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<title>Revealing Data: The 1918 Flu Never Topped War &#8211; Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title>
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<h1 class="entry-title">Revealing Data: The 1918 Flu Never Topped War</h1>
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/" title="11:00 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2018-03-06T11:00:18-05:00">March 6, 2018</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/tranathu/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/rare-books-journals/" rel="category tag">Rare Books &amp; Journals</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/" rel="category tag">Revealing Data</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/the-great-war/" rel="category tag">The Great War</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/#comments">9 comments</a></span></div>
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<p><em>By Ashley Bowen ~</em></p>
<figure id="attachment_5798" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-5798" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/to-prevent-influenza-a108877.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="5798" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/01/15/influenza-precautions-then-and-now/to-prevent-influenza-a108877/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/to-prevent-influenza-a108877.jpg?fit=3000%2C1990&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="3000,1990" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="To-Prevent-Influenza-A108877" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;From the Illustrated Current News, October 18, 1918&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To Prevent Influenza&lt;br /&gt;
Do not take any person&#8217;s breath.&lt;br /&gt;
Keep the mouth and teeth clean.&lt;br /&gt;
Avoid those that cough and sneeze.&lt;br /&gt;
Don’t visit poorly ventilated places.&lt;br /&gt;
Keep warm, get fresh air and sunshine.&lt;br /&gt;
Don’t use common drinking cups, towels, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
Cover your mouth when you cough and sneeze.&lt;br /&gt;
Avoid Worry, Fear and Fatigue.&lt;br /&gt;
Stay at home if you have a cold.&lt;br /&gt;
Walk to your work or office.&lt;br /&gt;
In sick rooms wear a gauze mask like in illustration.&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;To Prevent Influenza!, 1918&lt;br /&gt;
National Library of Medicine #101580385&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/to-prevent-influenza-a108877.jpg?fit=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/to-prevent-influenza-a108877.jpg?fit=840%2C557&amp;ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-5798" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/to-prevent-influenza-a108877.jpg?resize=300%2C199&#038;ssl=1" alt="A photograph of a nurse wearing a surgical mask and a list of tips &quot;to prevent influenza&quot;" width="300" height="199" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-5798" class="wp-caption-text">To Prevent Influenza!, 1918<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101580385"><em>National Library of Medicine #101580385</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340389/">Late February and early March marks the 100th anniversary</a> of the Spanish flu’s appearance in the United States. Although the <a href="https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2021/01/14/spanish-flu-pandemic-newspapers/">1918 flu</a> killed more people worldwide in a year than World War I did in four years, the epidemic has been comparatively forgotten. Confronted with the concurrent anniversaries of the 1918 flu and World War I, I wanted to learn more about how physicians thought about the flu while it was spreading around the world. How did they allocate their attention between these two major health crises: the flu, killing millions of men, women, and children around the world and the war, killing millions of soldiers and civilians across Europe?</p>
<figure id="attachment_13895" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13895" style="width: 236px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101453499-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13895" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/nlm_nlmuid-101453499-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101453499-img.jpg?fit=944%2C1200&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="944,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Influenza spread by droplets sprayed from nose and throat" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;Treasury Department&lt;br /&gt;
United States Public Health Service&lt;br /&gt;
Influenza&lt;br /&gt;
Spread by Droplets sprayed from Nose and Throat&lt;br /&gt;
Cover each COUGH and SNEEZE with handkerchief.&lt;br /&gt;
Spread by contact.&lt;br /&gt;
AVOID CROWDS.&lt;br /&gt;
If possible, WALK TO WORK.&lt;br /&gt;
Do not spit on floor or sidewalk.&lt;br /&gt;
Do not use common drinking cups and common towels.&lt;br /&gt;
Avoid excessive fatigue.&lt;br /&gt;
If taken ill, go to bed and send for a doctor.&lt;br /&gt;
The above applies also to colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Influenza spread by droplets sprayed from nose and throat, 1918&lt;br /&gt;
National Library of Medicine #101453499&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101453499-img.jpg?fit=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101453499-img.jpg?fit=806%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13895" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101453499-img.jpg?resize=236%2C300&#038;ssl=1" alt="Poster containing information about influenza from the Treasury Department." width="236" height="300" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13895" class="wp-caption-text">Influenza spread by droplets sprayed from nose and throat, 1918<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101453499"><em>National Library of Medicine #101453499</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Using the archives of three journals digitized for the <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/02/23/pubmed-central-visualizing-a-historical-treasure-trove/">Medical Journals Backfile Digitization Project</a>, a joint project of the National Library of Medicine and the Wellcome Trust, I investigated how extensively medical journals published about the war and the flu from 1916–1920.</p>
