Chapter 9Maps

Box 1Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St.   becomes   St James CA

Box 2Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  • [If you cannot determine from the map whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look to any booklet or other material accompanying the map for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 3Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names when they contain a prefix, a preposition, or other particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter when the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 4Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors that follow a personal name, such as M.D.

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   becomes   Schmidt K
  • Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   becomes   Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors that precede a name, such as Colonel or Sir

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Dr. Jane Eberhard   becomes   Eberhard J
  • Captain R.C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 5Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
  Examples:

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 6Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names when the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 7Organizations as author

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as an author.

• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name

  • The American Cancer Society   becomes   American Cancer Society
• If a division or other part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas

  • University of Zimbabwe, Department of Geography
  • United Nations, Afghanistan Information Management Service
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Geographic Society (US)
  • Royal Geographical Society (GB)
  • Department of Agriculture (US), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

  • Photo Mosaic Aero Service Corporation; Geological Survey (US); Atomic Energy Commission (US)
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on a map as cartographers, use the names of the individuals as the author: give the organization(s) at the end of the reference as a note, if desired

  • Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of the Tabernacle Buttes area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming [remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet: 1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm. Compiled by staff of the Photo Mosaic Aero Service Corporation, the US Atomic Energy Commission, and the US Geological Survey.
• For names of organizations in languages other than English:

  • Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR
    • Universitatsmedizin Berlin
    • Geografiska Sallskapet i Finland [Geographical Society of Finland]
  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society]
  • Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • [Japanese Society for Geographical Sciences]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 8No author can be found

• If no person or organization can be found as the cartographer but editors or translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.

  • Morrison CP, Court FG, editors.
  • Walser E, translator.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the cartographer and no editors or translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the map. Do not use anonymous.

  • Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US); 1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.

Box 9Options for author names

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors, but is an acceptable option:

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.

  • Meyers, Keith R.; Lee, Barry; Lee, Michael F., cartographers. Respiratory cancer death rates, 1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map]. Baton Rouge (LA): Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology; 1984. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.

Box 10Abbreviations in affiliations

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.

Box 11Organizational names for affiliations not in English

Give the affiliation of all cartographers or only the first cartographer.

• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organizational names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain), cartographers.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucuresti), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I, cartographers.
  • Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, cartographers.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

  • Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, cartographers.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.

Box 12Names for cities and countries not in English

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

  • Moskva   becomes   Moscow
  • Wien   becomes   Vienna
  • Italia   becomes   Italy
  • Espana   becomes   Spain

Box 13E-mail address included

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears on the map
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
  Example:

  • Leitner M (Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. leitner@lsu.edu), cartographer.

Box 14Area of map not indicated in the title

• If the title of the map does not tell the user the geographic area covered by the map, place the name for the area after the title, placed in square brackets.
  Examples:

  • Respiratory cancer death rates, 1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map].
  • Adolescent fertility rates, ages 15 to 19, 1994 [World] [map].
  • District population per health facility [Kabul] [map].
  • Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map].

Box 15Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color. Spanish.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles if they are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Vodacka mapa CSFR [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2 sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi nan tu [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
  • or
  • [Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic medical insurance] [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [Public transportation plan of the first southeastern health area of Madrid] [map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color. Spanish.
  • Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi nan tu [Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic medical insurance] [map]. Beijing: [China Map Publishers]; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
  • Vodacka mapa CSFR [Map of water sites of the Czechoslovak Federal Republic] [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2 sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.

Box 16Titles in more than one language

• If a map title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the map and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas and end the list with a period.

  • Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.
• If a map title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text, and place an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination. End the list with a period.

  • Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute urbaine de Montreal = Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby (ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000; 110 x 199 cm.; color. French, English.

Box 17Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of a map title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin occupational exposure levels in the Netherlands [map].
  • von Willebrand distribution [World] [map].
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Trends in γ-linolenic acid production in the United States [map].
  • or
  • Trends in gamma-linolenic acid production in the United States [map].
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • TiO₂ in waste water in Japan [map].
  • or
  • TiO(2) in waste water in Japan [map].

Box 18No title can be found

• If a map has no formal title, construct a title using the name of the area covered by the map as the title
• Place the area name in square brackets
  Example:

  • [World] [demographic map]. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Center for International Research; 1994. 8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.

