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Review
. 2022 Dec 14;12(12):CD002190.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002190.pub6.

Vaccines for the common cold

Camila Montesinos-Guevara  1 , Diana Buitrago-Garcia  2 , Maria L Felix  3 , Claudia V Guerra  1 , Ricardo Hidalgo  1 , Maria José Martinez-Zapata  1   4 , Daniel Simancas-Racines  1
Affiliations
Review

Vaccines for the common cold

Camila Montesinos-Guevara et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The common cold is a spontaneously remitting infection of the upper respiratory tract, characterised by a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, malaise, sore throat, and fever (usually < 37.8 ºC). Whilst the common cold is generally not harmful, it is a cause of economic burden due to school and work absenteeism. In the United States, economic loss due to the common cold is estimated at more than USD 40 billion per year, including an estimate of 70 million workdays missed by employees, 189 million school days missed by children, and 126 million workdays missed by parents caring for children with a cold. Additionally, data from Europe show that the total cost per episode may be up to EUR 1102. There is also a large expenditure due to inappropriate antimicrobial prescription. Vaccine development for the common cold has been difficult due to antigenic variability of the common cold viruses; even bacteria can act as infective agents. Uncertainty remains regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for preventing the common cold in healthy people, thus we performed an update of this Cochrane Review, which was first published in 2011 and updated in 2013 and 2017.

Objectives: To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of vaccines for preventing the common cold in healthy people.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (April 2022), MEDLINE (1948 to April 2022), Embase (1974 to April 2022), CINAHL (1981 to April 2022), and LILACS (1982 to April 2022). We also searched three trials registers for ongoing studies, and four websites for additional trials (April 2022). We did not impose any language or date restrictions.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any virus vaccine compared with placebo to prevent the common cold in healthy people.

Data collection and analysis: We used Cochrane's Screen4Me workflow to assess the initial search results. Four review authors independently performed title and abstract screening to identify potentially relevant studies. We retrieved the full-text articles for those studies deemed potentially relevant, and the review authors independently screened the full-text reports for inclusion in the review, recording reasons for exclusion of the excluded studies. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by consulting a third review author when needed. Two review authors independently collected data on a data extraction form, resolving any disagreements by consensus or by involving a third review author. We double-checked data transferred into Review Manager 5 software. Three review authors independently assessed risk of bias using RoB 1 tool as outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We carried out statistical analysis using Review Manager 5. We did not conduct a meta-analysis, and we did not assess publication bias. We used GRADEpro GDT software to assess the certainty of the evidence and to create a summary of findings table. MAIN RESULTS: We did not identify any new RCTs for inclusion in this update. This review includes one RCT conducted in 1965 with an overall high risk of bias. The RCT included 2307 healthy young men in a military facility, all of whom were included in the analyses, and compared the effect of three adenovirus vaccines (live, inactivated type 4, and inactivated type 4 and 7) against a placebo (injection of physiological saline or gelatin capsule). There were 13 (1.14%) events in 1139 participants in the vaccine group, and 14 (1.19%) events in 1168 participants in the placebo group. Overall, we do not know if there is a difference between the adenovirus vaccine and placebo in reducing the incidence of the common cold (risk ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 2.02; very low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, no difference in adverse events when comparing live vaccine preparation with placebo was reported. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence to very low due to unclear risk of bias, indirectness because the population of this study was only young men, and imprecision because confidence intervals were wide and the number of events was low. The included study did not assess vaccine-related or all-cause mortality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This Cochrane Review was based on one study with very low-certainty evidence, which showed that there may be no difference between the adenovirus vaccine and placebo in reducing the incidence of the common cold. We identified a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs to investigate vaccines for the common cold in healthy people. Future trials on interventions for preventing the common cold should assess a variety of virus vaccines for this condition, and should measure such outcomes as common cold incidence, vaccine safety, and mortality (all-cause and related to the vaccine).

