Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: GUCY2D
Cytogenetic location: 17p13.1 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38) : 17:8,002,615-8,020,342 (from NCBI)
| Location | Phenotype |
Phenotype MIM number |
Inheritance |
Phenotype mapping key |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17p13.1 | ?Choroidal dystrophy, central areolar 1 | 215500 | Autosomal dominant | 3 |
| Cone-rod dystrophy 6 | 601777 | Autosomal dominant; Autosomal recessive | 3 | |
| Leber congenital amaurosis 1 | 204000 | Autosomal recessive | 3 | |
| Night blindness, congenital stationary, type 1I | 618555 | Autosomal recessive | 3 |
Three-prime, 5-prime-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is the intracellular second messenger regulating phototransduction in mammals. The level of cGMP in photoreceptor cells is controlled by the cGMP-hydrolyzing enzyme cGMP phosphodiesterase and the cGMP-producing enzyme guanylate cyclase. Two major forms of cyclases are recognized, the particulate (membrane) and the soluble forms. The membrane guanylate cyclases are composed of large single subunits consisting of a ligand-binding N-terminal segment, a transmembrane domain, an internal protein kinase homology region, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. The highly homologous membrane guanylate cyclases include NPR1 (natriuretic peptide receptor A; 108960), NPR2 (natriuretic peptide receptor B; 108961), and NPR3 (natriuretic peptide receptor C; 108962). Shyjan et al. (1992) cloned a human photoreceptor guanylate cyclase, called retGC (GUCY2D). The predicted protein sequence is closely related to the other membrane guanylate cyclases, and all structural domains are well conserved. However, expressed photoreceptor guanylate cyclase is not activated by natriuretic peptides.
Yang et al. (1995) cloned 2 guanylyl cyclases, Gucy2e and Gucyf (300041), from a rat eye cDNA library. These 2 rat genes are expressed in retina. The mouse and rat Gucy2e genes are homologs of human GUCY2D (Scott, 2009).
The human GUCY2D protein is 87% identical to its mouse counterpart (Perrault et al., 1996).
Duda et al. (1999) stated that GUCY2D, which they called rod outer segment membrane guanylate cyclase (ROS-GC1), was the original member of the subfamily of membrane guanylate cyclases with 2 Ca(2+) switches referred to as calcium-regulated modules (CRMs) and designated CRM1 and CRM2. These are separately located within the intracellular domain of the cyclase. CRM1 switches on the enzyme at nanomolar concentrations of calcium ion and is linked with phototransduction; CRM2 stimulates at micromolar calcium ion concentrations and is predicted to be linked with retinal synaptic activity.
Perrault et al. (1996) determined that the human GUCY2D gene spans 16 kb and contains 20 exons.
Oliveira et al. (1994) used PCR analysis of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids to map the GUCY2D locus to chromosome 17. The assignment was confirmed and regionalized to chromosome 17p13.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
By interspecific backcross analysis, Yang et al. (1996) mapped the mouse Gucy2e gene to chromosome 11 in a region of syntenic homology to human 17p13 known to contain loci for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (600059) and Leber congenital amaurosis (204000).
By coimmunoprecipitation of mouse retinal extracts, Azadi et al. (2010) found that Rd3 (180040) bound the guanylate cyclases Gc1 and Gc2, encoded by GUCY2D and GUCY2F (300041), respectively. They confirmed interaction of Rd3 with Gc1 in transfected HEK293 cells. A short C-terminal segment of Gc1 was required for Rd3 binding. When expressed alone in COS-7 cells, Rd3 colocalized with the endosomal recycling marker Rab11 (see RAB11A; 605570) in a pattern characteristic of intracellular vesicles, whereas Gc1 localized in a perinuclear distribution characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When coexpressed, Gc1 was exported from the ER to endosomal vesicles containing Rd3 and Rab11. Retinal extracts from Rd3 mutant mice lacked Gc1 protein expression and showed reduced Gc2 protein expression compared with wildtype. The GC-activating proteins Gcap1 (GUCA1A; 600364) and Gcap2 (GUCA1B; 602275) also showed reduced expression in Rd3 mice, as well as mislocalization to the inner segment of photoreceptor cells. Azadi et al. (2010) proposed that RD3 may be an accessory protein required for vesicle trafficking of GCs from inner to outer segments of rod and cone cells and that it may modulate GC enzymatic activity.
