Evidence review for rapid tests to inform triage and antibiotic prescribing decisions

3.1.1.1. Systematic reviews

The following databases were searched from inception to May 2023 (see Appendix 2 for exact dates) for systematic reviews:

• MEDLINE via Ovid
• Epistemonikos

Search concepts combined acute respiratory infection and rapid tests (as a broad concept). These elements were based on the draft search strategy developed by Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group for a related review, with some terms removed (see excluded conditions listed in section 3.1.2.1 below). Appendix 2 shows our full record of searches. A sensitive systematic review search filter (based on CADTH’s SR / MA / HTA / ITC filter¹¹) was applied to the MEDLINE search. No date limit was applied. The MEDLINE search was restricted to English language, and comments, editorials, letters and news items were removed.

References identified by the project team via highly targeted searches during the scoping phase were also reviewed.

3.1.1.2. RCTs

Additional searches to find RCTs were conducted in the following databases.

• Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), from inception
• Embase (Ovid), limited by date
• MEDLINE (Ovid), limited by date

The same subject search terms to those used for the search for systematic reviews were included, but we broadened this search by adding terms for specific biomarkers and tests in combination with terms for guide or inform. These terms were included in order to additionally capture the concept of biomarker test guided management. See Appendix 2 for our full record of searches. As the identified systematic reviews were all limited to specific populations, interventions and outcomes (that is, none fully addressed our research question), and it was difficult to say whether a combination of reviews would cover our review question, we did not to limit the CENTRAL search by date. Based on an understanding of how the CENTRAL database is created¹² and the rapid timescales for this review, we searched MEDLINE and Embase for literature published from 2022 to May 2023 only by applying a date limit. A sensitive RCT filter was used in MEDLINE and Embase (based on the latest versions of Cochrane’s sensitivity- and precision-maximizing versions^13–15).

Searches were restricted to English language and humans, and excluded:

• Conference abstracts
• Editorials, letters, news items and commentaries

Pre-print sources were not searched.

References of included studies and relevant systematic reviews were checked.

3.1.2.1. Population

3.1.2.2. Intervention

3.1.2.3. Comparator

Current practice

3.1.2.4. Outcomes

• Hospital admission (immediately after triage or at 28 days)
• Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation):

  -

  Re-consultation/appointment

  -

  Virtual Ward

  -

  Emergency department visit

  -

  Unplanned hospital admission

• Hospital length of stay
• Follow-up consultation/ongoing monitoring
• Antibiotic/antiviral use
• Time to clinical cure/resolution of symptoms
• Mortality
• HRQoL (using a validated scale)

3.1.2.5. Study designs

3.2.2.1. Outcomes

3.2.2.2. Study Designs

4.1.1.1. Systematic reviews

A systematic search carried out to identify potentially relevant systematic reviews found 1355 references (see Appendix 2 for the literature search strategy).

These 1355 references were screened at title and abstract level against the review protocol, with 1292 excluded at this level. Twenty percent of references were screened separately by two reviewers with 96.6% agreement. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion. An additional seven references were identified through examining reference lists.

The full texts of 70 systematic reviews were ordered for closer inspection. Five of these systematic reviews reported synthesised evidence relevant to the review protocol; four of the earlier reviews had largely overlapping scopes and RCTs covered by the most recent review and were not quality assessed or extracted. One systematic review was included as a source of data only (Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3).

The systematic review evidence selection is presented as a PRISMA diagram in Appendix 3.

Details of reviews excluded at full text, along with reasons for exclusion are given in Appendix 4.

4.1.1.2. RCTs

A systematic search carried out to identify potentially relevant studies found 2341 references (see Appendix 2 for the literature search strategy).

These 2341 references were screened at title and abstract level against the review protocol, with 2265 excluded at this level. 20% of references were screened separately by two reviewers with 98.8% agreement. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion. An additional 42 references were identified through examining reference lists of relevant systematic reviews.

The full texts of 118 records were ordered for closer inspection. Fourteen of these studies met the criteria specified in the review protocol.

The clinical evidence study selection is presented as a PRISMA diagram in Appendix 5.

See Table 1, Table 4, Table 5, and Table 7 for the full references of the included studies and Appendix 6 for the data extraction of the 14 included studies.

Details of studies excluded at full text, along with reasons for exclusion are given in Appendix 7

No eligible evidence was identified for the following tests specified in the review protocol:

• Rapid PCR tests
• Urinary antigen tests
• Serum sodium
• Urea nitrogen
• Partial pressure O2
• Blood gases
• Full blood count
• White blood cell count
• Myxovirus resistance protein A
• TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL)

4.1.2.1. Risk of bias in included CRP studies

The overall risk of bias was considered high for all ten studies assessing CRP POC tests because of the lack of blinding of participants and personnel (Appendix 9).^24–33 In addition, six studies were considered to have an unclear risk of selection bias due to unclear allocation concealment,^{25–27, 29, 31, 32} and four studies were considered to be at high risk of bias because of ‘other bias.’^{25–27, 29} One study was at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding in the assessment of ‘other outcomes’.³² Based on reviewer’s judgments, one study was considered at high risk of bias due to incomplete outcome data reporting for 7- or 28-day mortality and hospital admission (immediately after triage or at 28 days).²⁷ Two studies were at high risk of bias due to incomplete outcome reporting for ‘other outcomes’ (i.e. antibiotic/antiviral use, hospital length of stay, follow-up consultation/ongoing monitoring, time to clinical cure/resolution of symptoms, and HRQoL).^{24, 33} Risk of bias for other domains (e.g. random sequence generation and selective reporting) were considered to be low or unclear (Appendix 9).

Table 1

Characteriscs of included studies for C-reacve protein point of care tests.

4.1.2.2. Hospital admission (immediately after triage or at 28 days)

No eligible evidence was identified for hospital admission immediately after triage.

Four cluster RCTs^{25–27, 29} and two individual RCTs^{24, 28} reported data on hospital admissions at varying timepoints (where reported), ranging from two weeks²⁹ to six months.²⁴ It was not possible to calculate risk ratios for two cluster-RCTs^{26, 29} and one individual RCT²⁸ due to zero events in both intervention arms. Three RCTs provided data allowing calculation of risk ratios: two cluster-RCTs with follow-up between 3-4 week reported very few events;^{25, 27} one RCT with follow-up at 6 months showed no difference between CRP and usual care groups, RR 1.02 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.59; 1 RCT, n=605; very low certainty evidence).²⁴

Meta-analysis was not conducted for the studies reporting hospital admissions due to the very different duration of follow-up. However, data are presented as a forest plot in Figure 1.

Figure 1

CRP POCT vs usual care - Hospital Admission.

4.1.2.3. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Re-consultation/appointment

Three cluster RCTs^{25, 26, 29} and one individual RCT²⁸ reported data on the number of re-consultations at 14 days,²⁹ or at 28 days,^{26, 28} or re-consultations due to ‘new or worsening symptoms’ within 28 days.²⁵ The pooled result for all included studies showed that CRP POCT may increase the risk of needing a re-consultation compared to usual care (Figure 2): RR 1.61 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.41, I²=56.6%; 4 RCTs/cluster-RCTs, n=1,433; very low certainty evidence).

Figure 2

CRP POCT vs usual care - Escalation of care: number of re-consultations.

4.1.2.4. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Virtual Ward

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.2.5. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Emergency department visit

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.2.6. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Unplanned hospital admission

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.2.7. Hospital length of stay

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.2.8. Follow-up consultation/ongoing monitoring

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.2.9. Antibiotic/antiviral use

Three cluster RCTs^{26, 27, 29} and six individual RCTs^{24, 28, 30–33} provided evidence on the number of antibiotics prescribed at index consultation. The pooled result for all included studies showed CRP POCT may reduce the risk of antibiotic prescribing at index consultation compared to usual care (Figure 3): RR 0.75 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.84, I²=54.7%; 9 RCTs/cluster-RCTs, n=4,027). Heterogeneity among estimated effects between individually randomised trials.

In contrast to the Smedemark 2022 review,¹⁶ data on antibiotics prescribed at index consultation for Little 2013²⁵ and Little 2019³⁷ were excluded from meta-analysis in the current review because it was clear from Little 2019³⁷ that the data related to antibiotics prescribed at 3 months. The data reported at three months also appeared to be based on GP practices, suggesting the data reported was not necessarily follow-up of the same patients initially included in the study (see Appendix 8).

Figure 3

CRP POCT vs usual care - Antibiotics prescribed at index consultation.

Two cluster RCTs^{26, 29} and four individual RCTs^{24, 28, 32, 33} also provided evidence on the number of antibiotics prescribed within 14 or 28 days. The pooled result for all included studies showed that CRP POCT may reduce the risk of antibiotic prescribing within 14 or 28 days compared to usual care (Figure 4): RR 0.79 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.85, I²=24.4%; 6 RCTs/cluster-RCTs, n=2,251).