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Conflict of interest statement

Camila Montesinos‐Guevara: declared that they have no conflict of interest. Diana Buitrago‐Garcia: declared that they have no conflict of interest. Maria L Felix: declared that they have no conflict of interest. Claudia V Guerra: declared that they have no conflict of interest. Ricardo Hidalgo: declared that they have no conflict of interest. Maria José Martinez‐Zapata: declared that they have no conflict of interest. Daniel Simancas‐Racines: declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flowchart
2
2
Screen4Me summary diagram.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for the included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Adenovirus vaccines versus placebo, Outcome 1: Incidence of the common cold
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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    1. Lee MS, Greenberg DP, Yeh SH, Yogev R, Reisinger KS, Ward JI, et al. Antibody responses to bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) vaccination and human PIV3 infection in young infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;184(7):909-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lee 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lee FE, Walsh EE, Falsey AR, Betts RF, Treanor JJ. Experimental infection of humans with A2 respiratory syncytial virus. Antiviral Research 2004;63(3):191-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Leroux‐Roels 2019 {published data only}
    1. Leroux-Roels G, De Boever F, Maes C, Nguyen TL-A, Baker S, Gonzalez Lopez A. Safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein F subunit vaccine in healthy adults: results of a phase 1, randomized, observer-blind, controlled, dosage-escalation study. Vaccine 2019;37(20):2694-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.011] - DOI - PubMed
Lyons 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lyons A, Longfield J, Kuschner R, Straight T, Binn L, Seriwatana J, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of live, oral type 4 and type 7 adenovirus vaccines in adults. Vaccine 2008;26(23):2890-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Madhi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Madhi SA, Cutland C, Zhu Y, Hackell JG, Newman F, Blackburn N, et al. Transmissibility, infectivity and immunogenicity of a live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine (HPIV3cp45) among susceptible infants and toddlers. Vaccine 2006;24(13):2432-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Madhi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Madhi SA, Polack FP, Piedra PA, Munoz FM, Trenholme AA, Simões E, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy and effects in infants. New England Journal of Medicine 2020;383(5):426-39. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908380] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McFarland 2018 {published data only}
    1. McFarland EJ, Karron RA, Muresan P, Cunningham CK, Valentine ME, Perlowski C, et al. Live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine candidate with deletion of RNA synthesis regulatory protein M2-2 is highly immunogenic in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018;217(9):1347-55. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy040] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McFarland 2020a {published data only}
    1. McFarland EJ, Karron RA, Muresan P, Cunningham CK, Perlowski C, Libous J, et al. Live respiratory syncytial virus attenuated by M2-2 deletion and stabilized temperature sensitivity mutation 1030s is a promising vaccine candidate in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;221(4):534-43. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz603] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McFarland 2020b {published data only}
    1. McFarland EJ, Karron RA, Muresan P, Cunningham CK, Perlowski C, Libous J, et al. Live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine with M2-2 deletion and with small hydrophobic noncoding region is highly immunogenic in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;221(12):2050-9. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa049] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Munoz 2003 {published data only}
    1. Munoz FM, Piedra PA, Glezen WP. Safety and immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus purified fusion protein-2 vaccine in pregnant women. Vaccine 2003;21(24):3465-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Munoz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Muňoz FM, Swamy GK, Hickman SP, Agrawal S, Piedra PA, Glenn GM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine in healthy third-trimester pregnant women and their infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2019;220(11):1802-15. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz390] - DOI - PubMed
Murphy 1994 {published data only}
    1. Murphy BR, Hall SL, Kulkarni AB, Crowe JE, Collins PL, Connors M, et al. An update on approaches to the development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) vaccines. Virus Research 1994;32(1):13-36. [PMID: ] - PubMed
NCT00139347 {published data only}
    1. NCT00139347. A multi-country & multi-center study to assess the efficacy, immunogenicity & safety of two doses of GSK biologicals' oral live attenuated HRV vaccine given concomitantly with routine EPI vaccinations including OPV in healthy infants. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00139347 (first received 31 August 2005).
NCT00308412 {published data only}
    1. NCT00308412. Safety of and immune response to a human parainfluenza virus vaccine (rHPIV3cp45) in healthy infants [Phase 1 study to determine the safety, infectivity, and tolerability of two doses of live attenuated recombinant cold passaged (cp) 45 parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine, rHPIV3cp45, lot PIV3 102A, delivered as nose drops to infants 6 to 12 months of age, and to HPIV3 seronegative infants and children 6 to 36 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00308412 (first received 29 March 2006).
