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Review
. 2022 Nov 17;11(11):CD013652.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013652.pub2.

Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2

Tilly Fox  1 , Julia Geppert  2 , Jacqueline Dinnes  3   4 , Katie Scandrett  3 , Jacob Bigio  5   6 , Giorgia Sulis  7 , Dineshani Hettiarachchi  8 , Yasith Mathangasinghe  8   9 , Praveen Weeratunga  10 , Dakshitha Wickramasinghe  11 , Hanna Bergman  12 , Brian S Buckley  12   13 , Katrin Probyn  12 , Yanina Sguassero  12 , Clare Davenport  3   4 , Jane Cunningham  14 , Sabine Dittrich  15 , Devy Emperador  15 , Lotty Hooft  16 , Mariska Mg Leeflang  17   18 , Matthew Df McInnes  19 , René Spijker  20   21 , Thomas Struyf  22 , Ann Van den Bruel  22 , Jan Y Verbakel  22 , Yemisi Takwoingi  3   4 , Sian Taylor-Phillips  2   3 , Jonathan J Deeks  3   4 ; Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group  3
Affiliations
Review

Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2

Tilly Fox et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The diagnostic challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in rapid development of diagnostic test methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serology tests to detect the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 enable detection of past infection and may detect cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that were missed by earlier diagnostic tests. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of serology tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection may enable development of effective diagnostic and management pathways, inform public health management decisions and understanding of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology.

Objectives: To assess the accuracy of antibody tests, firstly, to determine if a person presenting in the community, or in primary or secondary care has current SARS-CoV-2 infection according to time after onset of infection and, secondly, to determine if a person has previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Sources of heterogeneity investigated included: timing of test, test method, SARS-CoV-2 antigen used, test brand, and reference standard for non-SARS-CoV-2 cases.

Search methods: The COVID-19 Open Access Project living evidence database from the University of Bern (which includes daily updates from PubMed and Embase and preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv) was searched on 30 September 2020. We included additional publications from the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) 'COVID-19: Living map of the evidence' and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health 'NIPH systematic and living map on COVID-19 evidence'. We did not apply language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated commercially produced serology tests, targeting IgG, IgM, IgA alone, or in combination. Studies must have provided data for sensitivity, that could be allocated to a predefined time period after onset of symptoms, or after a positive RT-PCR test. Small studies with fewer than 25 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases were excluded. We included any reference standard to define the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 (including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR), clinical diagnostic criteria, and pre-pandemic samples).

Data collection and analysis: We use standard screening procedures with three reviewers. Quality assessment (using the QUADAS-2 tool) and numeric study results were extracted independently by two people. Other study characteristics were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. We present sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each test and, for meta-analysis, we fitted univariate random-effects logistic regression models for sensitivity by eligible time period and for specificity by reference standard group. Heterogeneity was investigated by including indicator variables in the random-effects logistic regression models. We tabulated results by test manufacturer and summarised results for tests that were evaluated in 200 or more samples and that met a modification of UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) target performance criteria.

Main results: We included 178 separate studies (described in 177 study reports, with 45 as pre-prints) providing 527 test evaluations. The studies included 64,688 samples including 25,724 from people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2; most compared the accuracy of two or more assays (102/178, 57%). Participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were most commonly hospital inpatients (78/178, 44%), and pre-pandemic samples were used by 45% (81/178) to estimate specificity. Over two-thirds of studies recruited participants based on known SARS-CoV-2 infection status (123/178, 69%). All studies were conducted prior to the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and present data for naturally acquired antibody responses. Seventy-nine percent (141/178) of studies reported sensitivity by week after symptom onset and 66% (117/178) for convalescent phase infection. Studies evaluated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (165/527; 31%), chemiluminescent assays (CLIA) (167/527; 32%) or lateral flow assays (LFA) (188/527; 36%). Risk of bias was high because of participant selection (172, 97%); application and interpretation of the index test (35, 20%); weaknesses in the reference standard (38, 21%); and issues related to participant flow and timing (148, 82%). We judged that there were high concerns about the applicability of the evidence related to participants in 170 (96%) studies, and about the applicability of the reference standard in 162 (91%) studies. Average sensitivities for current SARS-CoV-2 infection increased by week after onset for all target antibodies. Average sensitivity for the combination of either IgG or IgM was 41.1% in week one (95% CI 38.1 to 44.2; 103 evaluations; 3881 samples, 1593 cases), 74.9% in week two (95% CI 72.4 to 77.3; 96 evaluations, 3948 samples, 2904 cases) and 88.0% by week three after onset of symptoms (95% CI 86.3 to 89.5; 103 evaluations, 2929 samples, 2571 cases). Average sensitivity during the convalescent phase of infection (up to a maximum of 100 days since onset of symptoms, where reported) was 89.8% for IgG (95% CI 88.5 to 90.9; 253 evaluations, 16,846 samples, 14,183 cases), 92.9% for IgG or IgM combined (95% CI 91.0 to 94.4; 108 evaluations, 3571 samples, 3206 cases) and 94.3% for total antibodies (95% CI 92.8 to 95.5; 58 evaluations, 7063 samples, 6652 cases). Average sensitivities for IgM alone followed a similar pattern but were of a lower test accuracy in every time slot. Average specificities were consistently high and precise, particularly for pre-pandemic samples which provide the least biased estimates of specificity (ranging from 98.6% for IgM to 99.8% for total antibodies). Subgroup analyses suggested small differences in sensitivity and specificity by test technology however heterogeneity in study results, timing of sample collection, and smaller sample numbers in some groups made comparisons difficult. For IgG, CLIAs were the most sensitive (convalescent-phase infection) and specific (pre-pandemic samples) compared to both ELISAs and LFAs (P < 0.001 for differences across test methods). The antigen(s) used (whether from the Spike-protein or nucleocapsid) appeared to have some effect on average sensitivity in the first weeks after onset but there was no clear evidence of an effect during convalescent-phase infection. Investigations of test performance by brand showed considerable variation in sensitivity between tests, and in results between studies evaluating the same test. For tests that were evaluated in 200 or more samples, the lower bound of the 95% CI for sensitivity was 90% or more for only a small number of tests (IgG, n = 5; IgG or IgM, n = 1; total antibodies, n = 4). More test brands met the MHRA minimum criteria for specificity of 98% or above (IgG, n = 16; IgG or IgM, n = 5; total antibodies, n = 7). Seven assays met the specified criteria for both sensitivity and specificity. In a low-prevalence (2%) setting, where antibody testing is used to diagnose COVID-19 in people with symptoms but who have had a negative PCR test, we would anticipate that 1 (1 to 2) case would be missed and 8 (5 to 15) would be falsely positive in 1000 people undergoing IgG or IgM testing in week three after onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a seroprevalence survey, where prevalence of prior infection is 50%, we would anticipate that 51 (46 to 58) cases would be missed and 6 (5 to 7) would be falsely positive in 1000 people having IgG tests during the convalescent phase (21 to 100 days post-symptom onset or post-positive PCR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Authors' conclusions: Some antibody tests could be a useful diagnostic tool for those in whom molecular- or antigen-based tests have failed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including in those with ongoing symptoms of acute infection (from week three onwards) or those presenting with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. However, antibody tests have an increasing likelihood of detecting an immune response to infection as time since onset of infection progresses and have demonstrated adequate performance for detection of prior infection for sero-epidemiological purposes. The applicability of results for detection of vaccination-induced antibodies is uncertain.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Tilly Fox: none known

