A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents

doi:10.3390/biom11121860

Review

. 2021 Dec 10;11(12):1860.

doi: 10.3390/biom11121860.

A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents

Alka Rani¹, Khem Chand Saini¹, Felix Bast¹, Sunita Varjani², Sanjeet Mehariya³, Shashi Kant Bhatia⁴, Neeta Sharma⁵, Christiane Funk³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
² Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382010, India.
³ Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
⁴ Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
⁵ ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419 + 500, 75026 Rotondella, Italy.

PMID: 34944505
PMCID: PMC8699383
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121860

Review

A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents

Alka Rani et al. Biomolecules. 2021.

. 2021 Dec 10;11(12):1860.

doi: 10.3390/biom11121860.

Authors

Alka Rani¹, Khem Chand Saini¹, Felix Bast¹, Sunita Varjani², Sanjeet Mehariya³, Shashi Kant Bhatia⁴, Neeta Sharma⁵, Christiane Funk³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
² Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382010, India.
³ Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
⁴ Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
⁵ ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419 + 500, 75026 Rotondella, Italy.

PMID: 34944505
PMCID: PMC8699383
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121860

Abstract

Microorganisms including actinomycetes, archaea, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae are an auspicious source of vital bioactive compounds. In this review, the existing research regarding antimicrobial molecules from microorganisms is summarized. The potential antimicrobial compounds from actinomycetes, particularly Streptomyces spp.; archaea; fungi including endophytic, filamentous, and marine-derived fungi, mushroom; and microalgae are briefly described. Furthermore, this review briefly summarizes bacteriocins, halocins, sulfolobicin, etc., that target multiple-drug resistant pathogens and considers next-generation antibiotics. This review highlights the possibility of using microorganisms as an antimicrobial resource for biotechnological, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. However, more investigations are required to isolate, separate, purify, and characterize these bioactive compounds and transfer these primary drugs into clinically approved antibiotics.

Keywords: bacteriocins; chlorellin; filamentous fungi; halocin; lipopeptides; microalgae.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Antibiotics reported from different microorganisms with their target sites. Adapted from: [11].

**Figure 2**
Mode of action of bacteriocins. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: class II bacteriocins (e.g., lactococcin) cross the cell wall and bind with the pore-forming receptor in the mannose-phosphotransferase (man-PTS), resulting in the pore formation in the cell membrane. Pore formation: class I bacteriocins, (e.g., nisin) can follow both mechanisms. Nisin generated pores in the cell membrane resulting in the efflux of ions (K⁺ and Mg²⁺), amino acids (glutamic acid, lysin), generating proton motive force dissipation and ultimately causes cell death. Adapted from: [50,51].

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References

1. Santajit S., Indrawattana N. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res. Int. 2016;2016:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2016/2475067. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Prevention C.f.D.C.a. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. [(accessed on 29 January 2021)]; Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-re....
1. Pendleton J.N., Gorman S.P., Gilmore B.F. Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2013;11:297–308. doi: 10.1586/eri.13.12. - DOI - PubMed
1. Mulani M.S., Kamble E.E., Kumkar S.N., Tawre M.S., Pardesi K.R. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front. Microbiol. 2019;10:1–24. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00539. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Van Boeckel T.P., Brower C., Gilbert M., Grenfell B.T., Levin S.A., Robinson T.P., Teillant A., Laxminarayan R. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015;112:5649–5654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503141112. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Santajit S., Indrawattana N. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res. Int. 2016;2016:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2016/2475067. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Santajit S., Indrawattana N. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res. Int. 2016;2016:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2016/2475067. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Prevention C.f.D.C.a. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. [(accessed on 29 January 2021)]; Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-re....

[4] Prevention C.f.D.C.a. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. [(accessed on 29 January 2021)]; Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-re....

[5] Pendleton J.N., Gorman S.P., Gilmore B.F. Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2013;11:297–308. doi: 10.1586/eri.13.12. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Pendleton J.N., Gorman S.P., Gilmore B.F. Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2013;11:297–308. doi: 10.1586/eri.13.12. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Mulani M.S., Kamble E.E., Kumkar S.N., Tawre M.S., Pardesi K.R. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front. Microbiol. 2019;10:1–24. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00539. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Mulani M.S., Kamble E.E., Kumkar S.N., Tawre M.S., Pardesi K.R. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front. Microbiol. 2019;10:1–24. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00539. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Van Boeckel T.P., Brower C., Gilbert M., Grenfell B.T., Levin S.A., Robinson T.P., Teillant A., Laxminarayan R. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015;112:5649–5654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503141112. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Van Boeckel T.P., Brower C., Gilbert M., Grenfell B.T., Levin S.A., Robinson T.P., Teillant A., Laxminarayan R. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015;112:5649–5654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503141112. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents

Affiliations

A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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