NCT00345670 {published data only}
    1. NCT00345670. Study to evaluate the safety of MEDI-534 vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) in healthy children [A phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and viral shedding of MEDI-534, a live, attenuated intranasal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), in healthy RSV and PIV3 seropositive 1-9 year-old children]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00345670 (first received 28 June 2006).
NCT00345956 {published data only}
    1. NCT00345956. To evaluate immunogenicity, reactogenicity & safety of 2 doses of GSK Bio HRV liquid vaccine given to infants (Vietnam) [A placebo-controlled study to evaluate the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of two doses of GSK biologicals' oral live attenuated human rotavirus (HRV) liquid vaccine, when given to healthy infants, in Vietnam]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00345956 (first received 29 June 2006).
NCT00363545 {published data only}
    1. NCT00363545. To assess immunogenicity, reactogenicity & safety of 2 formulations of GSK's HRV vaccine as 2-dose vaccination (Infants) [A study to assess the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of 2 different formulations of GSK biologicals' live attenuated HRV vaccine, given as a two-dose primary vaccination, in healthy infants previously uninfected with HRV]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00363545 (first received 15 August 2006).
NCT00366782 {published data only}
    1. NCT00366782. Safety of and immune response to a cow/human parainfluenza virus vaccine (rB/HPIV3) in healthy infants, children, and adults [A phase 1 study of the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant live-attenuated chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine, rB/HPIV3, lot PIV3 #101A, delivered as nose drops to adults 18 to 49 years of age, HPIV3-seropositive children 15 to 59 months of age, and HPIV3-seronegative infants and children 6 to 36 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00366782 (first received 21 August 2006).
NCT00383903 {published data only}
    1. NCT00383903. Evaluate safety & immunogenicity of 2 or 3 doses of GSK HRV vaccine in healthy infants in South Africa [A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of 2 or 3 doses of GSK biologicals' oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine at 10E6.5 CCID50 viral concentration in healthy infants (approximately 5-10 weeks old) in the Republic of South Africa]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00383903 (first received 4 October 2006).
NCT00420316 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00420316. Long-term efficacy and safety of subjects approximately 3 years after priming with 2 doses of GSK Bio's HRV vaccine [To assess long-term efficacy & safety of subjects approximately 3 years after priming with 2 doses of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) biologicals' oral live attenuated human rotavirus (HRV) vaccine (Rotarix) in the primary vaccination study (102247)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00420316 (first received 11 January 2007).
NCT00496821 {published data only}
    1. NCT00496821. Intranasal ALN-RSV01 administered to adult volunteers experimentally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus [A study to investigate the safety and efficacy of intranasal ALN-RSV01 administered to adult volunteers experimentally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00496821 (first received 4 July 2007).
NCT00641017 {published data only}
    1. NCT00641017. Safety of and immune response to recombinant live-attenuated parainfluenza type 1 virus vaccine [A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant live-attenuated human parainfluenza type 1 virus vaccine, rHPIV1 84/del170/942A, lot PIV1 #104A, delivered as nose drops to adults 18 to 49 years of age, HPIV1-seropositive children 15 to 59 months of age, and hpiv1-seronegative infants and children 6 to 59 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00641017 (first received 21 March 2008).
NCT00686075 {published data only}
    1. NCT00686075. A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and vaccine-like viral shedding of MEDI-534, against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), in healthy 6 to < 24 month-old children and in 2 month-old infants [A phase 1/2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and vaccine-like viral shedding of MEDI-534, a live, attenuated intranasal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), in healthy 6 to < 24 month-old children and in 2 month-old infants]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00686075 (first received 29 May 2008).
NCT00767416 {published data only}
    1. NCT00767416. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate safety of MEDI-559 in healthy 1 to < 24 month-old children [A phase 1/2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and viral shedding of MEDI-559, a live attenuated intranasal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in healthy 1 to < 24 month-old children]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00767416 (first received 7 October 2008).
