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Review
. 2021 Jun 10:772:145530.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145530. Epub 2021 Feb 1.

Disposable face masks and reusable face coverings as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants that cause coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Role of new sustainable NPI design innovations and predictive mathematical modelling

Neil J Rowan  1 , Rafael A Moral  2
Affiliations
Review

Disposable face masks and reusable face coverings as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants that cause coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Role of new sustainable NPI design innovations and predictive mathematical modelling

Neil J Rowan et al. Sci Total Environ. .

Abstract

Best-published evidence supports the combined use of vaccines with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), to reduce the relative risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19; this will enable a safe transition to achieving herd immunity. Albeit complex, the strategic public health goal is to bundle NPIs to keep the basic reproduction number R0 below one. However, validation of these NPIs is conducted using random clinical trials, which is challenging in a swiftly moving pandemic given the need for recruiting large participant cohort over a longitudinal analysis period. This review highlights emerging innovations for potentially improving the design, functionality and improved waste management of disposable face masks such as filtering facepiece (FFPs) respirators, medical masks, and reusable face coverings to help prevent COVID-19. It describes use of different mathematical models under varying scenarios to inform efficacy of single and combined use of NPIs as important counter-measures to break the cycle of COVID-19 infection including new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Demand for face masks during COVID-19 pandemic keeps increasing, especially for FFPs worn by medical workers. Collaborative and well-conducted randomised controlled trials across borders are required to generate robust data to inform common and consistent policies for COVID-19 and future pandemic planning and management; however, current use of systematic reviews of best available evidence can be considered to guide interim policies.

Keywords: COVID-19; Face coverings; Face masks; Non-pharmaceutical interventions; Relative risk modelling; Sustainability.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing or conflict of interests.

Figures

Unlabelled Image
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Examples of disposal face masks and reusable cloth face covering: (a) KN95-type filtering face piece mask, (b) medical or procedural mask, and (c) non-medical reusable cloth face covering.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Breaking the chain of COVID-19 infection: contributions of different NPIs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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