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Review
. 2018 Jun 1;10(6):a028589.
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028589.

Cytokines and Long Noncoding RNAs

Susan Carpenter  1 , Katherine A Fitzgerald  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Cytokines and Long Noncoding RNAs

Susan Carpenter et al. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. .

Abstract

Cytokines and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are intertwined in the regulatory circuit controlling immunity. lncRNA expression levels are altered following cytokine stimulation in a cell-type-specific fashion. lncRNAs, in turn, regulate the inducible expression of cytokines following immune activation. These studies position lncRNAs as important regulators of gene expression within the complex pathways of the immune system. Our understanding of the functions of lncRNAs is just beginning. Current methodologies for functionally understanding how these transcripts mediate their effects are unable to keep up with the speed of genomic outputs cataloging thousands of these novel genes. In this review, we highlight the interplay between cytokines and lncRNAs and speculate on the future utility of these genes as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Cytokine/long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) interplay in controlling immune cell development and function. This figure shows lncRNAs that are controlling cytokine production and cytokines controlling lncRNA expression. (A) Interferon (IFN)/lncRNA regulatory loop, (B) lncRNAs induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway to control cytokine production, and (C) those lncRNAs critical for immune cell development. TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; ISG, interferon-stimulated gene; IL, interleukin; NeST, nettoie Salmonella pas Theiler’s; NRAV, negative regulator of antiviral response; THRIL, TNF-α and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL)-related immunoregulatory lincRNA; PACER, p50-associated COX-2 extragenic RNA; NRON, noncoding repressor or nuclear factor of activated T (NFAT) cells; IRG, interferon regulated gene; Th, T helper cell; LCR, locus control region; EPS, erythroid prosurvival; HSC, hematopoietic stem cells; Xist, X-inactive specific transcript; alnc, artificial long noncoding; DC, dendritic cell; MC, monocyte.
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