NCT01021397 {published data only}
    1. NCT01021397. Safety of and immune response to recombinant live attenuated parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine in healthy infants and children [Phase I study to determine the safety, infectivity, and tolerability of 2 doses of live attenuated recombinant cold-passaged (cp) 45 human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine, rHPIV3cp45, lot PIV3#102A, delivered as nose drops to HPIV3-seronegative infants and children 6 to 36 months of age, at a 6 month interval]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01021397 (first received 30 November 2009).
NCT01139437 {published data only}
    1. NCT01139437. Safety of a live attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) vaccine for adults, children, and infants [A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant live-attenuated human parainfluenza type 2 virus vaccine, rHPIV2 15C/948L/Δ1724 lot PIV2#109C, delivered as nose drops to adults 18 to 49 years of age, HPIV2-seropositive children 15 to 59 months of age, and HPIV2-seronegative infants and children 6 to 59 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01139437 (first received 8 June 2010).
NCT01254175 {published data only}
    1. NCT01254175. Evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a human parainfluenza type 3 (HPIV3) virus vaccine in infants and children [Phase 1 study to determine the safety, infectivity, immunogenicity and tolerability of 2 doses of live attenuated recombinant cold-passaged (cp) 45 human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine, rHPIV3cp45, lot PIV3#102A, delivered as nose drops to HPIV3-seronegative infants and children 6 to 36 months of age, at a 6 month interval]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01254175 (first received 6 December 2010).
NCT01290419 {published data only}
    1. NCT01290419. Safety study of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-fusion (F) protein particle vaccine [A phase 1 randomized, observer-blinded,placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus f protein particle vaccine in healthy adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01290419 (first received 7 February 2011).
NCT01475305 {published data only}
    1. NCT01475305. Intranasal challenge of healthy adults with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [A phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MEDI-557 in healthy adults intranasally challenged with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01475305 (first received 21 November 2011).
NCT01709019 {published data only}
    1. NCT01709019. RSV-F vaccine and influenza vaccine co-administration study in the elderly [A phase I randomized, observer-blinded, dose-ranging study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an RSV-F protein nanoparticle vaccine, with or without aluminum adjuvant, and co-administered with a licensed inactivated influenza vaccine, in healthy subjects ≥ 60 years of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01709019 (first received 17 October 2012).
NCT01852266 {published data only}
    1. NCT01852266. Evaluating the safety and immune response to a single dose of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in RSV-seronegative infants and children [A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of the recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine RSV cps2, lot RSV#005A, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01852266 (first received 13 May 2013).
NCT01905215 {published data only}
    1. NCT01905215. Study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) biologicals' investigational respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines [An observer-blind study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK biologicals' respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) investigational vaccine (GSK3003891A) in healthy men]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01905215 (first received 23 July 2013).
NCT02115815 {published data only}
    1. NCT02115815. A study to evaluate the safety of the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine MEDI7510 in older adults [A phase 1a study to evaluate the safety of the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine MEDI7510 in older adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02115815 (first received 16 April 2014).
NCT02266628 {published data only}
    1. NCT02266628. Placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RSV-F vaccine in elderly adults [A phase II randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F vaccine in healthy elderly subjects and to estimate the incidence rate of medically-attended RSV disease in vaccine and placebo recipients]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02266628 (first received 17 October 2014).
NCT02296463 {published data only}
    1. NCT02296463. A phase I randomized, observer-blinded, dose-ranging study in healthy subjects 24 to < 72 months of age [A phase I randomized, observer-blinded, dose-ranging study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) recombinant fusion (F) nanoparticle vaccine, with or without aluminum adjuvant, in healthy subjects 24 to < 72 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02296463 (first received 20 November 2014).
NCT02419391 {published data only}
    1. NCT02419391. Trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the recombinant MVA BN® RSV vaccine [A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase i trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the recombinant MVA BN® RSV vaccine in healthy adult subjects]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02419391 (first received 17 April 2015).
NCT02440035 {published data only}
    1. NCT02440035. A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Ad35.RSV.FA2 regimens boosted with Ad26.RSV.FA2 in healthy adult participants [Phase 1, first in human study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Ad35.RSV.FA2 regimens boosted with Ad26.RSV.FA2 in healthy adult volunteers]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02440035 (first received 17 April 2015).
