Breast cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer globally, surpassing lung and prostate cancers. In 2020, 2.3 million females were diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide. The incidence and related mortality from breast cancer continue to grow despite remarkable advances in our understanding of the biology of breast cancer and the availability of better therapeutic options. Therapies currently used to treat metastatic breast cancer extend the survival and quality of life of patients, but they are not curative. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in metastatic dissemination is of pivotal importance. This book provides a unique blend of carefully presented and structured information covering a broad array of relevant breast cancer-related issues. The first eight chapters cover breast cancer epidemiology, etiology, subtypes, current and emerging surgical innovations to treat and image breast cancer, a description of noninvasive lymphedema assessment methods to detect and track this important treatment complication, and the potential role of platelets and galectins in breast cancer metastasis. The last five chapters are devoted to the description of forward-looking albeit potential breast cancer treatment possibilities. In this regard, different chapters of the book describe novel research on the potential of ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP-18), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RPS6K1), the lysosomal system, nanoparticles, and proteolysis target chimeras as therapeutic agents for breast cancer. The range of clinical and translational research of breast cancer presented in this book will be of interest to healthcare professionals, clinicians, and basic scientists.

Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• 1. The Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
  Evelina Arzanova and Harvey N. Mayrovitz.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BREAST CANCER RISKS
  • BREAST CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY RATES BY COUNTRY OR REGION
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 2. The Etiology of Breast Cancer
  Claudia Admoun and Harvey N. Mayrovitz.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • FACTORS AFFECTING BREAST CANCER RISK
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 3. Subtypes of Breast Cancer
  Erasmo Orrantia-Borunda, Patricia Anchondo-Nuñez, Lucero Evelia Acuña-Aguilar, Francisco Octavio Gómez-Valles, and Claudia Adriana Ramírez-Valdespino.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • LUMINAL A SUBTYPE
  • LUMINAL B SUBTYPE
  • HER2 SUBTYPE
  • TNBC SUBTYPE
  • METASTASIS, OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND RELAPSE
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 4. Current Surgical Innovations in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
  Jessica Crystal, Juan Mella-Catinchi, Kyle Xu, and Daniel Weingrad.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • TUMOR LOCALIZATION
  • LYMPH NODE LOCALIZATION AND PROCEDURES
  • ONCOPLASTIC SURGERY
  • INTRAOPERATIVE RADIATION
  • BREAST RECONSTRUCTION
  • LYMPHATIC RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Measuring Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema
  Harvey N. Mayrovitz.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BCRl INCIDENCE
  • ARM VOLUMES BASED ON MANUAL CIRCUMFERENCE MEASUREMENTS
  • LIMB VOLUMES FROM AUTOMATED ARM CIRCUMFERENCE MEASUREMENTS
  • BCRL THRESHOLDS BASED ON ARM DIFFERENTIALS OR CHANGES
  • BCRL ASSESSMENTS BASED ON WATER DISPLACEMENT METHODS
  • BCRL ASSESSMENTS WITH BIOIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (BIS)
  • BCRL ASSESSMENTS BASED ON TISSUE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (TDC)
  • IMAGING-BASED MEASUREMENT METHODS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 6. The Role of Breast Imaging in Pre- and Post-Definitive Treatment of Breast Cancer
  Dedy Hermansyah and Naufal Nandita Firsty.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • X-RAY-BASED BREAST IMAGING (XBI)
  • MAGNETIC FIELD-BASED BREAST IMAGING (MFBI)
  • ADDITIONAL BREAST CANCER IMAGING
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 7. Platelets in Hematogenous Breast Cancer Metastasis: Partners in Crime
  Savannah R. Free and Kermit L. Carraway, III.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PLATELETS
  • PLATELETS AND THE PRIMARY TUMOR
  • PLATELETS AND CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS
  • PLATELETS AND DISTANT METASTASIS
  • PLATELETS AND PARANEOPLASTIC COAGULOPATHY
  • PLATELETS AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN BREAST CANCER
