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. 2023 Jan 25;28(3):1172.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28031172.

Identifications of Surfactin-Type Biosurfactants Produced by Bacillus Species Isolated from Rhizosphere of Vegetables

Attila Bartal  1 , Thu Huynh  1   2   3 , Anita Kecskeméti  2 , Mónika Vörös  1 , Orsolya Kedves  1 , Henrietta Allaga  1 , Mónika Varga  1 , László Kredics  1 , Csaba Vágvölgyi  1 , András Szekeres  1
Affiliations

Identifications of Surfactin-Type Biosurfactants Produced by Bacillus Species Isolated from Rhizosphere of Vegetables

Attila Bartal et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Surfactins are cyclic lipopeptides consisting of a β-hydroxy fatty acid of variable chain length and a peptide ring of seven amino acids linked together by a lactone bridge, forming the cyclic structure of the peptide chain. These compounds are produced mainly by Bacillus species and are well regarded for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. For their surfactin production profiling, several Bacillus strains isolated from vegetable rhizospheres were identified by their fatty acid methyl ester profiles and were tested against phytopathogen bacteria and fungi. The isolates showed significant inhibition against of E. amylovora, X. campestris, B. cinerea, and F. culmorum and caused moderate effects on P. syringae, E. carotovora, A. tumefaciens, F. graminearum, F. solani, and C. gloeosporioides. Then, an HPLC-HESI-MS/MS method was applied to simultaneously carry out the quantitative and in-depth qualitative characterisations on the extracted ferment broths. More than half of the examined Bacillus strains produced surfactin, and the MS/MS spectra analyses of their sodiated precursor ions revealed a total of 29 surfactin variants and homologues, some of them with an extremely large number of peaks with different retention times, suggesting a large number of variations in the branching of their fatty acid chains.

Keywords: Bacillus; HPLC-HESI-MS/MS; biosurfactant; surfactin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The TIC of the SIM mode measurement of B. velezensis strain SZMC 24980.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Concentrations of surfactin molecules detected in the examined Bacillus strains.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) of m/z = 1016.7 of B. velezensis strain SZMC 24983 (A), and the MS2 spectra of the peaks at Rt = 21.30 min (B) and Rt = 23.56 min (C).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relative amounts of the detected surfactin molecules of B. atrophaeus (SZMC 24978), B. cereus (SZMC 24994), B. pumilus (SZMC 24987), B. subtilis (SZMC 24992, SZMC 24999), and B. velezensis (SZMC 24980, SZMC 24981, SZMC 24982, SZMC 24983, SZMC 24984, SZMC 24985, SZMC 24986, SZMC 24995) strains.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The ratios of all surfactin isoforms produced (a) by B. atrophaeus (SZMC 24978), B. cereus (SZMC 24994), B. pumilus (SZMC 24987), and B. subtilis (SZMC 24992, SZMC 24999) as well as (b) by B. velezensis (SZMC 24980, SZMC 24981, SZMC 24982, SZMC 24983, SZMC 24984, SZMC 24985, SZMC 24986, SZMC 24995) strains.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The ratios of all surfactin homologues produced (a) by B. atrophaeus (SZMC 24978), B. cereus (SZMC 24994), B. pumilus (SZMC 24987), and B. subtilis (SZMC 24992, SZMC 24999) as well as (b) by B. velezensis (SZMC 24980, SZMC 24981, SZMC 24982, SZMC 24983, SZMC 24984, SZMC 24985, SZMC 24986, SZMC 24995) strains.
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