Leber Congenital Amaurosis 1
By homozygosity mapping in consanguineous families of North African origin, Camuzat et al. (1995) mapped a gene for Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA1; 204000) to 17p13.1. Camuzat et al. (1996) provided evidence of genetic heterogeneity, finding that LCA1 accounted for 8/15 LCA families in their series. Based on 3 key recombinants, Perrault et al. (1996) were able to reduce the interval encompassing the LCA1 gene to a critical region of less than 1 cM. Starting from flanking markers, they ordered 12 YAC clones on 17p13.1. Of the candidate genes expressed in the retina and located on chromosome 17, none mapped to these YACs except the gene for retinal guanylate cyclase. Perrault et al. (1996) found 2 missense mutations (600179.0001; 600179.0004) and 2 frameshift mutations (600179.0002; 600179.0003) associated with LCA1. As specific guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) are required for retinal guanylate cyclase activity, the study of Perrault et al. (1996) raised the question of whether some LCA cases unlinked to 17p13 could be accounted for by mutations in GCAP genes, which include the GUCA1 gene (600364) on 6p21.1.
Perrault et al. (2000) screened the whole coding sequence of the RETGC1 gene in 118 patients affected with Leber congenital amaurosis. They found 22 different mutations in 24 unrelated families originating from various countries. All RETGC1 mutations consistently caused congenital cone-rod dystrophy. RETGC1 is an essential protein implicated in the phototransduction cascade, especially in the recovery of the dark state after the excitation process of photoreceptor cells by light stimulation. Perrault et al. (2000) postulated that the RETGC1 mutations hinder the restoration of the basal level of cGMP of cone and rod photoreceptor cells, leading to a situation equivalent to consistent light exposure during photoreceptor development, explaining the severity of the visual disorder at birth.
Khan et al. (2014) performed targeted next-generation sequencing with a panel of 14 LCA genes in 23 'strictly defined' LCA patients from 19 endogamous and/or consanguineous Saudi Arabian families and identified mutations in the GUCY2D gene in 5 probands, 3 of whom had concomitant neurodevelopmental delay.
Cone-Rod Dystrophy 6
Leber congenital amaurosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive. Kelsell et al. (1998) demonstrated that mutations in the GUCY2D gene are responsible also for a dominant form of cone-rod dystrophy, which they referred to as CORD6 (601777).
Payne et al. (2001) studied 40 patients: 27 with autosomal dominant macular dystrophy and 13 with autosomal dominant cone or cone-rod dystrophy. Two patients were found to carry the R838C mutation (600179.0006) and 1 the R838H mutation (600179.0008). Combining these results with those of Kelsell et al. (1998), Payne et al. (2001) estimated the frequency of mutations at codon 838 of the GUCY2D gene among patients with autosomal dominant macular cone or cone-rod dystrophy to be 6.7%. However, if only the 3 mutations in the 13 patients with cone or cone-rod dystrophy are considered, the estimated frequency of mutations is 23%.
In affected members of a 3-generation family segregating autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy, Perrault et al. (1998) identified a complex mutation event involving 3 consecutive missense mutations within a single exon (600179.0007).
In affected members of a consanguineous Turkish family segregating autosomal recessive CORD mapping to chromosome 17p13.3, Ugur Iseri et al. (2010) identified homozygosity for a missense mutation (600179.0010) in the GUCY2D gene.
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy 1
In a large Irish pedigree with central areolar choroidal dystrophy mapping to chromosome 17p13 (CACD1; 215500), Hughes et al. (2012) identified heterozygosity for a missense mutation in the GUCY2D gene (V933A; 600179.0011) that segregated with disease. The authors stated that the CACD phenotype is distinctive, although it shares features in common with cone dystrophy and cone-rod dystrophy.
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness, Type 1I
In 5 patients from 4 families with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1I; 618555), Stunkel et al. (2018) identified compound heterozygosity for mutations in the GUCY2D gene (see, e.g., 600179.0012-600179.0016).
Wilkie et al. (2000) studied the biochemical effects of various mutations at codon 838 in RETGC1: the 3 disease-causing substitutions (R838C, 600179.0006; R838H, 600179.0008 and R838S, 600179.0005) and 4 artificial mutations (R838A, R838E, R838L, and R838K). Assay of GCAP1-stimulated cyclase activity in vitro showed that, compared with wildtype, R838E, R838L and R838K had only low activity, whereas R838A, R838C, R838H, and R838S had activity equal to or greater than wildtype at low Ca(2+) concentrations as well as a higher apparent affinity for GCAP1 than did wildtype. The Ca(2+) sensitivity of the GCAP1 activation was also altered with marked residual activity at high Ca(2+), the effect increasing in this order: wildtype, R838C, R838H, R838A, R838S. Within the photoreceptor, this would result in a failure to inactivate cyclase activity at high physiologic Ca(2+) concentrations. Among the 3 disease-associated mutations, the effect correlated directly with disease severity. The wildtype and R838H mutant displayed a difference in pH sensitivity, with the mutant showing a higher specific activity with pH greater than 6.0. Site 838 is in the dimerization domain that forms a coiled-coil in the active protein. A computer-aided structure prediction of this region indicated that R838 in the wildtype breaks the structure at 4 helical turns, and there is an increasing tendency for the structure to continue for further turns in the order R838C; R838H,S,K; R838E; R838A; R838L.