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 8. Role of Galectins in Metastatic Breast Cancer
  Jessie J. Grazier and Paul W. Sylvester.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • GLYCOBIOLOGY
  • CELLULAR ADHESIONS
  • GROWTH FACTORS
  • GALECTINS
  • POSSIBLE TARGETS IN THE TREATMENT OF METASTATIC BREAST CANCER
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 9. Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 18: A Multifaceted Protein Participating in Breast Cancer
  Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz, Josué O. Ramírez-Jarquín, Jesús Zepeda-Cervantes, Helena Solleiro-Villavicencio, and María Jazmín Abraham-Juárez.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • GENERALITIES OF UBIQUITIN SPECIFIC PEPTIDASE 18 (USP18)
  • IFN-I SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ITS REGULATION BY USP18
  • USP18 AS A REGULATOR OF PROTEIN ISGYLATION
  • USP18 AS A REGULATOR OF ISGYLATION OF BREAST CANCER PROTEOME
  • USP18 AND BREAST CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT
  • EGF/EGFR SIGNALING AND USP18 IN BREAST CANCER
  • USP18 AND THE TREATMENT FOR BREAST CANCER
  • FUTURE CHALLENGES IN ELUCIADITING THE ROLE OF USP18 IN BREAST CANCER
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCE
• 10. Nanomaterials for Breast Cancer
  Erasmo Orrantia-Borunda, Lucero Evelia Acuña-Aguilar, and Claudia Adriana Ramírez-Valdespino.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES
  • FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 11. Targeting RPS6K1 for Refractory Breast Cancer Therapy
  Jayalakshmi Sridhar, Rajesh Komati, and Satyendra Kumar.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • S6K1 STRUCTURE AND REGULATION
  • S6K1 AND BREAST CANCER
  • TARGETING S6K1 FOR BREAST CANCER THERAPY
  • PF-4708671
  • FS-115
  • LY2584702
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 12. Novel Breast Cancer Treatment by Targeting Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Stability Using Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) Technology
  Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz, Josué Orlando Ramírez-Jarquín, Marina Macías-Silva, Marcela Sosa-Garrocho, and César López-Camarillo.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • ESR1 MUTATIONS IN BREAST CANCER
  • ERα STABILITY AS A MECHANISM THAT PROMOTES PRO-TUMOR ACTIONS AND ENDOCRINE RESISTANCE
  • NOVEL PROTAC TECHNOLOGY FOR BREAST CANCER TREATMENT
  • DISCUSSION
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 13. Engaging the Lysosome and Lysosome-Dependent Cell Death in Cancer
  Anastasia L. Berg, Ashley Rowson-Hodel, Madelyn R. Wheeler, Michelle Hu, Savannah R. Free, and Kermit L. Carraway, III.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • LYSOSOMAL STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, AND IDENTIFICATION
  • LYSOSOME COMPOSITION
  • LYSOSOMES IN CELL DEATH
  • LYSOSOMES IN CANCER
  • MODULATION OF LMP AND ITS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES

Dr. Harvey N. Mayrovitz did his PhD graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania and trained at Temple University School of Medicine and the Graduate Hospital in Philadelphia and at the Medical Faculty and Hospital in Rotterdam and Delft University in the Netherlands. In 1998, after serving as the Director of Cardiovascular Research at the Miami Heart Research Institute in Miami Beach Florida, he joined Nova Southeastern University in Ft. Lauderdale Florida where he is now a professor of physiology in the Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine in the Department of Medical Education. His teaching areas include cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology directed toward medical and graduate health-science students. His current research areas include cardiopulmonary, lymphedema, and mostly noninvasive clinical and biophysical studies for diagnosis and therapy. He has authored over 150 scientific publications in these and related areas along with multiple book chapters. He continues his research activities and student mentoring with the most current research focused on developing ways to assess and better understand processes associated with lymphedema detection, progression, and its treatment. He is also actively investigating the potential of various forms of electromagnetic energy to influence blood flow and other physiological parameters.

Breast Cancer

ISBN: 978-0-6453320-3-2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer

Edited by

Harvey N. Mayrovitz, PhD, Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, FL, USA

Published by

Exon Publications, Brisbane, Australia

Copyright© 2022 Exon Publications

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First Published in August 2022