NCT02472548 {published data only}
    1. NCT02472548. A study to evaluate the safety and reactogenicity of DPX-RSV(A), a respiratory syncytial virus [A phase I randomized, observer-blind, controlled, dose escalation trial of the safety and tolerability of two intramuscular doses of DPX-RSV(A), a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine containing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) SHe antigen and a novel adjuvant DepoVaxTM, or SHe a antigen co-administered with aluminum hydroxide, or placebo to healthy adults ≥50-64 years of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02472548 (first received 16 June 2015).
NCT02479750 {published data only}
    1. NCT02479750. Evaluation of ColdZyme® on experimentally induced common cold [Evaluation of ColdZyme® on experimentally induced common cold - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02479750 (first received 24 June 2015).
NCT02491463 {published data only}
    1. NCT02491463. A study to assess the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) biologicals' RSV investigational vaccine (ChAd155-RSV) (GSK3389245A) in healthy adults [A study to evaluate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK biologicals' RSV investigational vaccine based on viral proteins encoded by chimpanzee-derived adenovector (ChAd155-RSV) (GSK3389245A) in healthy adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02491463 (first received 8 July 2015).
NCT02561871 {published data only}
    1. NCT02561871. A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Ad26.RSV.FA2 followed by Ad35.RSV.FA2 in healthy adult volunteers [Phase 1, first in human study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Ad26.RSV.FA2 followed by Ad35.RSV.FA2 in healthy adult volunteers]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02561871 (first received 28 September 2015).
NCT02593071 {published data only}
    1. NCT02593071. Safety and immunogenicity of the RSV-F vaccine in older adults previously treated with the same vaccine or placebo in the prior year [A phase II randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) recombinant F nanoparticle vaccine in healthy older adult subjects previously treated with the same vaccine, or placebo, in the prior year; and to estimate the incidence rate of RSV disease and vaccine efficacy in subjects based on their RSV F vaccine experience over two consecutive years]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02593071 (first received 30 October 2015).
NCT02601612 {published data only}
    1. NCT02601612. Safety and immunogenicity of the RSV D46cpΔM2-2 Vaccine in RSV-seropositive children and RSV-seronegative infants and children [A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of the live recombinant RSV D46cpΔM2-2 vero grown virus vaccine (lot RSV #008A), delivered as nose drops to RSV-seropositive children 12 to 59 months of age and RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02601612 (first received 10 November 2015).
NCT02624947 {published data only}
    1. NCT02624947. A study to determine the safety and efficacy of the RSV F vaccine to protect infants via maternal immunization [A phase 3, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study to determine the immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F nanoparticle vaccine with aluminum in healthy third-trimester pregnant women; and safety and efficacy of maternally transferred antibodies in preventing rsv disease in their infants]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02624947 (first received 9 December 2015).
NCT02794870 {published data only}
    1. NCT02794870. Evaluating the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in RSV-seronegative infants 6 to 24 months of age [Phase I placebo-controlled study of the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, LID ΔM2-2 1030s, lot RSV#010A, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative infants 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02794870 (first received 9 June 2016).
NCT02830932 {published data only}
    1. NCT02830932. Dose-ranging trial of safety & immunogenicity of an oral adenoviral-vector based RSV vaccine (VXA-RSV-f) [A phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of an adenoviral-vector based respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein vaccine (VXA-RSV-f) expressing protein F and dsRNA adjuvant administered orally to healthy volunteers]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02830932 (first received 13 July 2016).
NCT02864628 {published data only}
    1. NCT02864628. RSV-MVA-BN vaccine phase I trial, intranasal application in adults [A partially randomized, partly placebo controlled phase i trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the recombinant MVA-BN® RSV vaccine after intranasal and intramuscular administration]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02864628 (first received 12 August 2016).
NCT02873286 {published data only}
    1. NCT02873286. RSV-MVA-BN vaccine phase II trial in ≥ 55 year old adults [A randomized, single-blind, placebo controlled, dose-ranging phase II trial in ≥ 55 year old adults to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant MVA-BN-RSV vaccine]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02873286 (first received 19 August 2016).
NCT02890381 {published data only}
    1. NCT02890381. Evaluating the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV LID cp ΔM2-2) in RSV-seronegative infants 6 to 24 months of age [Phase I placebo-controlled study of the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, LID cp ΔM2-2, lot RSV#009B, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative infants 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02890381 (first received 7 September 2016).