Figure 4

CRP POCT vs usual care - Antibiotics prescribed within 28 days.

Three studies reported additional data relating to antibiotic use or changes to antibiotic treatment that could not be meta-analysed.^{24, 27, 33, 34} Butler 2019^{24, 34} assessed patient-reported antibiotic use for an AECOPD within four weeks after randomisation and found a reduction in antibiotic consumption in the CRP group (57.0%) compared to the usual care group (77.4%): adjusted OR 0.31 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.47; 1 RCT, n=537).

Boere 2021²⁷ found that antibiotic treatment changes (start, cessation, switch, or prolongation) occurred less frequently in the CRP group during follow-up (12.2%) compared with usual care group (16.8%), OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.08; 1 cluster-RCT); Do 2016³³ found a small difference between the CRP group and usual care group in terms of subsequent antibiotic use in those without an immediate antibiotic prescription, 30.0% versus 34.2% respectively, OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.17; 1 RCT, n=386), and a small increase in terms of antibiotic management changes in those without an immediate antibiotic prescription between the CRP group (8.6%) and usual care group (4.6%): OR 1.99 (95% CI 0.86 to 4.64; 1 RCT, n=430). All the above evidence was highly uncertain.

4.1.2.10. Time to clinical cure/resolution of symptoms

Three studies provided evidence on time to resolution of symptoms/time to full recovery (Table 2).^{16, 25, 28, 33}

Do 2016 and Little 2013 found no significant difference between the CRP and usual care groups in time to resolution of symptoms/moderately bad symptoms: HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.03; 1 RCT)³³ and adjusted HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.03; 1 cluster-RCT)^{16, 25}

Similarly, Cals 2010 found little difference between the CRP and usual care groups in terms of patient reported time to full recovery for patients with lower RTI (CRP mean 17.5 days (SD 9.2), usual care mean 19.8 days (SD 9.5); 1 cluster-RCT, n=100) or patients with rhinosinusitis (CRP mean 17.3 days (SD 9.3) and usual care mean 16.6 days (SD 9.9); 1 cluster-RCT, n=143).²⁸

In addition, five studies provided evidence on the number of patients substantially improved (Table 3). Two studies reported the number of patients substantially improved within 7 days, with both studies showing no significant differences between CRP and usual care groups: RR 0.94 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.18; 1 RCT, n=230)^{16, 32} and RR 1.03 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.18; 1 RCT, n=243)^{16, 28}

One study reported a similar proportion of patients fully or almost recovered within 14 days between the CRP group (91.1%; n=101, original sample size) and usual care group (92.3%; n=78, original sample size).^{29 16, 29}

One study found no significant difference in the number of patients fully recovered within 3 weeks between the CRP group (86.4%) and usual care group (90.8%), OR 0.49 (0.21 to 1.12).²⁷ The sample sizes these proportions were based on were unclear and did not align with the original sample sizes in each group.

Two studies reporting on the number of patients substantially improved at 28 days found no significant difference between the CRP group and usual care group: RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.53 to 1.78; 1 cluster-RCT [modified sample size due to cluster level data, n=124)^{16, 26} and RR 0.85 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.29; 1 RCT, n=219).^{16, 32}

Table 2

CRP POCT vs usual care - Time to resoluon of symptoms/me to full recovery.

Table 3

CRP POCT vs usual care - Number of paents substanally improved.

4.1.2.11. Mortality

Three cluster RCTs^25–27 and three individual RCTs^{24, 28, 33} provided evidence on mortality rates at varying timepoints. It was not possible to calculate risk ratios for two cluster-RCTs^{25, 26} and two individual RCTs^{28, 33} due to zero events in both intervention and usual care arms. Two RCTs provided data to calculate risk ratios but the event rates were very low.^{24, 27}

Meta-analysis was not conducted, however, data are presented as a forest plot in Figure 5.

Figure 5

CRP POCT vs usual care - Mortality.

4.1.2.12. HRQoL

One UK study reported HRQoL (Appendix 6, Table 11), measured using the EQ-5D-5L index value, EQ-5D visual analogue scale (VAS; with scores ranging from 0 to 100 and higher scores indicating better health), and the CRQ-SAS which measures disease-specific health-related quality of life, including domains for dyspnoea, fatigue, emotional functioning and mastery (scores range from 1 to 7 with higher scores indicating better patient outcomes for each domain).²⁴

No differences were found between patients in the CRP group compared with patients in the usual care group for EQ-5D-5L index values measured across different timepoints (i.e. at weeks 1, 2 and 4, and at 6 months): adjusted mean difference 0.03 (95% CI −0.04 to 0.09; 1 RCT). By contrast, EQ-5D VAS scores were 3 points higher in the CRP group compared to usual care group measured across different timepoints (i.e. at weeks 1, 2 and 4, and at 6 months): adjusted mean difference 3.12 (95% CI 0.50 to 5.74; 1 RCT).²⁴

No differences were found between the CRP and usual care groups for any CRQ-SAS domain at 6 month follow-up: adjusted mean difference for dyspnoea domain 0.06 (95% CI −0.20 to 0.33; 1 RCT, n=399); adjusted mean difference for fatigue domain 0.13 (95% CI −0.12 to 0.38; 1 RCT, n=436); adjusted mean difference for emotional function domain 0.15 (95% CI −0.04 to 0.34; 1 RCT, n=441); adjusted mean difference for mastery domain −0.09 (95% CI −0.18 to 0.01; 1 RCT, n=435).²⁴

4.1.2.13. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses for clinical effectiveness outcomes

Only one subgroup analysis was performed due to limited data. This subgroup analysis of antibiotics prescribed at index consultation included only patients with COPD.^{24, 27} Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of excluding one study each in patients with AECOPD²⁴ or in a nursing home setting,²⁷ on antibiotics prescribed at index consultation or at 28 days. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to assess the impact of excluding studies using tests that are unavailable in the UK on antibiotics prescribed at index consultation, within 28 days, or on the escalation of care.^{26, 30–33} I Findings for subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not change the conclusions inferred from the main analyses (Appendix 11).

4.1.3.1. Risk of bias in included procalcitonin study

Based on the Cochrane Review assessment,¹⁶ the single study assessing procalcitonin³⁸ was considered to be at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding of participants and personnel, and selection bias due to unclear allocation concealment and lack of individual randomisation. The remaining risk of bias domains were considered to be low or unclear risk. Based on reviewer’s judgements, the study was also at high risk of bias due to incomplete outcome reporting for 7- or 28-day mortality (Appendix 9).

Table 4

Characteriscs of included studies for procalcitonin tests.

4.1.3.2. Hospital admission (immediately after triage or at 28 days)

No difference was found between procalcitonin and usual care in the number of patients in need of hospital admission within 7 days follow-up (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.26 to 7.51; 1 cluster-RCT, n=277, very low certainty evidence).^{16, 38}

4.1.3.3. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Re-consultation/appointment

No difference was found between procalcitonin and usual care in the number of adults in need of a re-consultation within 28 days follow-up (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.46; 1 cluster-RCT, n=317; very low certainty evidence).^{16, 38}

4.1.3.4. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Virtual Ward

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.3.5. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Emergency department visit

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.3.6. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Unplanned hospital admission

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.3.7. Hospital length of stay

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.3.8. Follow-up consultation/ongoing monitoring

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.3.9. Antibiotic/antiviral use

At the index consultation, antibiotic prescriptions were substantially lower in the procalcitonin group compared to usual care group (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.44; 1 cluster-RCT, n=317).^{16, 38}

Similarly, the number of antibiotic prescriptions was substantially lower in the procalcitonin group compared to the usual care group within 7 days (29.7% versus 61.5%, respectively; 1 cluster-RCT, n=317) and within 28 days follow-up (40.0% versus 70.5%, respectively; 1 cluster-RCT, n=277).³⁸

4.1.3.10. Time to clinical cure/resolution of symptoms

No difference in median duration of symptoms by day 28 between the procalcitonin group (8 days) and usual care group (7 days): HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.04; 1 cluster-RCT, n=261).³⁸

4.1.3.11. Mortality

No deaths occurred in the procalcitonin group (0/163) or usual care group (0/114); 1 cluster-RCT, n=317; very low certainty evidence).³⁸

4.1.3.12. HRQoL

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.1. Risk of bias in included of Group A Streptococcus tests studies

The two studies that assessed Group A Streptococcus tests were considered to be at high risk of bias according to reviewers’ judgements, due to high risk of selection bias (lack of allocation concealment in both studies and inadequate sequence generation in one study) and high risk for ‘other bias’ (Appendix 9).^{39, 40} In addition, one study was at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding of participants and personnel.³⁹

Table 5

Characteriscs of included studies for Group A Streptococcus tests.

