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Treacher Collins syndrome 2(TCS2)

MedGen UID:
462333
Concept ID:
C3150983
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: POLR1D-Related Treacher Collins Syndrome; TCS2; TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
 
Gene (location): POLR1D (13q12.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013385
OMIM®: 613717

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by lower eyelid abnormalities, malar hypoplasia, downslanted palpebral fissures, and micro- or retrognathia due to symmetric hypoplasia of the zygomatic bones, maxilla, and mandible. External ear anomalies include absent, small, malformed, and/or posteriorly rotated ears and atresia or stenosis of the external auditory canals. About 40%-50% of individuals have conductive hearing loss attributed most commonly to malformation of the ossicles and hypoplasia of the middle ear cavities. Inner ear structures tend to be normal. Significant respiratory and feeding difficulties can be present in infancy. Other, less common abnormalities include cleft palate and unilateral or bilateral choanal stenosis or atresia. Typically, intellect is normal. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Mafalda Barbosa  |  Ethylin Wang Jabs  |  Sara Huston   view full author information

Additional description

From OMIM
Treacher Collins syndrome is a disorder of craniofacial development characterized by a combination of bilateral downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, colobomas of the lower eyelids with a paucity of eyelashes medial to the defect, hypoplasia of the facial bones, cleft palate, malformation of the external ears, atresia of the external auditory canals, and bilateral conductive hearing loss (Dauwerse et al., 2011). For additional phenotypic information and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Treacher Collins syndrome, see TCS1 (154500).  http://www.omim.org/entry/613717

Clinical features

From HPO
Conductive hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
9163
Concept ID:
C0018777
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormality of vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear leading to impairment of sensory perception of sound.
Microtia
MedGen UID:
57535
Concept ID:
C0152423
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the external ear.
Anotia
MedGen UID:
152377
Concept ID:
C0702139
Congenital Abnormality
Complete absence of any auricular structures.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Microretrognathia
MedGen UID:
326907
Concept ID:
C1839546
Finding
A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Malar flattening
MedGen UID:
347616
Concept ID:
C1858085
Finding
Underdevelopment of the malar prominence of the jugal bone (zygomatic bone in mammals), appreciated in profile, frontal view, and/or by palpation.
Fusion of middle ear ossicles
MedGen UID:
349423
Concept ID:
C1862068
Finding
Bony fusion of malleus, incus, and stapes.
Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bone
MedGen UID:
866886
Concept ID:
C4021242
Anatomical Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the zygomatic bone. That is, a reduction in size of the zygomatic bone, including the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull, which forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Choanal atresia
MedGen UID:
3395
Concept ID:
C0008297
Congenital Abnormality
Absence or abnormal closure of the choana (the posterior nasal aperture). Most embryologists believe that posterior choanal atresia results from a failure of rupture between the 35th and 38th day of fetal life of the partition which separates the bucconasal or buccopharyngeal membranes. The resultant choanal atresia may be unilateral or bilateral, bony or membranous, complete or incomplete. In over 90 per cent of cases the obstruction is bony, while in the remainder it is membranous. The bony type of atresia is commonly located 1-2 mm. anterior to the posterior edge of the hard palate, and the osseous septum varies in thickness from 1 to 10 mm. In the membranous form of choanal atresia the obstruction usually occurs further posteriorly. In approximately one third of cases the atresia is bilateral.
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Choanal stenosis
MedGen UID:
108427
Concept ID:
C0584837
Finding
Abnormal narrowing of the choana (the posterior nasal aperture).
Lower eyelid coloboma
MedGen UID:
373417
Concept ID:
C1837826
Disease or Syndrome
A short discontinuity of the margin of the lower eyelid.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Preauricular pit
MedGen UID:
120587
Concept ID:
C0266610
Congenital Abnormality
Small indentation anterior to the insertion of the ear.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

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Recent clinical studies

Etiology

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Diagnosis

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Therapy

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Prognosis

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Clinical prediction guides

Seu MY, Aminzada A, Harmon KA, Guidetti M, Espinoza Orías AA, Figueroa AA, Tragos C
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Recent systematic reviews

Neophytou P, Artemiadis A, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Zis P
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Oct;123(5):1693-1701. Epub 2023 Jul 19 doi: 10.1007/s13760-023-02336-5. PMID: 37468803Free PMC Article
Ulhaq ZS, Nurputra DK, Soraya GV, Kurniawati S, Istifiani LA, Pamungkas SA, Tse WKF
Clin Genet 2023 Feb;103(2):146-155. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1111/cge.14243. PMID: 36203321
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Amirhassankhani S, Lloyd MS
J Craniofac Surg 2018 Mar;29(2):372-375. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000004201. PMID: 29239919
Renkema RW, Caron CJJM, Wolvius EB, Dunaway DJ, Forrest CR, Padwa BL, Koudstaal MJ
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 Jan;47(1):27-34. Epub 2017 Jul 20 doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.06.009. PMID: 28736116

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