NCT02926430 {published data only}
    1. NCT02926430. A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of two vaccinations of Ad26.RSV.preF one year apart in adults aged 60 years and older in stable health [A randomized, double-blind, first-in-human phase 1 study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of two vaccinations of Ad26.RSV.preF one year apart in adults aged 60 years and older in stable health]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02926430 (first received 6 October 2016).
NCT02952339 {published data only}
    1. NCT02952339. Evaluating the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV LID cp ΔM2-2) in RSV-seronegative infants 6 to 24 months of age [Phase I placebo-controlled study of the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, LID ΔM2-2 1030s, lot RSV#010A, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02952339 (first received 2 November 2016).
NCT03026348 {published data only}
    1. NCT03026348. Safety and immunogenicity study to evaluate single- or two-dose regimens of RSV F vaccine with and without aluminum phosphate or Matrix-M1™ adjuvants in clinically-stable older adults. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03026348 (first received 20 January 2017).
NCT03049488 {published data only}
    1. NCT03049488. Dose, safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a stabilized prefusion RSV F subunit protein vaccine, VRC-RSVRGP084-00-VP (DS-Cav1), alone or with alum adjuvant, in healthy adults [VRC 317: a phase I randomized, open-label clinical trial to evaluate dose, safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a stabilized prefusion RSV F subunit protein vaccine, VRC-RSVRGP084-00-VP (DS-Cav1), alone or with alum adjuvant, in healthy adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03049488 (first received 10 February 2017).
NCT03191383 {published data only}
    1. NCT03191383. A study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) biologicals' respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) investigational vaccine (GSK3003891A) in healthy pregnant women and infants born to vaccinated mothers [An observer-blind study to assess the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK biologicals' investigational RSV vaccine (GSK3003891A), in healthy pregnant women and infants born to vaccinated mothers]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03191383 (first received 19 June 2017).
NCT03303625 {published data only}
    1. NCT03303625. A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of an investigational RSV vaccine candidate (Ad26.RSV.preF) in adults 18 to 50 years of age, and RSV-seropositive toddlers 12 to 24 months of age [A randomized, double-blind, phase 1/2a study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Ad26.RSV.preF in adults 18 to 50 years of age, RSV-seropositive toddlers 12 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03303625 (first received 6 October 2017).
NCT03334695 {published data only}
    1. NCT03334695. An exploratory study to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of a single immunization of Ad26.RSV.preF against respiratory syncytial virus infection in a virus challenge model in healthy 18 to 50 year-old adults [An exploratory, phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of a single immunization of Ad26.RSV.preF against respiratory syncytial virus infection in a virus challenge model in healthy 18 to 50 year-old adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03334695 (first received 17 November 2017).
NCT03392389 {published data only}
    1. NCT03392389. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of mRNA-1653 in healthy adults [A phase 1, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of mRNA-1653, a combined human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine, when administered to healthy adult]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03392389 (first received 8 January 2018).
NCT03403348 {published data only}
    1. NCT03403348. A first-in-human study of orally administered JNJ-64417184 to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses, and the antiviral activity of multiple doses in a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge study in healthy participants [A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human, 6-part study of orally administered JNJ-64417184 to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses, and the antiviral activity of multiple doses in a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge study in healthy subjects]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03403348 (first received 18 January 2018).
NCT03473002 {published data only}
    1. NCT03473002. A safety and immunogenicity study of intranasal sendai virus vectored respiratory syncytial virus (SeVRSV) vaccine in healthy adults [A phase I double-blind placebo controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of intranasal sendai virus vectored respiratory syncytial virus (SeVRSV) vaccine in healthy adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03473002 (first received 21 March 2018).
NCT03572062 {published data only}
    1. NCT03572062. A study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted RSV vaccine in healthy older adults [A phase 1/2, placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind, dose-finding, first-in-human study to describe the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in healthy older adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03572062 (first received 28 June 2018).