4.1.4.2. Hospital admission (immediately after triage or at 28 days)

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.3. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Re-consultation/appointment

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.4. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Virtual Ward

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.5. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Emergency department visit

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.6. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Unplanned hospital admission

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.7. Hospital length of stay

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.8. Follow-up consultation/ongoing monitoring

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.9. Antibiotic/antiviral use

Two cluster-RCTs found that antibiotic prescriptions were substantially lower in the RADT group compared to usual care group at the index consultation: 43.8% in the RADT group versus 64.1% in the usual care group; p<0.001 (1 cluster-RCT, n=543)³⁹ and 26.7% in the RADT group versus 58.2% in the usual care group; p<0.001 (1 cluster-RCT, n=261) (Table 6).⁴⁰ Neither trial reported data allowing for adjustment of sample sizes for clustering effect.

Table 6

Rapid angen detecon test versus usual care - Anbioc prescripons at index consultaon.

4.1.4.10. Time to clinical cure/resolution of symptoms

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.11. Mortality

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.4.12. HRQoL

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.1. Risk of bias in included study of influenza tests

The single study assessing an influenza test⁴¹ was judged by reviewers to be at high risk of bias due to selection bias (limitations in methods used for random sequence generation and allocation concealment), the lack of blinding of participants and personnel, and high risk due to ‘other bias’ (Appendix 9).

Table 7

Characteriscs of included study for Influenza tests.

4.1.5.2. Hospital admission (immediately after triage or at 28 days)

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.3. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Re-consultation/appointment

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.4. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Virtual Ward

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.5. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Emergency department visit

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.6. Escalation of care (some time after initial consultation): Unplanned hospital admission

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.7. Hospital length of stay

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.8. Follow-up consultation/ongoing monitoring

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.9. Antibiotic/antiviral use

No significant difference was found between RADT and usual care in the number of adults prescribed antibiotics: 23.3% in the RADT group versus 39.4% in the usual care group; p=0.15 (1 RCT, n=93).⁴¹ No patient received antiviral treatment.

4.1.5.10. Time to clinical cure/resolution of symptoms

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

4.1.5.11. Mortality

No deaths occurred in the RADT group (0/60) or usual care group (0/33) (1 RCT, n=93; very low certainty evidence).⁴¹.

4.1.5.12. HRQoL

No eligible evidence was identified for this outcome.

MEDLINE (Ovid)

Searched: 04 May 2023

Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL <1946 to May 03, 2023>

1. Respiratory Tract Infections/ 42594
2. exp Bronchitis/ or Common Cold/ or Infectious Mononucleosis/ or Influenza, Human/ or Laryngitis/ or exp Pharyngitis/ or exp Pneumonia/ or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/ 433538
3. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 122465
4. ((chest or lung? or lobar or pleura?) adj3 (absces* or infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 44681
5. (bronchit* or bronchopneumon* or common cold* or glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis or flu or influenza or laryngit* or laryngotracheobronchit* or laryngo tracheo bronchit* or laryngo tracheobronchit* or laryngotracheit* or nasopharyngit* or parainfluenza or pharyngit* or pneumoni* or pleuropneumoni* or rhinopharyngit* or severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS or sore throat* or throat infection* or supraglottit* or supraglotit* or tonsillit* or tonsilit* or tracheit*).tw,kf. 520988
6. ((acute* or exacerbat* or flare*) adj3 (copd or coad or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic obstructive airway* disease or chronic obstructive lung disease)).mp. 10264
7. ((acute* or subacute* or exacerbat* or prolonged) adj3 cough*).mp. 1542
8. (RTI or LRTI or URTI or ARTI or AURI or ALRI).tw,kf. 6290
9. exp Respiratory System/ and (exp Viruses/ or exp Virus Diseases/) 34955
10. exp pneumonia, viral/ or *orthomyxoviridae infections/ or influenza, human/ 288725
11. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (nonbacter* or viral* or virus* or adenovir*)).tw,kf. 35760
12. (rhinovir* or rhino* vir* or coryzavir* or coryza* vir* or influenzavir* or influenza* vir* or (H1N1 or H3N2) or parainfluenzavir* or parainfluenza* vir* or pneumovir* or pneumo* vir* or human metapneumovir* or human meta-pneumovir* or HMPV or respiratory syncytial vir*).mp. or RSV.tw,kf. 138771
13. exp Respiratory System/ and (exp Bacteria/ or exp Bacterial Infections/) 48045
14. pneumonia, bacterial/ or chlamydial pneumonia/ or pneumonia, mycoplasma/ or pneumonia, pneumococcal/ or pneumonia, staphylococcal/ 22808
15. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (bacter* or bacilli* or bacili* or corynebac* or mycobac* or nonvir* or pathogen*)).tw,kf. 22594
16. (strep* pneumon* or diplococ* pneumon* or pneumococ* or staph* pneumon* or chlamyd* pneumon* or myco* pneumon* or influenza bacil* or bacteri* influenza* or h?emophil* influenza*).mp. 80712
17. ((strep* adj3 (throat* or pharyn* or tonsil*)) or (strep* and (airway* or pulmonary or brochopulmonar* or brocho-pulmonar* or respiratory*))).mp. 22142
18. (GABHS or (“group a” adj3 strep*)).tw,kf. 10718
19. strep* pyogen*.mp. 18532
20. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection] 957868
21. Point-of-Care Systems/ 16336
22. (POCT or POCTs or (((point adj2 care) or poc) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or device? or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or platform? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or (cassette? or dipstick? or film* or stick or strip or fluorescent antibod*)))).tw,kf. 21606
23. (point adj2 care).ti,kf. 14978
24. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or rapid* or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or fluorescent antibod*)).tw,kf. 204252
25. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 rapid*).tw,kf. 635
26. Rapid Diagnostic Tests/ 35
27. (rapid* adj3 (detect* or diagnos* or screen*)).tw,kf. 71578
28. (time-to-result? or ((quick* or rapid* or short* or time*) adj3 (turnaround or turn-around))).tw,kf. 8081
29. (antigen? adj3 (analys* or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test*)).tw,kf. 90702
30. (RADT or RADTs or RDT or RDTs).tw,kf. 3308
31. (rapid molecular or multiplex*).mp. 72823
32. lab-on-a-chip.tw,kf. 3494
33. ((lateral flow adj (assay* or immunoassay* or test*)) or LFA or LFIA).tw,kf. 9954
34. (immunochromatograph* or immuno-chromatograph* or immuno-chromato-graph* or direct immunofluorescence or direct immuno-fluorescence or enzym* immunoassay* or enzym* immuno-assay* or fluorescence immunoassay* or fluorescence immuno-assay* or optical immunoassay* or optical immuno-assay*).mp. or (ICA or EIA or FIA or OIA).tw,kf. 60364
35. ((chemiluminescen* or chemi-luminescen*) adj (immunoassay* or immuno-assay* or assay*)).mp. 4693
36. (((mobile or portable or handheld or hand-held) adj3 (analy#er? or device? or meters or metres)) and (blood? or plasma or saliva or sputum or spit or mucus or urine or urea or urinalys* or fluids or gas or gases)).mp. 2602
37. 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 [Rapid Tests] 452888
38. 20 and 37 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests] 33006
39. (systematic review or meta-analysis).pt. 309240
40. meta-analysis/ or systematic review/ or systematic reviews as topic/ or meta-analysis as topic/ or “meta analysis (topic)”/ or “systematic review (topic)”/ or exp technology assessment, biomedical/ or network meta-analysis/ 347218
41. ((systematic* adj3 (review* or overview*)) or (methodologic* adj3 (review* or overview*))).ti,ab,kf. 313541
42. ((quantitative adj3 (review* or overview* or synthes*)) or (research adj3 (integrati* or overview*))).ti,ab,kf. 15381
43. ((integrative adj3 (review* or overview*)) or (collaborative adj3 (review* or overview*)) or (pool* adj3 analy*)).ti,ab,kf. 38276
44. (data synthes* or data extraction* or data abstraction*).ti,ab,kf. 39706
45. (handsearch* or hand search*).ti,ab,kf. 11062
46. (mantel haenszel or peto or der simonian or dersimonian or fixed effect* or latin square*).ti,ab,kf. 35169
47. (met analy* or metanaly* or technology assessment* or HTA or HTAs or technology overview* or technology appraisal*).ti,ab,kf. 11998
48. (meta regression* or metaregression*).ti,ab,kf. 14264
49. (meta-analy* or metaanaly* or systematic review* or biomedical technology assessment* or bio-medical technology assessment*).mp,hw. 459155
50. (medline or cochrane or pubmed or medlars or embase or cinahl).ti,ab,hw. 335245
51. (cochrane or (health adj2 technology assessment) or evidence report).jw. 21350
52. (comparative adj3 (efficacy or effectiveness)).ti,ab,kf. 17353
53. (outcomes research or relative effectiveness).ti,ab,kf. 11149
54. ((indirect or indirect treatment or mixed-treatment or bayesian) adj3 comparison*).ti,ab,kf. 4285
55. (multi* adj3 treatment adj3 comparison*).ti,ab,kf. 291
56. (mixed adj3 treatment adj3 (meta-analy* or metaanaly*)).ti,ab,kf. 178
57. umbrella review*.ti,ab,kf. 1411
58. (multi* adj2 paramet* adj2 evidence adj2 synthesis).ti,ab,kf. 14
59. (multiparamet* adj2 evidence adj2 synthesis).ti,ab,kf. 18
60. (multi-paramet* adj2 evidence adj2 synthesis).ti,ab,kf. 12
61. or/39-60 [CADTH SR filter] 672225
62. 38 and 61 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests AND CADTH SR filter] 901
63. (metaanalys* or meta analys* or NMA* or MAIC* or indirect comparison* or mixed treatment comparison*).mp. 303671
64. (systematic* adj3 (review* or overview* or search or literature)).mp. 351213
65. 63 or 64 [in-house SR filter] 485892
66. 38 and 65 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests AND in-house SR filter] 642
67. 62 or 66 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests AND either SR filter] 906
68. limit 67 to english language 875
69. limit 68 to (comment or editorial or letter or news) 19
70. 68 not 69 856

