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RhD negative

MedGen UID:
1648196
•Concept ID:
C4551754
•
Finding
Synonyms: Rh negative; Rhesus negative
SNOMED CT: RhD negative (165746003); Rh negative (165746003); Rhesus negative (165746003)

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia-New Prospects for Fetal Risk Assessment of HPA-1a-Negative Pregnant Women.
Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Bengtsson J
Transfus Med Rev 2020 Oct;34(4):270-276. Epub 2020 Sep 16 doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.09.004. PMID: 33039264
RhIg for the prevention Rh immunization and IVIg for the treatment of affected neonates.
Legler TJ
Transfus Apher Sci 2020 Oct;59(5):102950. Epub 2020 Sep 25 doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102950. PMID: 33004277
Serological weak D phenotypes: a review and guidance for interpreting the RhD blood type using the RHD genotype.
Sandler SG, Chen LN, Flegel WA
Br J Haematol 2017 Oct;179(1):10-19. Epub 2017 May 16 doi: 10.1111/bjh.14757. PMID: 28508413Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Prenatal Care: An Evidence-Based Approach.
Ramírez SI
Am Fam Physician 2023 Aug;108(2):139-150. PMID: 37590852
Does ABO and RhD matching matter for platelet transfusion?
Dunbar NM
Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):512-517. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2020000135. PMID: 33275681Free PMC Article
NG_007494.1(RHD):c.[4A>T;5G>C;6_7insG] with an RhD-negative phenotype.
Srivastava K, Doescher A, Wagner FF, Flegel WA
Transfusion 2020 Nov;60(11):E45-E47. Epub 2020 Oct 11 doi: 10.1111/trf.16115. PMID: 33043462Free PMC Article
Serological weak D phenotypes: a review and guidance for interpreting the RhD blood type using the RHD genotype.
Sandler SG, Chen LN, Flegel WA
Br J Haematol 2017 Oct;179(1):10-19. Epub 2017 May 16 doi: 10.1111/bjh.14757. PMID: 28508413Free PMC Article
Anti-E in pregnancy.
Moran P, Robson SC, Reid MM
BJOG 2000 Nov;107(11):1436-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11662.x. PMID: 11117776

Diagnosis

Prenatal Care: An Evidence-Based Approach.
Ramírez SI
Am Fam Physician 2023 Aug;108(2):139-150. PMID: 37590852
A Case of a Newborn With Blocked RhD Antigen and HDFN.
Wang H, Chen J, Jiang Y
Lab Med 2017 Nov 8;48(4):381-383. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmx061. PMID: 29053863
Risk factors for alloimmunisation in the general patient population.
Eccles S, Crispin P, Vanniasinkam T
Transfus Apher Sci 2015 Feb;52(1):60-4. Epub 2014 Dec 18 doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.12.008. PMID: 25661276
Postpartum Rh immunoprophylaxis.
Sandler SG, Gottschall JL
Obstet Gynecol 2012 Dec;120(6):1428-38. doi: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3182742eba. PMID: 23168770
Anti-E in pregnancy.
Moran P, Robson SC, Reid MM
BJOG 2000 Nov;107(11):1436-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11662.x. PMID: 11117776

Therapy

Patients with Asian-type DEL can safely be transfused with RhD-positive blood.
Ji Y, Luo Y, Wen J, Sun Y, Jia S, Ou C, Yang W, Chen J, Ye H, Liu X, Liang Y, Lu Z, Feng Y, Wu X, Xiao M, Mo J, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Liao Z, Chen J, Wei L, Luo G, Santoso S, Fichou Y, Flegel WA, Shao C, Li C, Zhang R, Fu Y
Blood 2023 Apr 27;141(17):2141-2150. doi: 10.1182/blood.2022018152. PMID: 36638337Free PMC Article
Use of prophylactic phototherapy for RhD neonatal disease in a referral service.
Rodrigues JMDSR, Méio MDBB, Santos MCPD, Costa ACCD, Moreira MEL
J Pediatr (Rio J) 2023 Jan-Feb;99(1):53-58. Epub 2022 Jun 23 doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2022.04.004. PMID: 35752322Free PMC Article
Red blood cell alloimmunisation after platelet transfusion (excluding ABO blood group system).
Moncharmont P
Transfus Clin Biol 2020 Aug;27(3):185-190. Epub 2020 Jun 13 doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.06.001. PMID: 32544526
Postpartum Rh immunoprophylaxis.
Sandler SG, Gottschall JL
Obstet Gynecol 2012 Dec;120(6):1428-38. doi: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3182742eba. PMID: 23168770
Pharmacokinetics of 250 μg anti-D IgG in the third trimester of pregnancy: an observational study.
Tiblad E, Wikman A, Rane A, Jansson Y, Westgren M
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012 May;91(5):587-92. Epub 2012 Mar 29 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01377.x. PMID: 22352370