Box 19Specific type of map included

• As an option, include the specific type of map cited, if known. Place the type in square brackets following the title.
  Examples:

  • Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US); 1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
  • Percent of population, 2000. One or more races including Asian [United States] [demographic map]. Washington: Census Bureau (US), Population Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 1:20,000,000; 14 x 24 cm.; color.
  • 2000 population distribution in the United States [dot distribution map]. Washington: Census Bureau (US), Geography Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 55 x 66 cm.; black & white.
  • Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of the Tabernacle Buttes area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming [remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet: 1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm.
• If the specific type is unknown, simply use the word map within the brackets

Box 20Abbreviation rules for editions

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:

  

  Table

  For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period

  • 3rd rev. ed.
  • 1st Engl. ed.

Box 21Non-English words for editions

• For non-English edition statements written in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):

  • Provide the name in the original language
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end the edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Ed. 1a.
    • 5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
    • 2. ed. veneta.
    • Nuova ed.
    • Seconda ed.
    • 4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
    • 2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
• For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:

  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Example: ĉ or ç   becomes   c
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
    • 2. dopunjeno izd.
    • 2. ekd. epeux.
    • 3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:

  • Transliterate or translate the words for edition
  • Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
  • Use the capitalization system of the particular language
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
    Examples:

    • ŏ   becomes   o
    • ū   becomes   u
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement.
  • End all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Shohan.
    • Dai 1-han.
    • Dai 3-pan.
    • Di 3 ban.
    • Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
    • Che 6-p`an.
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

  

  Table

Box 22First editions

• If a map does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you wish to cite the earlier one

Box 23More than one type of secondary author

A map may occasionally have several types of secondary author

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate each type of author and the accompanying role by a semicolon
• End secondary author information with a period
  Examples:

  • Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, translator.
  • Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, editor.

Box 24Secondary author performing more than one role

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
• End secondary author information with a period
  Example:

  • Jones AB, editor and translator.

Box 25Non-English names for secondary authors

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, or other secondary author into English if possible to assist the reader. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:

  

  Table

Box 26Organization as editor

On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.

• Follow the instructions for entering the organizational name found under Organizations as author
• Place a comma and the word editor after the organizational name
  Example:

  • Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor.

Box 27Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses:

  • Montreal (QC):
  • Ottawa (ON):
  • Vancouver (BC):
• If the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.

  • London:
  • Rome:
  • Paris:
  • Madrid:
  • but
  • Malaga (Spain):   or   Malaga (ES):
  • Basel (Switzerland):   or   Basel (CH):
  • Oxford (England):   or   Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Box 28Joint publication

• Two organizations may co-publish a map. Use the city of the first organization found on the map as the place of publication.
• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

  • 1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of shellfish growing waters [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets: 1:2,500,000; 76 x 76 cm.; color. Co-published by the US Food and Drug Administration.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

Box 29Multiple places of publication

• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.
• As an option, if one place is a US city and the other(s) are not, use the US city

Box 30No place of publication can be found

• If no place of publication can be found on the map, but one can be found in a booklet or other publication accompanying the map or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., New York as the place for a publication of the American Geographical Society), place the city in square brackets, such as [New York]

  • Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national average, by state: 1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
• If no place of publication can be found, use [place unknown]

  • Dent BD, cartographer. Arkansas population distribution, with shaded relief features of the physical landscape [map]. [place unknown]: B.D. Dent; c1984. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 50 x 57 cm.; color.

Box 31Abbreviated words in publisher names

• Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Ltd. for Limited
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period

Box 32Non-English names for publishers

• Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language

  • Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000.
• Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean

  • Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991.
• Romanize names or translate names presented in and character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003.
  • [Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.].
  • or
  • Beijing: [China Map Publishers]; 2003.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• If the name of a division of other part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest

  • Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• As an option, translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation has been given in the publication.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];

Box 33Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Cancer Institute (US)
  • National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
  • Royal Geographical Society (GB)
  • Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor who disseminates documents for the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the map as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by "Available from:" .

  • Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm,; color. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I 19.79:EC 7/OR/2004.

Box 34Joint publication

• Two organizations may co-publish a map. Use the first organization appearing on the map as the publisher.
• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
• Do not give more than one name as publisher
  Example:

  • 1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of shellfish growing waters [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets: 1:2,500,000; 76 x 76 cm.; color. Co-published by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Box 35Multiple publishers

• If more than one publisher is found on a map, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or bold type
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those maps with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Royal Geographical Society".
• End publisher information with a semicolon
  Example:

  • 1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of shellfish growing waters [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets: 1:2,500,000; 76 x 76 cm.; color. Co-published by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Box 36No publisher can be found

• If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown].

  • Mathewson KM, cartographer. Recent unexplained mass mortality of marine fauna: a look at ocean nuclear waste dumps as possible sources of stress [Northeast Atlantic Ocean] [map]. New York: [publisher unknown]; 2004. 1 sheet: 117 x 105 cm.; color.

Box 37Multiple years of publication

• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.