Total after 7 duplicates identified in EndNote removed: 849

Epistemonikos

Searched: 11 May 2023

title:((((airway* OR bronchopulmonar* OR broncho-pulmonar* OR tracheobronch* OR tracheo-bronch* OR pulmonary OR respiratory OR chest OR lung* OR lobar OR pleura*) AND (infect* OR coinfect* OR inflamm* OR nonbacter* OR viral* OR virus* OR adenovir* OR bacter* OR bacilli* OR bacili* OR corynebac* OR mycobac* OR nonvir* OR pathogen*)) OR (bronchit* OR bronchopneumon* OR “common cold” OR “glandular fever” OR “infectious mononucleosis” OR flu OR influenza OR laryngit* OR laryngotracheobronchit* OR “laryngo tracheo bronchitis” OR “laryngo tracheobronchitis” OR laryngotracheit* OR nasopharyngit* OR parainfluenza OR pharyngit* OR pneumoni* OR pleuropneumoni* OR rhinopharyngit* OR “severe acute respiratory syndrome” OR SARS OR “sore throat” OR “throat infection” OR supraglottit* OR supraglotit* OR tonsillit* OR tonsilit* OR tracheit*) OR ((acute* OR exacerbat* OR flare*) AND (copd OR coad OR “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” OR “chronic obstructive airway disease” OR “chronic obstructive lung disease”)) OR (“acute cough” OR “subacute cough” OR “exacerbated cough” OR “prolonged cough” OR “acute coughing” OR “subacute coughing” OR “exacerbated coughing” OR “prolonged coughing”) OR (RTI OR LRTI OR URTI OR ARTI OR AURI OR ALRI) OR (rhinovir* OR “rhino virus” OR coryzavir* OR “coryza virus” OR influenzavir* OR “influenza virus” OR H1N1 OR H3N2 OR parainfluenzavir* OR “parainfluenza virus” OR pneumovir* OR “pneumo virus” OR “human metapneumovirus” OR “human meta-pneumovirus” OR HMPV OR “respiratory syncytial virus” OR RSV) OR (((strep* OR diplococ* OR pneumococ* OR staph* OR chlamyd* OR myco*) AND pneumon*) OR ((bacil* OR bacteri* OR haemophil* OR hemophil*) AND influenza*)) OR ((strep* AND (throat* OR pharyn* OR tonsil* OR airway* OR pulmonary OR brochopulmonar* OR brocho-pulmonar* OR respiratory* OR pyogen*))) OR (GABHS OR (“group a” AND strep*)))) AND (title:((POCT OR POCTs OR ((“point of care” OR “near patient” OR near-patient OR nearpatient OR bedside* OR bed-side* OR extra-laboratory OR extralaboratory OR time-to-result* OR quick* OR rapid* OR short* OR antigen*) AND (analys* OR assay* OR immunoassay* OR classif* OR detect* OR determin* OR diagnos* OR differenti* OR identif* OR method* OR kit OR kits OR panel* OR predict* OR routine* OR screen* OR system* OR technique* OR test*)) OR (RADT OR RADTs OR RDT OR RDTs OR “rapid molecular” OR multiplex* OR “lab-on-a-chip”) OR (((mobile OR portable OR handheld OR hand-held) AND (analyser* OR analyzer* OR device* OR meters OR metres)) AND (blood* OR plasma OR saliva OR sputum OR spit OR mucus OR urine OR urea OR urinalys* OR fluids OR gas OR gases)))) OR abstract:((POCT OR POCTs OR ((“point of care” OR “near patient” OR near-patient OR nearpatient OR bedside* OR bed-side* OR extra-laboratory OR extralaboratory OR time-to-result* OR quick* OR rapid* OR short* OR antigen*) AND (analys* OR assay* OR immunoassay* OR classif* OR detect* OR determin* OR diagnos* OR differenti* OR identif* OR method* OR kit OR kits OR panel* OR predict* OR routine* OR screen* OR system* OR technique* OR test*)) OR (RADT OR RADTs OR RDT OR RDTs OR “rapid molecular” OR multiplex* OR “lab-on-a-chip”) OR (((mobile OR portable OR handheld OR hand-held) AND (analyser* OR analyzer* OR device* OR meters OR metres)) AND (blood* OR plasma OR saliva OR sputum OR spit OR mucus OR urine OR urea OR urinalys* OR fluids OR gas OR gases)))))

Limited to:

Publication Type: Systematic Reviews

Total: 617

CENTRAL (Wiley)

Search Name: Acute Respiratory Infections RCTs

Date Run: 26/05/2023 22:22:45

Comment: 26 May 2023

ID Search Hits

#1.

[mh ^“Respiratory Tract Infections”] 2777

#2.

[mh Bronchitis] OR [mh ^“Common Cold”] OR [mh ^“Infectious Mononucleosis”] OR [mh ^“Influenza, Human”] OR [mh ^Laryngitis] OR [mh Pharyngitis] OR [mh Pneumonia] OR [mh ^“Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”] 17706

#3.

((airway* OR bronchopulmonar* OR broncho-pulmonar* OR tracheobronch* OR tracheo-bronch* OR (pulmonar* NEXT tract) OR pulmonary OR (respirat* NEXT tract) OR respiratory) NEAR/3 (infect* OR coinfect* OR inflamm*)):ti,ab,kw 18614

#4.

((chest OR lung? OR lobar OR pleura?) NEAR/3 (absces* OR infect* OR coinfect* OR inflamm*)):ti,ab,kw 4150

#5.

(bronchit* OR bronchopneumon* OR (common NEXT cold*) OR “glandular fever” OR “infectious mononucleosis” OR flu OR influenza OR laryngit* OR laryngotracheobronchit* OR (“laryngo tracheo” NEXT bronchit*) OR (laryngo NEXT tracheobronchit*) OR laryngotracheit* OR nasopharyngit* OR parainfluenza OR pharyngit* OR pneumoni* OR pleuropneumoni* OR rhinopharyngit* OR “severe acute respiratory syndrome” OR SARS OR (sore NEXT throat*) OR (throat NEXT infection*) OR supraglottit* OR supraglotit* OR tonsillit* OR tonsilit* OR tracheit*):ti,ab,kw 51341

#6.

((acute* OR exacerbat* OR flare*) NEAR/3 (copd OR coad OR “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” OR (“chronic obstructive” NEXT airway* NEXT disease) OR “chronic obstructive lung disease”)):ti,ab,kw 4040

#7.

((acute* OR subacute* OR exacerbat* OR prolonged) NEAR/3 cough*):ti,ab,kw 525

#8.

(RTI OR LRTI OR URTI OR ARTI OR AURI OR ALRI):ti,ab,kw 1399

#9.

[mh “Respiratory System”] AND ([mh Viruses] OR [mh “Virus Diseases”]) 453

#10.

[mh “pneumonia, viral”] OR [mh ^“orthomyxoviridae infections”] OR [mh ^“influenza, human”] 7578

#11.

((airway* OR bronchopulmonar* OR broncho-pulmonar* OR tracheobronch* OR tracheo-bronch* OR (pulmonar* NEXT tract) OR pulmonary OR (respirat* NEXT tract) OR respiratory) NEAR/3 (nonbacter* OR viral* OR virus* OR adenovir*)):ti,ab,kw 2500

#12.

(rhinovir* OR (rhino* NEXT vir*) OR coryzavir* OR (coryza* NEXT vir*) OR influenzavir* OR (influenza* NEXT vir*) OR (H1N1 OR H3N2) OR parainfluenzavir* OR (parainfluenza* NEXT vir*) OR pneumovir* OR (pneumo* NEXT vir*) OR (human NEXT metapneumovir*) OR (human NEXT meta-pneumovir*) OR HMPV OR (“respiratory syncytial” NEXT vir*) OR RSV):ti,ab,kw 4910

#13.