<p>The three journals in this research represent a spectrum of types of titles. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/182/#brmedj"><em>The British Medical Journal</em></a> (<em>BMJ</em>), a major medical journal with over 1,000 articles, letters, or other items published each year. The <em>Edinburg Medical Journal</em> (<em>EMJ</em>), a widely respected, but much smaller, medical journal that published only about 150 or so articles, letters, or other items each year. Finally, the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2470/"><em>Indian Medical Gazette</em></a> (<em>IMG</em>), an English-language medical journal published in India, published about 250 or so articles, letters, reviews, notes, and more each year.</p>
<p>For this study, I collected some basic quantitative data about the contents of each journal and then compared the journals to each other. This was made possible because, as part of the Backfile Digitization Project, the NLM has made <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/historical_ocr/">available to download</a> complete runs of several journals as .txt files for researchers interested in <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2217579/">text mining</a>, the analysis of large datasets using automated tools. In short, a way to process the thousands of articles these three journals published without having to read each individual article.</p>
<p>Unsurprisingly, all three publications contained far more articles about the war than about influenza, consistent with what historians have argued for a long time.</p>
<figure id="attachment_13914" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13914" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/warvsflugraph_feature.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13914" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/warvsflugraph_feature/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/warvsflugraph_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="WarvsFluGraph_feature" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/warvsflugraph_feature.jpg?fit=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/warvsflugraph_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-13914 size-full" style="border: 1px solid #000080;" title="War v. Influenza Percentages" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/warvsflugraph_feature.jpg?resize=840%2C373&#038;ssl=1" alt="A graph plotting mentions of war and flu in three medical journals." width="840" height="373" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13914" class="wp-caption-text">From 1916 to 1920 mentions of war in three prominent medical journals far exceeded mentions of influenza.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Two things did surprise me, however. First, the <em>Indian Medical Gazette </em>published a higher percentage of articles mentioning influenza in 1919 than the other titles. In retrospect, I probably should not have been surprised about the amount of space the <em>IMG </em>gave over to the flu. Modern scholars have described India as the “focal point” of the pandemic. Between <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262128/">10–20 million people in India died</a> of influenza during the 1918–1919 outbreak.</p>
<p>The second surprise was learning that articles about the flu peaked in all three journals in 1919 while the epidemic was still raging, though with less intensity, around the world. Knowing that the epidemic continued through at least the middle of 1919, I expected that most articles about the disease would appear in 1920, well after the worst of the epidemic and with enough time to account for the pace of scholarly publishing and physicians to write their findings.</p>
<p>This data doesn’t explain why the number of pieces about the flu spiked in 1919 but it does suggest that medical interest in the flu did not extend much beyond the worst of the epidemic. Without additional information and a bit more context, it is difficult to know more. For example, the data only reveal the final editorial decision—about what to publish and when—but cannot reveal any of the behind-the-scenes information we need to determine how representative these published articles were compared to all the manuscripts submitted. Next steps for this research might include splitting the articles by month, rather than year, to identify trends in publishing relative to the flu’s mortality. Alternatively, a researcher might start to critically read articles published in the <em>IMG</em> in 1919, like one editorial titled “<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5140219">The History of Influenza</a>,” to begin to evaluate medical thinking about the epidemic while it still circulated in India.</p>
<figure id="attachment_13894" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13894" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101405268-img.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="13894" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/nlm_nlmuid-101405268-img/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101405268-img.jpg?fit=1600%2C1144&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1600,1144" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Nurses and influenza patients" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Great Britain, British Red Cross Society Voluntary Aid Detachment Hospital, Newton-Abbot, England: Nurses and influenza patients, ca. 1918&lt;br /&gt;
National Library of Medicine #101405268&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101405268-img.jpg?fit=300%2C215&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101405268-img.jpg?fit=840%2C601&amp;ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-13894" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlm_nlmuid-101405268-img.jpg?resize=300%2C215&#038;ssl=1" alt="Black and white photograph of a group of men and women." width="300" height="215" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-13894" class="wp-caption-text">Great Britain, British Red Cross Society Voluntary Aid Detachment Hospital, Newton-Abbot, England: Nurses and influenza patients, ca. 1918<br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101405268"><em>National Library of Medicine #101405268</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The trench warfare that defined World War I, identification of shell shock, and rapid advances in military medicine all make for a more heroic narrative than influenza, a deadly disease about which doctors could do little in 1918. The flu produced no heroes (though many doctors, nurses, and volunteers certainly provided heroic service to the sick and dying) so it is perhaps unsurprising that medical men did not want to dwell on the disease. It may have defined their practice at home in 1918–1919 but it offered up few opportunities to advance medical knowledge and, by extension, to publish novel findings.</p>