  • 2002-2003
  • 1997-1998
  • 1999-2000
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.

  • 1999 Oct-2000 Mar
  • 2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen

  • 2005 Jan-Feb
  • 1999 Dec-2000 Jan
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

Box 38Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 39Date of publication and date of copyright

Some maps have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separates the two dates
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.

Box 40No date of publication, but a date of copyright

• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005.

  • Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1 sheet: 2 1/4 inch = 1 mile;123 x 183 cm.; color.

Box 41No date of publication or copyright can be found

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of material contained in the map itself or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets

  • Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national average, by state: 1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use [date unknown]

  • Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health Service [map]. Window Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US), Navajo Area; [date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.

Box 41aOptions for date of publication

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:

The date of information may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used

• Use the year of publication only
• Place the year after the last named author, followed by a period
• End publisher information with a period
  NLM citation:

  • Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, West Ecology Division; 2004.
  Name-year system of citation:

  • Thorson TD, cartographer. 2004. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, West Ecology Division.

Box 42More than one map on a sheet or more than one sheet per map

• If more than one map appears on a sheet, include this information with the pagination. Place the number of maps before the number of sheets.

  • 2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
  • 10 maps on 1 sheet: 23 x 17 cm. and 10 x 7 cm.; color.
  • 8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
• If a map appears on more than one sheet, include this information with the pagination

  • 2 sheets: 1:4,500,000; sheets 92 x 62 cm.; color.
  • 8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.

Box 43Language for describing map characteristics

• Describe map characteristics using the features listed below

  • Give each feature as it is found on the map
  • Abbreviate measures used if desired

    • centimeters = cm.
    • inches = in.
    • miles = mi.
    • kilometers = km.
  • Separate one feature from another by a semicolon and a space
  • End the last of the features with a period
• Scale
  Examples:

  • 1:45,000
  • 1:2,125,000
  • 2 1/4 in. = 1 mi.
  • 1 cm. = 80 km.
• Size in centimeters
  Examples:

  • 33 x 44 cm.
  • 123 x 183 cm.
  • If more than one map is found on a sheet and they differ in size, include all sizes:
  • 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color
• Color or black & white
  Examples:

  • 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.
  • 2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
• Projection is also sometimes found on a map

  • Use whatever wording is found on the map
  • Abbreviate projection to proj. if desired
  • Place projection information following the scale (or following the number of sheets if no scale is provided)
    Examples:

    • 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
    • 1 sheet: 1:54,109,440; Winkel tripel proj.; 46 x 74 cm.; color.
    • 8 maps on 1 sheet: 1:15,600,000; Azimuthal equidistant proj.; 26 x 20 cm. and 60 x 50 cm.; color.

Box 44Language for describing microform characteristics

If a map is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:

• Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space

  • 2 microfiche:
  • 3 microcards:
  • 1 reel: [of microfilm]
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for millimeters. Separate types of information by commas.
  Typical words used include:

  • color
  • black & white

  • positive
  • negative

  • 4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
  • 3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
  • 35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  • 16 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
  Examples of complete physical description statements:

  • 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
  • 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
  • 1 reel: black& white, negative, 35 mm.
• Place any microform description after the map characteristics

Box 45Maps appearing in more than one language

• If the text of a map is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the map and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.

  • Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.
• If a map appears in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the map, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination and description.

  • Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute urbaine de Montreal = Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby (ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000; 110 x 199 cm.; color. French, English.
• If none of the languages is English, follow the title with a translation whenever possible. Place the translation in square brackets.

  • Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [Asia] [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.

Box 46Map accompanied by written or other material

• If a booklet or other supplemental material accompanies a map, begin by citing the map
• Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type of material
  Examples:

  • Accompanied by: 1 booklet.
  • Accompanied by: World's most populous cities, lesson plan, 16 p.

Box 47Other types of material to include in notes

• If a map contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent from the title, describe it

  • Veterans Health Services and Research Administration [United States] [map]. Rev. ed. Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color. Shows VA regional offices, medical centers, and outpatient clinics.
  • AIDS and HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean [map]. Washington: Central Intelligence Agency (US); 1993. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 40 x 75 cm.; color. Information taken from reports to World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, USAID, and from official estimates in various countries.
  • Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground water of West Virginia [map]. Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US); 1993. 1 sheet: 1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black & white. Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.
• If the map is a US government publication and may be obtained from the US Government Printing Office or the National Technical Information Service, provide the name and location of the service and the acquisition number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space

  • Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I 19.79:EC 7/OR/2004.
• Give the name of a library or other archive where the map may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space

  • Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French. Located at: Ohio State University Library, Columbus, Ohio; G7400 1992 .K3.