[mh “Respiratory System”] AND ([mh Bacteria] OR [mh “Bacterial Infections”]) 874

#14.

[mh ^“pneumonia, bacterial”] OR [mh ^“chlamydial pneumonia”] OR [mh ^“pneumonia, mycoplasma”] OR [mh ^“pneumonia, pneumococcal”] OR [mh ^“pneumonia, staphylococcal”] 946

#15.

((airway* OR bronchopulmonar* OR broncho-pulmonar* OR tracheobronch* OR tracheo-bronch* OR (pulmonar* NEXT tract) OR pulmonary OR (respirat* NEXT tract) OR respiratory) NEAR/3 (bacter* OR bacilli* OR bacili* OR corynebac* OR mycobac* OR nonvir* OR pathogen*)):ti,ab,kw 1072

#16.

((strep* NEXT pneumon*) OR (diplococ* NEXT pneumon*) OR pneumococ* OR (staph* NEXT pneumon*) OR (chlamyd* NEXT pneumon*) OR (myco* NEXT pneumon*) OR (influenza NEXT bacil*) OR (bacteri* NEXT influenza*) OR (hemophil* NEXT influenza*) OR (haemophil* NEXT influenza*)):ti,ab,kw 5166

#17.

((strep* NEAR/3 (throat* OR pharyn* OR tonsil*)) OR (strep* AND (airway* OR pulmonary OR brochopulmonar* OR brocho-pulmonar* OR respiratory*))):ti,ab,kw 1729

#18.

(GABHS OR (“group a” NEAR/3 strep*)):ti,ab,kw 496

#19.

(strep* NEXT pyogen*):ti,ab,kw 494

#20.

#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 74475

#21.

[mh ^“Point-of-Care Systems”] 575

#22.

(POCT OR POCTs OR (((point NEAR/2 care) OR poc) NEAR/3 (analys* OR antigen? OR assay* OR device? OR immunoassay* OR classif* OR detect* OR determin* OR diagnos* OR differenti* OR identif* OR method* OR kit OR kits OR panel? OR platform? OR predict* OR rapid OR routine* OR screen* OR system* OR technique* OR test* OR cassette? OR dipstick? OR film* OR stick OR strip OR (fluorescent NEXT antibod*)))):ti,ab,kw 2015

#23.

(point NEAR/2 care):ti,kw 1372

#24.

((“near patient” OR “near-patient” OR nearpatient OR rapid* OR bedside? OR bed-side? OR extra-laboratory OR extralaboratory) NEAR/3 (analys* OR antigen? OR assay* OR immunoassay* OR classif* OR detect* OR determin* OR diagnos* OR differenti* OR identif* OR method* OR kit OR kits OR panel? OR predict* OR screen* OR system* OR technique* OR test* OR (fluorescent NEXT antibod*))):ti,ab,kw 6530

#25.

((“near patient” OR “near-patient” OR nearpatient OR bedside? OR bed-side? OR extra-laboratory OR extralaboratory) NEAR/3 rapid*):ti,ab,kw 39

#26.

[mh ^“Rapid Diagnostic Tests”] 0

#27.

(rapid* NEAR/3 (detect* OR diagnos* OR screen*)):ti,ab,kw 1611

#28.

(time-to-result? OR ((quick* OR rapid* OR short* OR time*) NEAR/3 (turnaround OR turn-around))):ti,ab,kw 314

#29.

(antigen? NEAR/3 (analys* OR assay* OR immunoassay* OR classif* OR detect* OR determin* OR diagnos* OR differenti* OR identif* OR method* OR kit OR kits OR panel? OR predict* OR rapid OR routine* OR screen* OR system* OR technique* OR test*)):ti,ab,kw 4499

#30.

(RADT OR RADTs OR RDT OR RDTs):ti,ab,kw 485

#31.

(“rapid molecular” OR multiplex*):ti,ab,kw 1767

#32.

lab-on-a-chip:ti,ab,kw 0

#33.

((“lateral flow” NEXT (assay* OR immunoassay* OR test*)) OR LFA OR LFIA):ti,ab,kw 206

#34.

(immunochromatograph* OR immuno-chromatograph* OR immuno-chromato-graph* OR “direct immunofluorescence” OR “direct immuno-fluorescence” OR (enzym* NEXT immunoassay*) OR (enzym* NEXT immuno-assay*) OR (“fluorescence” NEXT immunoassay*) OR (“fluorescence” NEXT immuno-assay*) OR (“optical” NEXT immunoassay*) OR (“optical” NEXT immuno-assay*)) OR (ICA OR EIA OR FIA OR OIA):ti,ab,kw 2911

#35.

((chemiluminescen* OR chemi-luminescen*) NEXT (immunoassay* OR immuno-assay* OR assay*)):ti,ab,kw 500

#36.

(((mobile OR portable OR handheld OR hand-held) NEAR/3 (analyser? OR analyzer? OR device? OR meters OR metres)) AND (blood? OR plasma OR saliva OR sputum OR spit OR mucus OR urine OR urea OR urinalys* OR fluids OR gas OR gases)):ti,ab,kw 546

#37.

((biomarker* OR procalcitonin* OR PCT OR “c reactive protein” OR “c-reactive protein” OR “C-reactive protein” OR CRP OR leucocyte OR leukocyte OR neutrophil* OR (“white blood cell” NEXT count*) OR wbc OR wbcc OR sodium OR “partial pressure of oxygen” OR “partial pressure O2” OR PaO2 OR “blood count” OR “platelet count” OR CBC OR FBC OR (“blood” NEXT exam*) OR (blood NEXT test*) OR (blood NEXT draw*) OR haematolog* OR hematolog* OR haemoglobin OR hemoglobin OR haematocrit OR hematocrit OR “white blood cell” OR “red blood cell” OR “mean platelet volume” OR “mean corpuscular volume” OR “mean corpuscular haemoglobin” OR “mean corpuscular hemoglobin” OR platelet* OR basophil* OR eosinophil* OR lymphocyte* OR monocyte* OR erythrocyte*) NEAR/3 (guid* OR direct* OR steer* OR inform* OR algorithm-guided OR algorithm-directed OR algorithm-steered OR algorithm-informed)):ti,ab,kw 1968

#38.

#21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 20117

#39.

#20 AND #38 2081

• CDSR: 37
• Protocols: 3
• CENTRAL: 2035
• Editorials: 1
• Clinical Answers: 5

MEDLINE (Ovid)