NCT03674177 {published data only}
    1. NCT03674177. A study to evaluate different dose levels of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) biologicals' investigational respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine (GSK3888550A), based on the vaccine safety and the antibodies (body defences) produced following vaccine administration [A study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK biologicals' investigational unadjuvanted RSV maternal vaccine compared to placebo when administered to healthy non-pregnant women]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03674177 (first received 17 September 2018).
NCT03814590 {published data only}
    1. NCT03814590. A study to assess the safety, reactogenicity and immune response of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) biologicals' investigational respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine (GSK3844766A) in older adults [Phase I/II, observer-blind, safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity study of GSK biologicals' respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine GSK3844766A in subjects aged 18-40 or 60-80 years]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03814590 (first received 24 January 2019).
NCT04071158 {published data only}
    1. NCT04071158. A study of a RSV vaccines when given together with TDAP in healthy non-pregnant women aged between 18 to 49 years [A phase 2b, placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine when administered concomitantly with tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (TDAP) in healthy nonpregnant women 18 through 49 years of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04071158 (first received 28 August 2019).
NCT04086472 {published data only}
    1. NCT04086472. Phase 2a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) human challenge study of MK-1654 in healthy participants (MK-1654-005) [A phase 2a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MK-1654 in healthy participants inoculated with experimental respiratory syncytial virus]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04086472 (first received 11 September 2019).
NCT04752644 {published data only}
    1. NCT04752644. Phase 2a study of MVA-BN-RSV vaccination and RSV challenge in healthy adults [A phase 2a, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the recombinant MVA-BN®-RSV vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the virus challenge model in healthy adult participants]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04752644 (first received 12 February 2021).
NTR7173 {published data only}
    1. NTR7173. Clinical study to evaluate safety, tolerability and effects on the immune system of a common cold vaccine in healthy adults [Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and shedding of live-attenuated RSV vaccine in healthy adults]. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7173 (first received 18 May 2018).
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    1. Philpott EK, Englund JA, Katz J, Tielsch J, Khatry S, LeClerq SC, et al. Febrile rhinovirus illness during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight in Nepal. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2017;4(2):ofx073. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx073] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Ruckwardt 2021 {published data only}
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Sadoff 2021a {published data only}
    1. Sadoff J, De Paepe E, DeVincenzo J, Gymnopoulou E, Menten J, Murray B, et al. Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in healthy adults by a single immunization of Ad26.RSV.preF in a human challenge study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2022;226(3):396-406. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab003] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Sadoff J, De Paepe E, Haazen W, Omoruyi E, Bastian AR, Comeaux C. Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.RSV.preF investigational vaccine coadministered with an influenza vaccine in older adults. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;223(4):699-708. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa409] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Samy N, Reichhardt D, Schmidt D, Chen LM, Silbernagl G, Vidojkovic S, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of novel modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored RSV vaccine: a randomized phase I clinical trial. Vaccine 2020;38(11):2608-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.055] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Scaggs Huang F, Bernstein DI, Slobod KS, Portner A, Takimoto T, Russell CJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal sendai virus-based vaccine for human parainfluenza virus type I and respiratory syncytial virus (SeVRSV) in adults. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2021;17(2):554-9. [DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1779517] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Shakib JH, Varner MW, Fiuza M, Trenholme AA, Baqui A, Frech S, et al. Immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and neutralizing antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus increase in human milk following immunization with an RSV F protein vaccine. International Journal of Stroke 2019;221(6):669-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.10.080] - DOI
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References to ongoing studies

NCT01893554 {published data only}
    1. NCT01893554. Evaluating the safety and immune response to a single dose of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in infants and children [A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of the recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine RSV ΔNS2 Δ1313 I1314L, lot RSV#006A, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seropositive children 12 to 59 months of age, RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age, and infants 4 to 6 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01893554 (first received 9 July 2013).
NCT03387137 {published data only}
    1. NCT03387137. Evaluating the infectivity, safety, and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV 6120/∆NS2/1030s) in RSV-seropositive children and RSV-seronegative infants and children [Phase I placebo-controlled study of the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, 6120/∆NS2/1030s, lot RSV#012A, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seropositive children 12 to 59 months of age and RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03387137 (first received 29 December 2017).