Downes et al. (2001) described the phenotype and electrophysiologic responses in 4 British families, 3 with an R838C mutation and 1 with an R838H mutation in the GUCY2D gene. Although subjects had lifelong poor vision in bright light, a major reduction in visual acuity did not occur in most of them until after their late teens. Fundus abnormalities were confined to the central macula, and increasing central atrophy was noted with age. Electrophysiologic testing revealed a marked loss of cone function with only minimal rod involvement, even in older subjects. The authors concluded that the phenotype associated with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy with either an R838C or R838H mutation in GUCY2D was distinctive, with predominantly cone system involvement. There was some variation in severity within the 3 families with the R838C mutation. Families with the R838C or R838H mutations had a much milder phenotype than the families previously described with the E837D/R838S mutation (600179.0005) in GUCY2D.
Sharon et al. (2018) reviewed reported GUCY2D mutations, noting that LCA1-associated mutations were distributed throughout the protein, whereas CORD6-associated mutations were limited to the dimer domain. The authors analyzed published functional studies of GUCY2D missense mutations and found 41 such variants, including 21 associated with LCA1 and 7 with CORD6. A clear genotype-phenotype correlation was demonstrated, in which LCA1-associated mutations showed either reduced ability or complete inability to synthesize cGMP from GTP, whereas CORD6-associated mutations were functional, but shifted the Ca(2+) sensitivity of the Gc1-GCAP complex.
In all sibs with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA1; 204000) in 2 consanguineous Arab-Algerian families, Perrault et al. (1996) found homozygosity for a T-to-C transition in exon 8 at nucleotide 1767 of the GUC2D gene. The nucleotide change converted phenylalanine to serine in the protein. The substitution of an aromatic nonpolar amino acid by an uncharged polar amino acid within the kinase-like domain markedly altered the hydrophobicity of the protein and was expected to affect its stability severely. Perrault et al. (1996) reported the predicted change at amino acid 589 (F589S), but Duda et al. (1999) stated that the correct position is 565.
Duda et al. (1999) showed that the bovine F514S mutation, which corresponds to the human F565S mutation, severely damages the intrinsic cyclase activity of ROS-GC1 and inactivates its CRM1 switch but does not affect the CRM2 switch. In addition, on the basis of the established modulatory features of ROS-GC1, Duda et al. (1999) predicted that in 2 other forms of Leber congenital amaurosis involving deletion of nucleotide 460C (600179.0002) or 693C (600179.0003), there is a frameshift in the GUCY2D gene that results in nonexpression of the cyclase.
Yzer et al. (2006) reported a 25-year-old woman with LCA (patient 22597) who had 2 affected sibs; she was homozygous for the F565S mutation (c.1694T-C) in GUCY2D. An unrelated 1-year-old girl with LCA (patient 441) was compound heterozygous for F565S and an R768W substitution in GUCY2D (600179.0012).
Sharon et al. (2018) noted that the F565S mutation arose from a c.1694T-C transition (c.1694T-C, NM_000180.3) in exon 8 of GUCY2D.
In a Jewish Sephardi family of Tunisian origin, Perrault et al. (1996) found that members with Leber congenital amaurosis (204000) were homozygous for a 1-bp deletion (460delC) in exon 2 at nucleotide 460 of GUC2D that modified the downstream amino acid sequence, abolished a SmaI restriction site, and resulted in a premature translation termination at codon 165.
In members of an Arab family of Tunisian origin affected with Leber congenital amaurosis (204000), Perrault et al. (1996) observed a homozygous 1-bp deletion in exon 2 at nucleotide 693 (693delC) of GUC2D that modified the downstream amino acid sequence, created a BspMI restriction site, and resulted in a premature translation termination at codon 215.
In all sibs with Leber congenital amaurosis (204000) in a consanguineous Arab Tunisian family, Perrault et al. (1996) found homozygosity for a G-to-T transversion at nucleotide 227 of GUC2D converting an alanine into a serine (A52S). Heterozygosity for the same mutation was detected in affected members of a family of Basque ancestry. As the same base change was detected in 2 of 100 controls, it was difficult to decide whether this was a disease-causing mutation or a rare polymorphism.