Searched: 26 May 2023

Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL <1946 to May 25, 2023>

1. Respiratory Tract Infections/ 42643
2. exp Bronchitis/ or Common Cold/ or Infectious Mononucleosis/ or Influenza, Human/ or Laryngitis/ or exp Pharyngitis/ or exp Pneumonia/ or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/ 436904
3. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 122877
4. ((chest or lung? or lobar or pleura?) adj3 (absces* or infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 44844
5. (bronchit* or bronchopneumon* or common cold* or glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis or flu or influenza or laryngit* or laryngotracheobronchit* or laryngo tracheo bronchit* or laryngo tracheobronchit* or laryngotracheit* or nasopharyngit* or parainfluenza or pharyngit* or pneumoni* or pleuropneumoni* or rhinopharyngit* or severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS or sore throat* or throat infection* or supraglottit* or supraglotit* or tonsillit* or tonsilit* or tracheit*).tw,kf. 523527
6. ((acute* or exacerbat* or flare*) adj3 (copd or coad or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic obstructive airway* disease or chronic obstructive lung disease)).mp. 10315
7. ((acute* or subacute* or exacerbat* or prolonged) adj3 cough*).mp. 1549
8. (RTI or LRTI or URTI or ARTI or AURI or ALRI).tw,kf. 6320
9. exp Respiratory System/ and (exp Viruses/ or exp Virus Diseases/) 35017
10. exp pneumonia, viral/ or *orthomyxoviridae infections/ or influenza, human/ 291951
11. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (nonbacter* or viral* or virus* or adenovir*)).tw,kf. 35921
12. (rhinovir* or rhino* vir* or coryzavir* or coryza* vir* or influenzavir* or influenza* vir* or (H1N1 or H3N2) or parainfluenzavir* or parainfluenza* vir* or pneumovir* or pneumo* vir* or human metapneumovir* or human meta-pneumovir* or HMPV or respiratory syncytial vir*).mp. or RSV.tw,kf. 139001
13. exp Respiratory System/ and (exp Bacteria/ or exp Bacterial Infections/) 48085
14. pneumonia, bacterial/ or chlamydial pneumonia/ or pneumonia, mycoplasma/ or pneumonia, pneumococcal/ or pneumonia, staphylococcal/ 22815
15. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (bacter* or bacilli* or bacili* or corynebac* or mycobac* or nonvir* or pathogen*)).tw,kf. 22660
16. (strep* pneumon* or diplococ* pneumon* or pneumococ* or staph* pneumon* or chlamyd* pneumon* or myco* pneumon* or influenza bacil* or bacteri* influenza* or h?emophil* influenza*).mp. 80816
17. ((strep* adj3 (throat* or pharyn* or tonsil*)) or (strep* and (airway* or pulmonary or brochopulmonar* or brocho-pulmonar* or respiratory*))).mp. 22180
18. (GABHS or (“group a” adj3 strep*)).tw,kf. 10737
19. strep* pyogen*.mp. 18547
20. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection] 962908
21. Point-of-Care Systems/ 16388
22. (POCT or POCTs or (((point adj2 care) or poc) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or device? or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or platform? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or (cassette? or dipstick? or film* or stick or strip or fluorescent antibod*)))).tw,kf. 21789
23. (point adj2 care).ti,kf. 15117
24. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or rapid* or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or fluorescent antibod*)).tw,kf. 204945
25. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 rapid*).tw,kf. 639
26. Rapid Diagnostic Tests/ 43
27. (rapid* adj3 (detect* or diagnos* or screen*)).tw,kf. 71887
28. (time-to-result? or ((quick* or rapid* or short* or time*) adj3 (turnaround or turn-around))).tw,kf. 8134
29. (antigen? adj3 (analys* or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test*)).tw,kf. 90890
30. (RADT or RADTs or RDT or RDTs).tw,kf. 3331
31. (rapid molecular or multiplex*).mp. 73203
32. lab-on-a-chip.tw,kf. 3512
33. ((lateral flow adj (assay* or immunoassay* or test*)) or LFA or LFIA).tw,kf. 9990
34. (immunochromatograph* or immuno-chromatograph* or immuno-chromato-graph* or direct immunofluorescence or direct immuno-fluorescence or enzym* immunoassay* or enzym* immuno-assay* or fluorescence immunoassay* or fluorescence immuno-assay* or optical immunoassay* or optical immuno-assay*).mp. or (ICA or EIA or FIA or OIA).tw,kf. 60476
35. ((chemiluminescen* or chemi-luminescen*) adj (immunoassay* or immuno-assay* or assay*)).mp. 4716
36. (((mobile or portable or handheld or hand-held) adj3 (analy#er? or device? or meters or metres)) and (blood? or plasma or saliva or sputum or spit or mucus or urine or urea or urinalys* or fluids or gas or gases)).mp. 2614
37. ((biomarker* or procalcitonin* or PCT or “c reactive protein” or “c-reactive protein” or “C-reactive protein” or CRP or leucocyte or leukocyte or neutrophil* or white blood cell count* or wbc or wbcc or sodium or partial pressure of oxygen or partial pressure O2 or PaO2 or blood count or platelet count or CBC or FBC or blood exam* or blood test* or blood draw* or haematolog* or hematolog* or haemoglobin or hemoglobin or haematocrit or hematocrit or white blood cell or red blood cell or mean platelet volume or mean corpuscular volume or mean corpuscular haemoglobin or mean corpuscular hemaglobin or platelet* or basophil* or eosinophil* or lymphocyte* or monocyte* or erythrocyte*) adj3 (guid* or direct* or steer* or inform* or algorithm-guided or algorithm-directed or algorithm-steered or algorithm-informed)).tw,kf. 18753
38. 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 [Rapid Tests / biomarker guided management] 472216
39. 20 and 38 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests / biomarker guided management] 34240
40. exp randomized controlled trial/ 594769
41. controlled clinical trial.pt. 95314
42. randomized.ab. 604126
43. placebo.ab. 238387
44. clinical trials as topic/ 200976
45. randomly.ab. 408822
46. trial.ti. 285699
47. 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 1525057
48. exp animals/ not humans/ 5123796
49. 47 not 48 1403647
50. randomized controlled trial.pt. 593242
51. (random* or “controlled trial*” or “clinical trial*” or rct).tw. 1746752
52. 50 or 51 1865978
53. 39 and 49 1204
54. 39 and 52 1917
55. 53 or 54 2039
56. limit 55 to english language 1959
57. limit 56 to yr=“2022 -Current” 418
58. limit 57 to (comment or editorial or letter or news) 2
59. 57 not 58 416

Embase (Ovid)

Searched: 28 May 2023

Embase Classic+Embase <1947 to 2023 May 25>

1. respiratory tract infection/ or lower respiratory tract infection/ or chest infection/ or exp lung infection/ 360091
2. exp bronchitis/ or common cold/ or mononucleosis/ or exp influenza/ or laryngitis/ or laryngotracheobronchitis/ or exp pharyngitis/ or exp pneumonia/ or severe acute respiratory syndrome/ or parainfluenza virus infection/ or sore throat/ or supraglottitis/ or tonsillitis/ or exp tracheitis/ 644599
3. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 187030
4. ((chest or lung or lobar or pleura?) adj3 (absces* or infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 62884
5. (bronchit* or bronchopneumon* or common cold* or glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis or flu or influenza or laryngit* or laryngotracheobronchit* or laryngo tracheo bronchit* or laryngo tracheobronchit* or laryngotracheit* or nasopharyngit* or parainfluenza or pharyngit* or pneumoni* or pleuropneumoni* or rhinopharyngit* or severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS or sore throat* or throat infection* or supraglottit* or supraglotit* or tonsillit* or tonsilit* or tracheit*).tw,kf. 731512
6. ((acute* or exacerbat* or flare*) adj3 (copd or coad or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic obstructive airway* disease or chronic obstructive lung disease)).mp. 19358
7. ((acute* or subacute* or exacerbat* or prolonged) adj3 cough*).mp. 2539
8. (RTI or LRTI or URTI or ARTI or AURI or ALRI).tw,kf. 9587
9. exp respiratory system/ and (exp virus/ or exp virus infection/) 61576
10. exp virus pneumonia/ or exp *orthomyxovirus infection/ or exp influenza/ 146440
11. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (nonbacter* or viral* or virus* or adenovir*)).tw,kf. 48349
12. (rhinovir* or rhino* vir* or coryzavir* or coryza* vir* or influenzavir* or influenza* vir* or (H1N1 or H3N2) or parainfluenzavir* or parainfluenza* vir* or pneumovir* or pneumo* vir* or human metapneumovir* or human meta-pneumovir* or HMPV or respiratory syncytial vir*).mp. or RSV.tw,kf. 147895
13. exp respiratory system/ and (exp bacterium/ or exp bacterial infection/) 92509
14. exp bacterial pneumonia/ 38087
15. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (bacter* or bacilli* or bacili* or corynebac* or mycobac* or nonvir* or pathogen*)).tw,kf. 31985
16. (strep* pneumon* or diplococ* pneumon* or pneumococ* or staph* pneumon* or chlamyd* pneumon* or myco* pneumon* or influenza bacil* or bacteri* influenza* or h?emophil* influenza*).mp. 134619
17. ((strep* adj3 (throat* or pharyn* or tonsil*)) or (strep* and (airway* or pulmonary or brochopulmonar* or brocho-pulmonar* or respiratory*))).mp. 48594
18. (GABHS or (“group a” adj3 strep*)).tw,kf. 14181
19. strep* pyogen*.mp. 22698
20. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 1474981
21. point of care system/ 3810
22. (POCT or POCTs or (((point adj2 care) or poc) adj3 (analys* or antigen or assay* or device? or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or platform? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or (cassette? or dipstick? or film* or stick or strip or fluorescent antibod*)))).tw,kf. 29715
23. (point adj2 care).ti,kf. 20377
24. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or rapid* or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or fluorescent antibod*)).tw,kf. 265872
25. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 rapid*).tw,kf. 961
26. rapid test/ or influenza A rapid test/ or streptococcus group A rapid test/ 8381
27. (rapid* adj3 (detect* or diagnos* or screen*)).tw,kf. 90602
28. (time-to-result? or ((quick* or rapid* or short* or time*) adj3 (turnaround or turn-around))).tw,kf. 14966
29. (antigen? adj3 (analys* or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test*)).tw,kf. 123967
30. (RADT or RADTs or RDT or RDTs).tw,kf. 5327
31. (rapid molecular or multiplex*).mp. 115336
32. lab-on-a-chip.tw,kf. 3683
33. ((lateral flow adj (assay* or immunoassay* or test*)) or LFA or LFIA).tw,kf. 11987
34. (immunochromatograph* or immuno-chromatograph* or immuno-chromato-graph* or direct immunofluorescence or direct immuno-fluorescence or enzym* immunoassay* or enzym* immuno-assay* or fluorescence immunoassay* or fluorescence immuno-assay* or optical immunoassay* or optical immuno-assay*).mp. or (ICA or EIA or FIA or OIA).tw,kf. 111334
35. ((chemiluminescen* or chemi-luminescen*) adj (immunoassay* or immuno-assay* or assay*)).mp. 18319
36. (((mobile or portable or handheld or hand-held) adj3 (analy#er? or device? or meters or metres)) and (blood? or plasma or saliva or sputum or spit or mucus or urine or urea or urinalys* or fluids or gas or gases)).mp. 4058
37. ((biomarker* or procalcitonin* or PCT or “c reactive protein” or “c-reactive protein” or “C-reactive protein” or CRP or leucocyte or leukocyte or neutrophil* or white blood cell count* or wbc or wbcc or sodium or partial pressure of oxygen or partial pressure O2 or PaO2 or blood count or platelet count or CBC or FBC or blood exam* or blood test* or blood draw* or haematolog* or hematolog* or haemoglobin or hemoglobin or haematocrit or hematocrit or white blood cell or red blood cell or mean platelet volume or mean corpuscular volume or mean corpuscular haemoglobin or mean corpuscular hemaglobin or platelet* or basophil* or eosinophil* or lymphocyte* or monocyte* or erythrocyte*) adj3 (guid* or direct* or steer* or inform* or algorithm-guided or algorithm-directed or algorithm-steered or algorithm-informed)).tw,kf. 29271
38. 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 682176
39. 37 and 20 1955
40. exp randomized controlled trial/ 790418
41. controlled clinical trial/ 469623
42. random$.ti,ab. 1981362
43. randomization/ 99460
44. intermethod comparison/ 297400
45. placebo.ti,ab. 371225
46. (compare or compared or comparison).ti,ab. 7771662
47. ((evaluated or evaluate or evaluating or assessed or assess) and (compare or compared or comparing or comparison)).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword heading word, floating subheading word, candidate term word] 2981040
48. (open adj label).ti,ab. 109052
49. ((double or single or doubly or singly) adj (blind or blinded or blindly)).ti,ab. 280099
50. double blind procedure/ 213168
51. parallel group$1.ti,ab. 32267
52. (crossover or cross over).ti,ab. 125950
53. ((assign$ or match or matched or allocation) adj5 (alternate or group$1 or intervention$1 or patient$1 or subject$1 or participant$1)).ti,ab. 417487
54. (assigned or allocated).ti,ab. 491973
55. (controlled adj7 (study or design or trial)).ti,ab. 454826
56. (volunteer or volunteers).ti,ab. 288594
57. human experiment/ 651776
58. trial.ti. 411431
59. or/40-58 10289233
60. (random$ adj sampl$ adj7 (“cross section$” or questionnaire$1 or survey$ or database$1)).ti,ab. not (comparative study/ or controlled study/ or randomied controlled.ti,ab. or randomly assigned.ti,ab.) 9599
61. cross-sectional study/ not (exp randomized controlled trial/ or controlled clinical trial/ or controlled study/ or randomi?ed controlled.ti,ab. or control group$1.ti,ab.) 347803
62. ((case adj control$).mp. and random$.ti,ab.) not randomi?ed controlled.ti,ab. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword heading word, floating subheading word, candidate term word] 26076
63. systematic review.ti,ab. not (trial or study).ti. 326205
64. (nonrandom$ not random$).ti,ab. 19058
65. ‘random field$’.ti,ab. 2951
66. (random cluster adj3 sampl$).ti,ab. 1542
67. (review.ab. and review.pt.) not trial.ti. 1117857
68. “we searched”.ab. and (review.ti. or review.pt.) 49790
69. “update review”.ab. 138
70. (databases adj4 searched).ab. 62434
71. (rat or rats or mouse or mice or swine or porcine or murine or sheep or lambs or pigs or piglets or rabbit or rabbits or cat or cats or dog or dogs or cattle or bovine or monkey or monkeys or trout or marmoset$1).ti. and animal experiment/ 1227348
72. animal experiment/ not (human experiment/ or human/) 2581423
73. or/60-72 4378964
74. 59 not 73 8989986
75. 39 and 74 681
76. limit 75 to english language 672
77. limit 76 to yr=“2022 -Current” 89
78. limit 77 to (conference abstract or conference paper or “conference review” or editorial or letter) 20
79. 77 not 78 69