NCT03422237 {published data only}
    1. NCT03422237. Evaluating the infectivity, safety, and immunogenicity of the recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines RSV ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L or RSV 276 in RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age [Randomized phase I study of the infectivity, safety, and immunogenicity of a single dose of the recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines RSV ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L or RSV 276 or placebo, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03422237 (first received 5 February 2018).
NCT03596801 {published data only}
    1. NCT03596801. Evaluating the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines, RSV 6120/∆NS1 and RSV 6120/F1/G2/∆NS1, in RSV-seropositive children and RSV-seronegative infants and children [Phase I placebo-controlled study of the infectivity, safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, RSV 6120/∆NS1, lot RSV#018A, or RSV 6120/F1/G2/∆NS1, lot RSV#016A, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seropositive children 12 to 59 months of age and RSV-seronegative infants and children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03596801 (first received 24 July 2018).
NCT03916185 {published data only}
    1. NCT03916185. Safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of the recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines RSV ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L, RSV 6120/ΔNS2/1030s, RSV 276 or placebo, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative children 6 to 24 months of age [Randomized phase I/II study of the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of the recombinant live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines RSV ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L, RSV 6120/ΔNS2/1030s, RSV 276 or placebo, delivered as nose drops to RSV-seronegative children 6 to 24 months of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03916185 (first received 16 April 2019).
NCT04032093 {published data only}
    1. NCT04032093. A phase 2B placebo-controlled, randomized study of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in pregnant women [A phase 2B, randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in pregnant women 18 through 49 years of age and their infants]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04032093 (first received 25 July 2019).
NCT04126213 {published data only}
    1. NCT04126213. Study of safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GlaxoSmithKline's (GSK) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) maternal unadjuvanted vaccine in healthy pregnant women (aged 18 to 40 years) and their infants [A phase II, randomised, observer-blind, placebo controlled multi-country study to assess the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a single intramuscular dose of GSK biologicals' investigational RSV maternal unadjuvanted vaccine (GSK3888550A), in healthy pregnant women aged 18 to 40 years and infants born to vaccinated mothers]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04126213 (first received 15 October 2019).
NCT04138056 {published data only}
    1. NCT04138056. A study of a vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) when given alone and together with a vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (Tdap) viruses followed by a 2nd dose of the RSV vaccine to healthy non-pregnant women [A phase II study of a primary dose of investigational RSV maternal vaccine, given alone or with Boostrix, with a 2nd dose investigational RSV maternal vaccine]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04138056 (first received 24 October 2019).
NCT04681833 {published data only}
    1. NCT04681833. Safety and efficacy of BARS13 in the elderly [A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase II study in 60 to 80-year-old adults to assess the safety and immunogenicity of BARS13]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04681833 (first received 23 December 2020).
NCT04732871 {published data only}
    1. NCT04732871. Immunogenicity, safety, reactogenicity and persistence of an investigational respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in adults aged 60 years and above [A phase 3, randomized, open-label, multi-country study to evaluate the immunogenicity, safety, reactogenicity and persistence of a single dose of the RSVPreF3 OA investigational vaccine and different revaccination schedules in adults aged 60 years and above]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04732871 (first received 1 February 2021).
NCT04980391 {published data only}
    1. NCT04980391. A study on the safety and immune response to an unadjuvanted RSV maternal vaccine, in high-risk pregnant women aged 15 to 49 years and infants born to the vaccinated mothers [A phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immune response of a single intramuscular dose of unadjuvanted RSV maternal vaccine, in high-risk pregnant women aged 15 to 49 years and infants born to the vaccinated mother]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04980391 (first received July 28 2021).
NCT05127434 {published data only}
    1. NCT05127434. A study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of mRNA-1345 vaccine targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults ≥60 years of age [A phase 2/3, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of mRNA-1345, an mRNA vaccine targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in adults ≥60 years of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05127434 (first received 19 November 2021).
NCT05238025 {published data only}
    1. NCT05238025. Phase 3 MVA-BN-RSV vaccine efficacy trial [A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial to assess clinical efficacy, safety and reactogenicity of the recombinant MVA-BN® -RSV vaccine in adults ≥60 years of age]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05238025 (first received 14 February 2022).

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