Prognosis

A rapid ABO and RhD test demonstrates high fidelity to blood bank testing for RhD typing.
Younes R, Spinella PC, Shea SM, Bailey-Kroll L, Neal MD, Leeper C, Yazer MH
Transfusion 2023 May;63 Suppl 3:S208-S212. Epub 2023 Apr 17 doi: 10.1111/trf.17326. PMID: 37067381
Determination of fetal RHD type in plasma of RhD negative pregnant women.
Sørensen K, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Husby H, Akkök ÇA
Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2018 Sep;78(5):411-416. Epub 2018 Jun 5 doi: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1475681. PMID: 29869532
Lessons learned from the implementation of non-invasive fetal RHD screening.
Clausen FB
Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018 May;18(5):423-431. Epub 2018 Apr 19 doi: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1461562. PMID: 29616835
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the molecular era.
Fasano RM
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016 Feb;21(1):28-34. Epub 2015 Nov 14 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.10.006. PMID: 26589360
A century of human blood groups.
Daniels G
Wien Klin Wochenschr 2001 Oct 30;113(20-21):781-6. PMID: 11732113

Clinical prediction guides

Weak or partial D: Importance of molecular characterization of D variants.
Tomar A, Devendra R, Parchure D, Kulkarni S
Transfus Apher Sci 2025 Apr;64(2):104069. Epub 2025 Jan 11 doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2025.104069. PMID: 39832464
A rapid ABO and RhD test demonstrates high fidelity to blood bank testing for RhD typing.
Younes R, Spinella PC, Shea SM, Bailey-Kroll L, Neal MD, Leeper C, Yazer MH
Transfusion 2023 May;63 Suppl 3:S208-S212. Epub 2023 Apr 17 doi: 10.1111/trf.17326. PMID: 37067381
DEL in China: the D antigen among serologic RhD-negative individuals.
Yin Q, Flegel WA
J Transl Med 2021 Oct 20;19(1):439. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-03116-6. PMID: 34670559Free PMC Article
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the molecular era.
Fasano RM
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016 Feb;21(1):28-34. Epub 2015 Nov 14 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.10.006. PMID: 26589360
Pharmacokinetics of 250 μg anti-D IgG in the third trimester of pregnancy: an observational study.
Tiblad E, Wikman A, Rane A, Jansson Y, Westgren M
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012 May;91(5):587-92. Epub 2012 Mar 29 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01377.x. PMID: 22352370

Recent systematic reviews

Noninvasive Fetal RhD Blood Group Genotyping: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations.
Gajic-Veljanoski O, Li C, Schaink AK, Guo J, Higgins C, Shehata N, Okun N, de Vrijer B, Pechlivanoglou P, Ng V, Sikich N
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2021 Dec;43(12):1416-1425.e5. Epub 2021 Aug 11 doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.07.014. PMID: 34390866
Targeted antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for RhD-negative pregnant women: a systematic review.
Runkel B, Bein G, Sieben W, Sow D, Polus S, Fleer D
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020 Feb 7;20(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-2742-4. PMID: 32033599Free PMC Article
High-throughput, non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal rhesus D status in RhD-negative women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Yang H, Llewellyn A, Walker R, Harden M, Saramago P, Griffin S, Simmonds M
BMC Med 2019 Feb 14;17(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1254-4. PMID: 30760268Free PMC Article
High-throughput non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal rhesus D status in RhD-negative women not known to be sensitised to the RhD antigen: a systematic review and economic evaluation.
Saramago P, Yang H, Llewellyn A, Walker R, Harden M, Palmer S, Griffin S, Simmonds M
Health Technol Assess 2018 Mar;22(13):1-172. doi: 10.3310/hta22130. PMID: 29580376Free PMC Article
Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for RhD-negative women: a systematic review and economic evaluation.
Pilgrim H, Lloyd-Jones M, Rees A
Health Technol Assess 2009 Feb;13(10):iii, ix-xi, 1-103. doi: 10.3310/hta13100. PMID: 19210896

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