MEDLINE (Ovid)

Searched: 16 May 2023

Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL <1946 to May 15, 2023>

1. Respiratory Tract Infections/ 42626
2. exp Bronchitis/ or Common Cold/ or Infectious Mononucleosis/ or Influenza, Human/ or Laryngitis/ or exp Pharyngitis/ or exp Pneumonia/ or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/ 435829
3. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 122748
4. ((chest or lung? or lobar or pleura?) adj3 (absces* or infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 44790
5. (bronchit* or bronchopneumon* or common cold* or glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis or flu or influenza or laryngit* or laryngotracheobronchit* or laryngo tracheo bronchit* or laryngo tracheobronchit* or laryngotracheit* or nasopharyngit* or parainfluenza or pharyngit* or pneumoni* or pleuropneumoni* or rhinopharyngit* or severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS or sore throat* or throat infection* or supraglottit* or supraglotit* or tonsillit* or tonsilit* or tracheit*).tw,kf. 522522
6. ((acute* or exacerbat* or flare*) adj3 (copd or coad or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic obstructive airway* disease or chronic obstructive lung disease)).mp. 10295
7. ((acute* or subacute* or exacerbat* or prolonged) adj3 cough*).mp. 1546
8. (RTI or LRTI or URTI or ARTI or AURI or ALRI).tw,kf. 6307
9. exp Respiratory System/ and (exp Viruses/ or exp Virus Diseases/) 35000
10. exp pneumonia, viral/ or *orthomyxoviridae infections/ or influenza, human/ 290911
11. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (nonbacter* or viral* or virus* or adenovir*)).tw,kf. 35861
12. (rhinovir* or rhino* vir* or coryzavir* or coryza* vir* or influenzavir* or influenza* vir* or (H1N1 or H3N2) or parainfluenzavir* or parainfluenza* vir* or pneumovir* or pneumo* vir* or human metapneumovir* or human meta-pneumovir* or HMPV or respiratory syncytial vir*).mp. or RSV.tw,kf. 138900
13. exp Respiratory System/ and (exp Bacteria/ or exp Bacterial Infections/) 48073
14. pneumonia, bacterial/ or chlamydial pneumonia/ or pneumonia, mycoplasma/ or pneumonia, pneumococcal/ or pneumonia, staphylococcal/ 22813
15. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (bacter* or bacilli* or bacili* or corynebac* or mycobac* or nonvir* or pathogen*)).tw,kf. 22642
16. (strep* pneumon* or diplococ* pneumon* or pneumococ* or staph* pneumon* or chlamyd* pneumon* or myco* pneumon* or influenza bacil* or bacteri* influenza* or h?emophil* influenza*).mp. 80781
17. ((strep* adj3 (throat* or pharyn* or tonsil*)) or (strep* and (airway* or pulmonary or brochopulmonar* or brocho-pulmonar* or respiratory*))).mp. 22162
18. (GABHS or (“group a” adj3 strep*)).tw,kf. 10727
19. strep* pyogen*.mp. 18540
20. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection] 961136
21. Point-of-Care Systems/ 16387
22. (POCT or POCTs or (((point adj2 care) or poc) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or device? or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or platform? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or (cassette? or dipstick? or film* or stick or strip or fluorescent antibod*)))).tw,kf. 21725
23. (point adj2 care).ti,kf. 15063
24. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or rapid* or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or fluorescent antibod*)).tw,kf. 204660
25. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 rapid*).tw,kf. 637
26. Rapid Diagnostic Tests/ 43
27. (rapid* adj3 (detect* or diagnos* or screen*)).tw,kf. 71754
28. (time-to-result? or ((quick* or rapid* or short* or time*) adj3 (turnaround or turn-around))).tw,kf. 8119
29. (antigen? adj3 (analys* or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test*)).tw,kf. 90810
30. (RADT or RADTs or RDT or RDTs).tw,kf. 3318
31. (rapid molecular or multiplex*).mp. 73027
32. lab-on-a-chip.tw,kf. 3504
33. ((lateral flow adj (assay* or immunoassay* or test*)) or LFA or LFIA).tw,kf. 9974
34. (immunochromatograph* or immuno-chromatograph* or immuno-chromato-graph* or direct immunofluorescence or direct immuno-fluorescence or enzym* immunoassay* or enzym* immuno-assay* or fluorescence immunoassay* or fluorescence immuno-assay* or optical immunoassay* or optical immuno-assay*).mp. or (ICA or EIA or FIA or OIA).tw,kf. 60440
35. ((chemiluminescen* or chemi-luminescen*) adj (immunoassay* or immuno-assay* or assay*)).mp. 4700
36. (((mobile or portable or handheld or hand-held) adj3 (analy#er? or device? or meters or metres)) and (blood? or plasma or saliva or sputum or spit or mucus or urine or urea or urinalys* or fluids or gas or gases)).mp. 2611
37. 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 [Rapid Tests] 453799
38. 20 and 37 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests] 33110
39. exp Diagnosis/ 9337079
40. di.fs. 2925815
41. diagnos*.ti,ab,kf. 3041447
42. (test or tests or testing).ti,ab,kf. 2837989
43. 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 [Diagnosis / Testing (broad)] 12968950
44. 20 and 43 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Diagnosis / Testing (broad)] 420239
45. Cost-Benefit Analysis/ 92348
46. (cost* and (((qualit* adj2 adjust*) and life*) or qaly*)).tw,kf. 17443
47. ((incremental* adj2 cost*) or ICER).tw,kf. 17647
48. (cost adj2 utilit*).tw,kf. 7139
49. (cost* and ((net adj benefit*) or ((net adj monetary) and benefit*) or ((net adj health) and benefit*))).tw,kf. 2345
50. ((cost adj2 effect*) and ((quality adj of) and life)).tw,kf. 12651
51. (cost and (effect* or utilit*)).ti. 38213
52. 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 113868 [cost-utility filter – precise version - based on Hubbard et al 2022]
53. 38 and 52 203
54. 44 and 52 1292
55. 53 or 54 1301
56. limit 55 to english language 1238
57. limit 56 to (comment or editorial or letter or news or newspaper article) 56
58. 56 not 57 1182