In a 4-generation British family with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD6; 601777), Kelsell et al. (1997) showed linkage between the disorder and 17p13-p12. Cone-rod dystrophy in this family displayed an early onset, with loss of central vision reported before 7 years of age and peripheral field loss by the fourth decade. A notable feature was marked photophobia, particularly when dark-adapted. Funduscopy showed a 'bull's eye' maculopathy early in the disease, with later involvement of the peripheral retina. Electroretinography showed no detectable cone responses early in the disease, with progressive abnormality of rod responses appearing later. Kelsell et al. (1998) studied the GUC2D gene because it maps to the same chromosomal area. Direct sequence analysis of all 18 coding exons of the gene demonstrated a heterozygous alteration in exon 13: 2584G-C, predicted to cause a glu837-to-asp (E837D) amino acid substitution.
Gregory-Evans et al. (2000) stated that further analysis of the family originally studied by Kelsell et al. (1997) led to a reappraisal of the mutation, redefined as glu837 to asp/arg838 to ser. They described the clinical features in this family (see 601777).
Kelsell et al. (1998) found another heterozygous mutation of the GUC2D gene in a family with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD6; 601777) with features somewhat different from that of the original CORD6 family described in 600179.0005. In 3 families carrying this second mutation (arg838 to cys; R838C), affected individuals, although aware of poor vision in bright light from an early age, suffered loss of central vision in the late second or third decade, later than was found in the original family with the E837D mutation. The fundus appearance of affected members of these 3 families was, however, very similar to that of the original family. Electrophysiologic testing revealed marked loss of photopic function by the mid-teens, with scotopic function becoming compromised later. Genealogic studies failed to show a relationship between the 3 families. The R838C amino acid substitution resulted from a C-to-T transition at nucleotide 2585. Alignment of the portion of membrane-bound guanylate cyclases in this domain, represented by codons 809 to 871, showed that both glu837 and arg838 are fully conserved.
In 38 affected members of a large multigenerational family from eastern Tennessee with autosomal dominant progressive cone dystrophy, originally described by Small and Gehrs (1996), Udar et al. (2003) identified the R838C mutation in the GUCY2D gene. The mutation was also detected in 2 unaffected family members, but was not found in 22 additional unaffected family members or 200 control chromosomes.
In 6 affected members from a 3-generation family with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CORD6; 601777), Perrault et al. (1998) identified heterozygosity for a complex mutational event involving 3 consecutive missense mutations in exon 13: (1) a G-to-C transversion at nucleotide 2584, changing a glutamate to an aspartate at codon 837 (E837D); (2) a C-to-T transition at nucleotide 2585, changing an arginine to a cysteine at codon 838 (R838C); and (3) a C-to-T transition at nucleotide 2589, changing a threonine to a methionine at codon 839 (T839M). This triple mutation was considered to represent a gene conversion event.
In a patient with cone-rod dystrophy-6 (CORD6; 601777), Weigell-Weber et al. (2000) detected a G-to-A transition of the GCGC stretch at position 2586 in exon 13 of the GUCY2D gene, resulting in a conservative arg838-to-his (R838H) substitution.
In 8 affected members of a Caucasian American family with cone dystrophy, Udar et al. (2003) identified the R838H mutation in the GUCY2D gene. The mutation was not found in 5 unaffected family members or 200 control chromosomes.
Hanein et al. (2002) identified a homozygous 2943G deletion (2943delG) in the GUCY2D gene in 3 unrelated and nonconsanguineous Leber congenital amaurosis (204000) families of Finnish origin, suggesting a founder effect. No linkage disequilibrium was found using polymorphic markers flanking the GUCY2D gene, supporting the view that the mutation is very ancient. Haplotype studies and Bayesian calculation pointed the founder mutation to 150 generations (i.e., 3,000 years ago).
In 6 affected members of a consanguineous Turkish family segregating autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy-6 (CORD6; 601777), Ugur Iseri et al. (2010) identified homozygosity for a 2846T-C transition in exon 15 of the GUCY2D gene, resulting in an ile949-to-thr (I949T) substitution at a highly conserved residue in the catalytic domain. The mutation was not detected in 186 control chromosomes. Ugur Iseri et al. (2010) predicted that substitution of hydrophobic isoleucine with polar threonine in this region would interfere with proper folding of the helical segment and affect function of the catalytic domain, and they proposed that the I949T mutation does not abolish but only decreases enzymatic activity.
