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Review
. 2021 Nov;10(11):4002-4008.
doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_579_21. Epub 2021 Nov 29.

Comprehensive study on clinical responses and socioeconomic characteristics of COVID-19 patients during outbreak

Nishtha Singh  1 , Pratishtha Singh  2 , Vineeta Singh  3 , Akhilesh Krishna  4 , Shraddha Singh  3
Affiliations
Review

Comprehensive study on clinical responses and socioeconomic characteristics of COVID-19 patients during outbreak

Nishtha Singh et al. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021 Nov.

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and emerged as a new public health crisis. This RNA virus, which has an origin in bats, is phenotypically and genotypically diverse. The source of transmission is by direct inhalation or contact with infected droplets or indirect through fomites. The disease shows an average incubation period of 2 to 14 days. The general symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and malaise, although in a few it is found to be asymptomatic. The immune response shows variation from individual to individual, which varies from pneumonia, chest pain, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure leading to death. The cytokine and chemokine responses play a major role in the severity of the infection. Laboratory diagnosis is done by molecular investigations. The socioeconomic conditions of individuals also play a role in disease manifestation. Treatment is supportive with symptomatic management. Preventive measures include social distancing, use of face masks, and contact tracing. This review will present a general overview of coronavirus and describe the clinical and socioeconomic features of the COVID-19 patients. It will also introduce comprehensive data of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients among different Asian and Western countries during the current pandemic. Furthermore, it also focuses on the most up-to-date information on effective management and prevention of COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; Clinical features; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; socioeconomic status.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its genome (approximately 30 kb) with open reading frame
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow diagram of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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