Embase (Ovid)

Searched: 18 May 2023

Embase Classic+Embase <1947 to 2023 May 17>

1. respiratory tract infection/ or lower respiratory tract infection/ or chest infection/ or exp lung infection/ 359718
2. exp bronchitis/ or common cold/ or mononucleosis/ or exp influenza/ or laryngitis/ or laryngotracheobronchitis/ or exp pharyngitis/ or exp pneumonia/ or severe acute respiratory syndrome/ or parainfluenza virus infection/ or sore throat/ or supraglottitis/ or tonsillitis/ or exp tracheitis/ 643746
3. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 186780
4. ((chest or lung or lobar or pleura?) adj3 (absces* or infect* or coinfect* or inflamm*)).tw,kf. 62801
5. (bronchit* or bronchopneumon* or common cold* or glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis or flu or influenza or laryngit* or laryngotracheobronchit* or laryngo tracheo bronchit* or laryngo tracheobronchit* or laryngotracheit* or nasopharyngit* or parainfluenza or pharyngit* or pneumoni* or pleuropneumoni* or rhinopharyngit* or severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS or sore throat* or throat infection* or supraglottit* or supraglotit* or tonsillit* or tonsilit* or tracheit*).tw,kf. 730007
6. ((acute* or exacerbat* or flare*) adj3 (copd or coad or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic obstructive airway* disease or chronic obstructive lung disease)).mp. 19331
7. ((acute* or subacute* or exacerbat* or prolonged) adj3 cough*).mp. 2536
8. (RTI or LRTI or URTI or ARTI or AURI or ALRI).tw,kf. 9584
9. exp respiratory system/ and (exp virus/ or exp virus infection/) 61466
10. exp virus pneumonia/ or exp *orthomyxovirus infection/ or exp influenza/ 146242
11. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (nonbacter* or viral* or virus* or adenovir*)).tw,kf. 48279
12. (rhinovir* or rhino* vir* or coryzavir* or coryza* vir* or influenzavir* or influenza* vir* or (H1N1 or H3N2) or parainfluenzavir* or parainfluenza* vir* or pneumovir* or pneumo* vir* or human metapneumovir* or human meta-pneumovir* or HMPV or respiratory syncytial vir*).mp. or RSV.tw,kf. 147754
13. exp respiratory system/ and (exp bacterium/ or exp bacterial infection/) 92429
14. exp bacterial pneumonia/ 38054
15. ((airway* or bronchopulmonar* or broncho-pulmonar* or tracheobronch* or tracheo-bronch* or pulmonar* tract or pulmonary or respirat* tract or respiratory) adj3 (bacter* or bacilli* or bacili* or corynebac* or mycobac* or nonvir* or pathogen*)).tw,kf. 31947
16. (strep* pneumon* or diplococ* pneumon* or pneumococ* or staph* pneumon* or chlamyd* pneumon* or myco* pneumon* or influenza bacil* or bacteri* influenza* or h?emophil* influenza*).mp. 134532
17. ((strep* adj3 (throat* or pharyn* or tonsil*)) or (strep* and (airway* or pulmonary or brochopulmonar* or brocho-pulmonar* or respiratory*))).mp. 48553
18. (GABHS or (“group a” adj3 strep*)).tw,kf. 14167
19. strep* pyogen*.mp. 22673
20. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection] 1472567
21. point of care system/ 3800
22. (POCT or POCTs or (((point adj2 care) or poc) adj3 (analys* or antigen or assay* or device? or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or platform? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or (cassette? or dipstick? or film* or stick or strip or fluorescent antibod*)))).tw,kf. 29627
23. (point adj2 care).ti,kf. 20316
24. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or rapid* or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 (analys* or antigen? or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or screen* or system* or technique* or test* or fluorescent antibod*)).tw,kf. 265505
25. (((near adj2 patient) or nearpatient or bedside? or bed-side? or extra-laboratory or extralaboratory) adj3 rapid*).tw,kf. 957
26. rapid test/ or influenza A rapid test/ or streptococcus group A rapid test/ 8357
27. (rapid* adj3 (detect* or diagnos* or screen*)).tw,kf. 90455
28. (time-to-result? or ((quick* or rapid* or short* or time*) adj3 (turnaround or turn-around))).tw,kf. 14929
29. (antigen? adj3 (analys* or assay* or immunoassay* or classif* or detect* or determin* or diagnos* or differenti* or identif* or method* or kit or kits or panel? or predict* or rapid or routine* or screen* or system* or technique* or test*)).tw,kf. 123850
30. (RADT or RADTs or RDT or RDTs).tw,kf. 5314
31. (rapid molecular or multiplex*).mp. 115150
32. lab-on-a-chip.tw,kf. 3675
33. ((lateral flow adj (assay* or immunoassay* or test*)) or LFA or LFIA).tw,kf. 11972
34. (immunochromatograph* or immuno-chromatograph* or immuno-chromato-graph* or direct immunofluorescence or direct immuno-fluorescence or enzym* immunoassay* or enzym* immuno-assay* or fluorescence immunoassay* or fluorescence immuno-assay* or optical immunoassay* or optical immuno-assay*).mp. or (ICA or EIA or FIA or OIA).tw,kf. 111218
35. ((chemiluminescen* or chemi-luminescen*) adj (immunoassay* or immuno-assay* or assay*)).mp. 18247
36. (((mobile or portable or handheld or hand-held) adj3 (analy#er? or device? or meters or metres)) and (blood? or plasma or saliva or sputum or spit or mucus or urine or urea or urinalys* or fluids or gas or gases)).mp. 4050
37. 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 [Rapid Tests] 653734
38. 20 and 37 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Rapid Tests] 53242
39. exp diagnosis/ 8484048
40. di.fs. 3725926
41. diagnos*.ti,ab,kf. 4672696
42. (test or tests or testing).ti,ab,kf. 4221212
43. 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 [Diagnosis / Testing (broad)] 13703963
44. 20 and 43 [RTIs / RTI Viral Infection / RTI Bacterial Infection AND Diagnosis / Testing (broad)] 649809
45. cost utility analysis/ 12221
46. (cost* and (((qualit* adj2 adjust*) and life*) or qaly*)).tw,kf. 30502
47. ((incremental* adj2 cost*) or ICER).tw,kf. 30673
48. (cost adj2 utilit*).tw,kf. 11663
49. (cost* and ((net adj benefit*) or ((net adj monetary) and benefit*) or ((net adj health) and benefit*))).tw,kf. 3360
50. ((cost adj2 effect*) and ((quality adj of) and life)).tw,kf. 19438
51. (cost and (effect* or utilit*)).ti. 57091
52. 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 [cost-utility filter – precise version - based on Hubbard et al 2022] 91298
53. 38 and 52 186
54. 44 and 52 1108
55. 53 or 54 1121
56. limit 55 to english language 1087
57. limit 56 to (conference abstract or conference paper or “conference review” or editorial or letter) 261
58. 56 not 57 826

CEA Registry

https://cear.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/

Searched: 18 May 2023

Methods tab selected

#1.

Keyword is: rapid and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 19 articles

#2.

Keyword is: point-of-care and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 6 articles

#3.

Keyword is: point of care and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 15 articles

#4.

Keyword is: bedside and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 1 article

#5.

Keyword is: near-patient and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 1 article

#6.

Keyword is: near patient and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 3 articles

#7.

Keyword is: extra-laboratory and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 0 articles

#8.

Keyword is: extra laboratory and Disease (ICD-10) is: 10 [Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)] = 0 articles

• Total: 45
• Total after duplicates removed: 35
• Total after duplicates found in MEDLINE or Embase removed: 17