In a large Irish pedigree with central areolar choroidal dystrophy-1 (CACD1; 215500), originally reported by Lotery et al. (1996), Hughes et al. (2012) identified heterozygosity for a point mutation (chr17.7,918,674T-C, GRCh37) in exon 15 of the GUCY2D gene, resulting in a val933-to-ala (V933A) substitution within the catalytic domain. The mutation segregated with disease and was not found in 7 control samples or in the 1000 Genomes Project database. No functional studies were performed.
Leber Congenital Amaurosis 1
In 3 patients (designated 20955, 21557, and 22018) with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA1; 204000) Yzer et al. (2006) identified homozygosity for a c.2302C-T transition in exon 12 of the GUCY2D gene, resulting in an arg768-to-trp (R768W) substitution. Two more LCA patients were compound heterozygous for R768W and another missense mutation in GUCY2D, including the F565S mutation (600179.0001) in 1 of them (patient 441). The 3 homozygous patients were severely affected, with no light perception upon initial examination in infancy and no signs of improvement later in life. The authors noted that the 8 R768W alleles were Dutch or Belgian in origin, suggestive of a founder effect in the northwestern region of Europe.
Jacobson et al. (2013) reported 10 patients with LCA who carried the R768W mutation in the GUCY2D gene, 2 in homozygosity and 8 in compound heterozygosity. One of the compound heterozygotes (patient 2) also carried the Q545X mutation (600179.0015). The patients were all of British/Irish or Scandinavian ancestry, except for 1 Greek homozygote.
Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Type1I
In a brother and sister (patients 1 and 4), ages 17 years and 13 years, respectively, with type 1I congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1I; 618555), Stunkel et al. (2018) identified compound heterozygosity for missense mutations in the GUCY2D gene: an arg768-to-trp (R768W) substitution, and a leu911-to-phe (L911F; 600179.0013) substitution. The boy had night blindness from infancy, whereas his sister became symptomatic at age 12 years; both had normal visual acuity. Also, in an unrelated 53-year-old woman (patient 5) with CSNB, the authors identified compound heterozygosity for the R768W mutation and an arg761-to-trp (R761W; 600179.0014) substitution in GUCY2D. In addition to night blindness, the older woman exhibited constricted visual fields and bone spicule-like pigmentation in the retinal periphery, but visual acuity remained intact. Stunkel et al. (2018) reported that the R761W variant was present in the ExAC database, in heterozygous state.
Sharon et al. (2018) noted that the R768W mutation arose from a c.2302C-T transition (c.2302C-T, NM_000180.3) in exon 12 of GUCY2D.
For discussion of the leu911-to-phe (L911F) substitution that was found in compound heterozygous state in sibs (patients 1 and 4) with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1I; 618555) by Stunkel et al. (2018), see 600179.0012.
For discussion of the arg761-to-trp (R761W) substitution that was found in compound heterozygous state in a 52-year-old woman (patient 5) with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1I; 618555) by Stunkel et al. (2018), see 600179.0012.
Leber Congenital Amaurosis 1
Jacobson et al. (2013) studied a 7-year-old boy (patient 2) with Leber congenital amaurosis-1 (LCA1; 204000), who was compound heterozygous for the R768W mutation in the GUCY2D gene (600179.0012) and a gln545-to-ter (Q545X) substitution. The authors noted that the Q545X mutation truncates a major portion of the intracellular segment of the cyclase, thus eliminating its entire function. Electroretinography (ERG) in the proband showed no detectable cone function but considerable retention of rod function. In addition to LCA, the boy had been diagnosed with mild autism.
Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Type1I
In a 15-year-old boy (patient 2) with type 1I congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1I; 618555), Stunkel et al. (2018) identified compound heterozygosity for a nonsense mutation (gln545-to-ter; Q545X) and a missense mutation (arg83-to-cys; R83C; 600179.0016). Sharon et al. (2018) noted that the Q545X mutation arose from a c.1633C-T transition (c.1633C-T, NM_000180.3) in exon 7 of GUCY2D. The proband, who had lifelong night blindness, showed no rod response on ERG, but had nearly normal 30-Hz flicker cone responses with 20/20 visual acuity. ERG amplitudes decreased over 5 years of follow-up and he developed peripheral visual field defects, but visual acuity remained stable.
For discussion of the arg83-to-cys (R83C) substitution that was found in compound heterozygous state in a 15-year-old boy (patient 2) with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1I; 618555) by Stunkel et al. (2018), see 600179.0015.
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