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Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)

MedGen UID:
21345
•Concept ID:
C0038436
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonym: PTSD
SNOMED CT: Traumatic neurosis (47505003); PTSD - Post-traumatic stress disorder (47505003); Post-traumatic stress syndrome (47505003); Post-traumatic stress disorder (47505003); Posttraumatic stress disorder (47505003)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0005146

Definition

An anxiety disorder precipitated by an experience of intense fear or horror while exposed to a traumatic (especially life-threatening) event. The disorder is characterized by intrusive recurring thoughts or images of the traumatic event; avoidance of anything associated with the event; a state of hyperarousal and diminished emotional responsiveness. These symptoms are present for at least one month and the disorder is usually long-term. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVPost-traumatic stress disorder

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment.
Zaretsky TG, Jagodnik KM, Barsic R, Antonio JH, Bonanno PA, MacLeod C, Pierce C, Carney H, Morrison MT, Saylor C, Danias G, Lepow L, Yehuda R
Curr Neuropharmacol 2024;22(4):636-735. doi: 10.2174/1570159X22666231027111147. PMID: 38284341Free PMC Article
Medical Cannabis for Chronic Nonmalignant Pain Management.
Hameed M, Prasad S, Jain E, Dogrul BN, Al-Oleimat A, Pokhrel B, Chowdhury S, Co EL, Mitra S, Quinonez J, Ruxmohan S, Stein J
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2023 Apr;27(4):57-63. Epub 2023 Mar 10 doi: 10.1007/s11916-023-01101-w. PMID: 36897501Free PMC Article
A Review of PTSD and Current Treatment Strategies.
Schrader C, Ross A
Mo Med 2021 Nov-Dec;118(6):546-551. PMID: 34924624Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

A Review on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms, Therapies and Recent Case Studies.
Thakur A, Choudhary D, Kumar B, Chaudhary A
Curr Mol Pharmacol 2022;15(3):502-516. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210525160944. PMID: 34036925
Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth.
Ertan D, Hingray C, Burlacu E, Sterlé A, El-Hage W
BMC Psychiatry 2021 Mar 16;21(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03158-6. PMID: 33726703Free PMC Article
Anxiety.
Dean E
Nurs Stand 2016 Jul 13;30(46):15. doi: 10.7748/ns.30.46.15.s17. PMID: 27406490
Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma: Current Evidence and Future Directions.
Qi W, Gevonden M, Shalev A
Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016 Feb;18(2):20. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0655-0. PMID: 26800995Free PMC Article
Post-traumatic stress disorder.
Rogers P, Liness S
Nurs Stand 2000 Feb 16-22;14(22):47-52; quiz 53-4. doi: 10.7748/ns2000.02.14.22.47.c2763. PMID: 11310039

Diagnosis

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.
Merians AN, Spiller T, Harpaz-Rotem I, Krystal JH, Pietrzak RH
Med Clin North Am 2023 Jan;107(1):85-99. Epub 2022 Oct 28 doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.003. PMID: 36402502
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder.
Maercker A, Cloitre M, Bachem R, Schlumpf YR, Khoury B, Hitchcock C, Bohus M
Lancet 2022 Jul 2;400(10345):60-72. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00821-2. PMID: 35780794
A Review on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms, Therapies and Recent Case Studies.
Thakur A, Choudhary D, Kumar B, Chaudhary A
Curr Mol Pharmacol 2022;15(3):502-516. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210525160944. PMID: 34036925
Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth.
Ertan D, Hingray C, Burlacu E, Sterlé A, El-Hage W
BMC Psychiatry 2021 Mar 16;21(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03158-6. PMID: 33726703Free PMC Article
Post-traumatic stress disorder: theory and treatment update.
Kirkpatrick HA, Heller GM
Int J Psychiatry Med 2014;47(4):337-46. doi: 10.2190/PM.47.4.h. PMID: 25084856

