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Case Reports
. 2016 Jan;58(1):93-7.
doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12894. Epub 2015 Sep 6.

The hyperkinetic movement disorder of FOXG1-related epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy

Elena Cellini  1 , Aglaia Vignoli  2 , Tiziana Pisano  1 , Melania Falchi  1 , Anna Molinaro  3 , Patrizia Accorsi  4 , Alessia Bontacchio  4 , Lorenzo Pinelli  5 , Lucio Giordano  4 , Renzo Guerrini  1 ; FOXG1 Syndrome Study Group
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Free article
Case Reports

The hyperkinetic movement disorder of FOXG1-related epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy

Elena Cellini et al. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Jan.
Free article

Abstract

Aim: Forkhead Box G1 (FOXG1) syndrome is a developmental encephalopathy characterized by postnatal microcephaly, structural brain abnormalities, facial dysmorphisms, severe delay with absent language, defective social interactions, and epilepsy. Abnormal movements in FOXG1 syndrome have often been mentioned but not characterized.

Method: We clinically assessed and analysed video recordings of eight patients with different mutations or copy number variations affecting the FOXG1 gene and describe the peculiar pattern of the associated movement disorder.

Results: The age of the patients in the study ranged from 2 to 17 years old (six females, two males). They had severe epilepsy and exhibited a complex motor disorder including various combinations of dyskinetic and hyperkinetic movements featuring dystonia, chorea, and athetosis. The onset of the movement disorder was apparent within the first year of life, reached its maximum expression within months, and then remained stable.

Interpretation: A hyperkinetic-dyskinetic movement disorder emerges as a distinctive feature of the FOXG1-related phenotype. FOXG1 syndrome is as an epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy whose clinical presentation bears similarities with ARX- and STXBP1-gene related encephalopathies.

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