<p>A few quick notes about this work. I only looked at the words “influenza” and “war.” I am certain that I missed articles that used “grippe,” “flu” (rather than influenza), or simply referred to the war by mentioning that someone sustained an injury “in France.” I also didn’t filter out any articles that aren’t explicitly about influenza or war injuries/diseases (for example, in a few places a disease’s death toll is compared to the influenza even if the article isn’t about that). Despite these limitations, this data can add nuance to arguments about how quickly the 1918 influenza became a “forgotten pandemic.”</p>
<p>Complete runs of over 40 historic medical journals are available to download for free from <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/historical_ocr/">PMC’s text mining collections FTP site</a>. The files open as a series of .txt files ready for analysis. If you make use of these text mining collections, we would like to hear about your project and findings!</p>
<p><em>We hear about data every day. In historical medical collections, data abounds, both quantitative and qualitative. In its format, scope, and biases, data inherently contains more information than its face value. This series, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a>, explores how, by preserving the research data of the past and making it publicly available, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) helps to ensure that generations of researchers can reexamine it, reveal new stories, and make new discoveries. As the NLM becomes the new home of data science at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), </em>Circulating Now<em> explores</em> w<em>hat researchers from a variety of disciplines are learning from centuries of preserved data, and how their work can help us think about the future preservation and uses of the data we collect today.</em></p>
<p><em>Through 2018, </em>Circulating Now<em> will periodically publish posts featuring NLM collections that illuminate the medical history of <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/the-great-war/">The Great War</a>, which lasted from August 1914 to November 1918.</em></p>
<p><em>Ashley Bowen, PhD is a contract guest curator for the Exhibition Program in the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.<br />
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<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb75fb57466c395506ba09ba6c79f6a4?s=56&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb75fb57466c395506ba09ba6c79f6a4?s=112&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn">DavidC</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/#comment-47453"><time datetime="2018-03-06T11:15:10-05:00">March 6, 2018 at 11:15 AM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>Unfortunately the Edinburgh Medical Journal files are not (yet?) available on the regular Pub-Med Central site. Is digitisation still underway and if so when will it all be available? The EMJ is a wonderful historic resource and it would be great to have access to it!</p>
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<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1b33e4d0efc8febe5569a3e8adc582f1?s=56&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1b33e4d0efc8febe5569a3e8adc582f1?s=112&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn">Ashley Bowen</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/06/revealing-data-the-1918-flu-never-topped-war/#comment-47478"><time datetime="2018-03-07T10:29:11-05:00">March 7, 2018 at 10:29 AM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>Yes, unfortunately it&#8217;s only currently available in the .txt mining collections (so you&#8217;ll need to use another program to search it. I used AntConc). My sense is the title will be on PMC in a few months.</p>
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<p>This title will be available in summer 2018. Please check back in PMC in the coming months. Thank you!</p>
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Pingback: <a href="https://news.nnlm.gov/mar/2018/03/07/weekly-postings-34/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Weekly Postings | The MARquee</a> </div>
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Pingback: <a href="http://infocus.nlm.nih.gov/2018/06/19/what-are-you-reading-this-summer/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">What are you reading this summer? | NLM in Focus</a> </div>
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<p>I am UK based amateur researcher. Can you please advise about copyright for images-thanks.Usages for presentations and publications-non commercial.</p>
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<p>Hello James, Thanks for reading <em>Circulating Now</em>.<br />
The Library generally does not own rights in its collections and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute material in its collections. Patrons must make their own rights assessment in light of the intended use.<br />
&#8220;Usages for presentations and publications-non commercial&#8221; may fall under the <a href="https://nlmdirector.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/01/nlm-celebrates-fair-use/" rel="nofollow">fair use doctrine</a>.<br />
For more information about how to make rights determinations consult our <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/copyright/patron-guide.html" rel="nofollow">Patron Guide to Copyright and Historical Materials</a>.<br />
If you have a question about the copyright status of a particular item in NLM collections you can contact our reference services at <a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/support/create-case/" rel="nofollow">NLM Customer Support</a>.</p>
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<p>Thank you for sharing this insightful exploration of how medical journals covered the Spanish flu and World War I during the same period. It&#8217;s fascinating to see the comparative attention given to these two major events and their impact on medical discourse at the time.</p>
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<p>It&#8217;s fascinating to see how you&#8217;ve utilized quantitative data from the journals for your study! The Backfile Digitization Project by the NLM is a valuable resource for researchers, enabling efficient text mining and analysis of large datasets. This approach allows for meaningful insights without the need to read every article, streamlining the research process significantly.</p>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women&#039;s History (66 items)">Women&#039;s History</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
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