Therapy

Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and management.
Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P
BMJ 2021 Jul 26;374:n1648. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1648. PMID: 34312178
Physical Restraints and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Critical Illness. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Franks ZM, Alcock JA, Lam T, Haines KJ, Arora N, Ramanan M
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021 Apr;18(4):689-697. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202006-738OC. PMID: 33075240
25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): The EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Novo Navarro P, Landin-Romero R, Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe R, Moreno-Alcázar A, Valiente-Gómez A, Lupo W, García F, Fernández I, Pérez V, Amann BL
Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed) 2018 Apr-Jun;11(2):101-114. Epub 2016 Feb 11 doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2015.12.002. PMID: 26877093
Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.
Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 Dec 13;2013(12):CD003388. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4. PMID: 24338345Free PMC Article
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Hofmann SG, Smits JA
J Clin Psychiatry 2008 Apr;69(4):621-32. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n0415. PMID: 18363421Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and management.
Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P
BMJ 2021 Jul 26;374:n1648. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1648. PMID: 34312178
EMDR therapy in children and adolescents who have post-traumatic stress disorder: a six-week follow-up study.
Karadag M, Gokcen C, Sarp AS
Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2020 Mar;24(1):77-82. Epub 2019 Oct 30 doi: 10.1080/13651501.2019.1682171. PMID: 31663396
Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease.
Edmondson D, von Känel R
Lancet Psychiatry 2017 Apr;4(4):320-329. Epub 2017 Jan 19 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30377-7. PMID: 28109646Free PMC Article
Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis.
Alisic E, Zalta AK, van Wesel F, Larsen SE, Hafstad GS, Hassanpour K, Smid GE
Br J Psychiatry 2014;204:335-40. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227. PMID: 24785767
Post-traumatic stress disorder.
Reed RV, Fazel M, Goldring L
BMJ 2012 Jun 25;344:e3790. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3790. PMID: 22734075

Clinical prediction guides

The State of the Science on Adverse Childhood Experiences.
Rothman EF, Lynch AK
OTJR (Thorofare N J) 2023 Jan;43(1):6-13. Epub 2022 Sep 9 doi: 10.1177/15394492221120799. PMID: 36082458
Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth.
Ertan D, Hingray C, Burlacu E, Sterlé A, El-Hage W
BMC Psychiatry 2021 Mar 16;21(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03158-6. PMID: 33726703Free PMC Article
Work Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Medicine Residents.
Kannan L, Wheeler DS, Blumhof S, Gotfried J, Ferris A, Mathur A, Hembree E, Moyer D, Rangaswami J
Acad Psychiatry 2019 Apr;43(2):167-170. Epub 2018 Apr 11 doi: 10.1007/s40596-018-0911-9. PMID: 29644602
Trial of Prazosin for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans.
Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Chow B, Harris C, Davis-Karim A, Holmes HA, Hart KL, McFall M, Mellman TA, Reist C, Romesser J, Rosenheck R, Shih MC, Stein MB, Swift R, Gleason T, Lu Y, Huang GD
N Engl J Med 2018 Feb 8;378(6):507-517. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507598. PMID: 29414272
Literature review of post-traumatic stress disorder in the critical care population.
Morrissey M, Collier E
J Clin Nurs 2016 Jun;25(11-12):1501-14. Epub 2016 Apr 24 doi: 10.1111/jocn.13138. PMID: 27108662

Recent systematic reviews

Effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on psychological well-being, burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ramachandran HJ, Bin Mahmud MS, Rajendran P, Jiang Y, Cheng L, Wang W
J Clin Nurs 2023 Jun;32(11-12):2323-2338. Epub 2022 Feb 20 doi: 10.1111/jocn.16265. PMID: 35187740
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing versus Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Hudays A, Gallagher R, Hazazi A, Arishi A, Bahari G
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 Dec 15;19(24) doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416836. PMID: 36554717Free PMC Article
Pharmacological therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy, augmentation and head-to-head approaches.
Hoskins MD, Bridges J, Sinnerton R, Nakamura A, Underwood JFG, Slater A, Lee MRD, Clarke L, Lewis C, Roberts NP, Bisson JI
Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021;12(1):1802920. Epub 2021 Jan 26 doi: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1802920. PMID: 34992738Free PMC Article
Physical Restraints and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Critical Illness. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Franks ZM, Alcock JA, Lam T, Haines KJ, Arora N, Ramanan M
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021 Apr;18(4):689-697. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202006-738OC. PMID: 33075240
Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review.
Hailes HP, Yu R, Danese A, Fazel S
Lancet Psychiatry 2019 Oct;6(10):830-839. Epub 2019 Sep 10 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30286-X. PMID: 31519507Free PMC Article

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