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15485" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image7.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15485" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/image7/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image7.png?fit=1385%2C948&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1385,948" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Figure 5." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Figure 5. Cirrus cloud, two articles about influenza, Jan 18 and Jan 25, 1890&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image7.png?fit=300%2C205&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image7.png?fit=840%2C575&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-15485 size-large" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/image7.png?resize=840%2C575&#038;ssl=1" alt="A word cloud that represents relative frequency of words in articles about influenza, with medical, cases, Dr, Mr, January, epidemic, number, public and symptoms included." width="840" height="575" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15485" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 5. Cirrus cloud, two articles about influenza, Jan 18 and Jan 25, 1890, in <em>British Medical Journal</em></figcaption></figure>
<p>Two articles with the highest term frequency, included in PMC records <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2207094/">2207094 </a>and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2207168/">2207168</a>, contain numerous reports under the heading “The Epidemic of Influenza” published in the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/issues/159435/">January 18, 1890</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/issues/159437/">January 25, 1890</a> issues. Figure 5, created using the <a href="http://docs.voyant-tools.org/tools/cirrus/">Cirrus</a> cloud text visualization tool and focused on these two articles, produces a useful way to think about how influenza as a key term relates to other words that appeared most frequently in these two lengthy articles. As suggested by this visualization of keyword frequency, some of the most common terms were logical given the nature of the reporting: <i>cases, symptoms, disease, and health,</i> but we also see terms specific to this disease outbreak, particularly the word <i>epidemic.</i> It is interesting to note that the word <i>Russia</i> does not appear among the top 100 terms. This, however, makes sense because these articles appeared in mid-January 1890, after the disease had moved into Western Europe and Great Britain (thus the locations London and Paris).</p>
<p>Although these tools for counting term frequency are relatively easy to use and produce clear visualizations, their utility depends on a number of factors, including the accuracy of the text produced by the digitization process. In the case of the PMC articles, term frequency will be also be shaped by the number of pages included per record. As indicated above, for example, PMC records <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2207094/">2207094</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2207168/">2207168</a> each include about 15 pages, only a fraction of which are the two articles about the influenza epidemic cited above. Other records might include an article on influenza that was just one or two paragraphs, making up less than one-tenth of a single page. However, even with these limitations, term frequency is a useful tool for appreciating how a medical journal reported on a disease outbreak as it happened.</p>
<p><em>We hear about data every day. In historical medical collections, data abounds, both quantitative and qualitative. In its format, scope, and biases, data inherently contains more information than its face value. This series, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a>, explores how, by preserving the research data of the past and making it publicly available, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) helps to ensure that generations of researchers can reexamine it, reveal new stories, and make new discoveries. As the NLM becomes the new home of data science at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), </em>Circulating Now<em> explores</em> w<em>hat researchers from a variety of disciplines are learning from centuries of preserved data, and how their work can help us think about the future preservation and uses of the data we collect today.</em></p>
<p><em>Thomas Ewing is a professor of history at Virginia Tech and director of the <a href="http://ethomasewing.org/russianflu/">Tracking the Russian flu project</a>. Funding for this project, including support for undergraduate student researchers, was provided by the <a href="https://securegrants.neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx?f=1&amp;gn=HG-229283-15">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> and a <a href="https://4-va.org/">4VA</a> research grant.</em></p>
<p><em>Ian Hargreaves graduated from Virginia Tech with degrees in Foreign Languages (German) and International Studies, and he is enrolled at the The George Washington University Law School.</em></p>
<p><em>Jessica King graduated from Virginia Tech with majors in Communication and International Studies with a minor in German, and she is enrolled in the Virginia Tech graduate program in Communication.</em></p>
<p><em>Andrew Pregnall is a senior at Virginia Tech pursuing degrees in Microbiology and History.</em></p>
<p><em>Tyler Talnagi graduated from Virginia Tech with degrees in German and International Studies.</em></p>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/14/revealing-data-using-term-frequency-to-chart-influenza-reporting/#comment-54079"><time datetime="2018-11-14T14:24:54-05:00">November 14, 2018 at 2:24 PM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>Replicating Figure 2 in Google NGrams (words in books) shows an interesting delay. It took longer for influenza mentions to peak but they also didn&#8217;t decline as quickly as BMJ. NGrams is always a nice quick starting point for word frequency searches. <a href="http://bit.ly/2DCO0kr" rel="nofollow ugc">http://bit.ly/2DCO0kr</a></p>
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</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget widget_tag_cloud clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Explore</h3></div><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1500s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903712 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1500s (35 items)">1500s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1600s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-275516 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 12.666666666667pt;" aria-label="1600s (38 items)">1600s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1700s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-411245 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="1700s (32 items)">1700s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1800s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273905 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 20.88pt;" aria-label="1800s (107 items)">1800s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1900s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273907 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 20.32pt;" aria-label="1900s (99 items)">1900s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24741 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="1950s (26 items)">1950s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1960s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24742 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1960s (35 items)">1960s</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/african-american-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-168941 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="African American History (52 items)">African American History</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/america/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-8055 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="America (24 items)">America</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anatomy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-26371 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="anatomy (29 items)">anatomy</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/animals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-490 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="animals (29 items)">animals</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anniversaries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875953 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 11.173333333333pt;" aria-label="anniversaries (31 items)">anniversaries</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/archives/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12080 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 14.533333333333pt;" aria-label="archives (48 items)">archives</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/art/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-177 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.64pt;" aria-label="art (80 items)">art</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/book-illustration/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1480675 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="book illustration (61 items)">book illustration</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/children/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1343 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="children (21 items)">children</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875829 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="COVID-19 (29 items)">COVID-19</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/data/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-22379 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.586666666667pt;" aria-label="data (62 items)">data</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541876 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (35 items)">digital humanities</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digitization/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106484 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="digitization (40 items)">digitization</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-524 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 17.52pt;" aria-label="film (70 items)">film</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/food/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-586 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="food (33 items)">food</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/france/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4704 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="France (29 items)">France</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (39 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women&#039;s History (66 items)">Women&#039;s History</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="archives-5" class="widget widget_archive clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3></div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-5">Archives</label>
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