Julia Geppert: none known

Jacqueline Dinnes: FIND (grant/contract); Cochrane DTA editor

Katie Scandrett: none known

Jacob Bigio: none known

Giorgia Sulis: none known

Dineshani Hettiarachchi: none known

Yasith Mathangasinghe: none known

Praveen Weeratunga: none known

Dakshitha Wickramasinghe: none known

Hanna Bergman: none known

Brian S Buckley: none known

Katrin Probyn: none known

Yanina Sguassero: Cochrane Response (employment); editor assistant of CDPLPG and Cochrane Clinical Answers.

Jane Cunningham: no relevant interests; affiliated to WHO, which produces guidance on use of SARS‐CoV‐2 rapid tests.

Sabine Dittrich: FIND (employment), the global alliance for diagnostic.

Devy Emperador: no relevant interests; employed by FIND with funding from FCDO and KFW. FIND is a global non‐for profit product development partnership and WHO Diagnostic Collaboration Centre. It is FIND’s role to accelerate access to high quality diagnostic tools for low‐resource settings and this is achieved by supporting both R&D and access activities for a wide range of diseases, including COVID‐19. FIND has several clinical research projects to evaluate multiple new diagnostic tests against published Target Product Profiles that have been defined through consensus processes. These studies are for diagnostic products developed by private sector companies who provide access to know how, equipment/reagents, and contribute through unrestricted donations as per FIND policy and external SAC review.

Lotty Hooft: no relevant interests; DTA Editorial Team; PMG implementation team.

Mariska MG Leeflang: no relevant interests; Diagnostic Test Accuracy Editorial Team member.

Matthew DF McInnes: no relevant interests; works as a health professional at the Ottawa Hospital.

René Spijker: none known

Thomas Struyf: none known

Ann Van den Bruel: none known

Jan Verbakel: none known

Clare Davenport: no relevant interests; Contact Editor for the Cochrane DTA Editorial Team; not involved in the editorial process for this review update because of this conflict of interest.

Yemisi Takwoingi: no relevant interests; Member, Cochrane Editorial Board; Editor, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group; Statistical Editor, Cochrane BJMT Group; Cochrane DTA Editor.

Sian Taylor‐Phillips: finddx (grant/contract) ‐ funding to Warwick University from Birmingham University to fund a staff member time (approx 6 months part time) working on this review. No funding to individuals (funds originally came from FIND diagnostics, a charity); National Institute for Health Research (grant/contract) ‐ NIHR Career Development Fellowship NIHR‐CDF‐2016‐018 for methods of evaluating screening tests. Money to institution (University of Warwick); involved with the EDSAB‐HOME study, Public Health England, as co‐author but did not receive any funds for participation.

Jonathan J Deeks: no relevant interests; Eight podcasts, including Talk Evidence (BMJ), More‐or‐Less (Radio 4), Inside Science (Radio 4), The Newscast (Radio 4). Five opinion pieces in Guardian, unHerd and the BMJ. Numerous television, radio and mainstream media interviews giving substantial coverage of scientific issues related to test evaluation for COVID‐19. Presented evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee, and the All Parliamentary Party Investigation on COVID‐19. Two invited editorials on COVID‐19 for the BMJ; Cochrane DTA editor.

Figures

1
1
SARS‐CoV‐2 diagram
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Study flow diagram
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3
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies
4
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Summary forest plot of average sensitivities by time after symptom onset
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Summary forest plot of average specificities by reference standard for defining absence of COVID‐19 infection
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Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
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Sensitivity by brand by week post‐symptom onset (IgG) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand by week post‐symptom onset (IgM) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand by week post‐symptom onset (IgG or IgM) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand by week post‐symptom onset (total antibodies). CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand for convalescent‐phase infection (IgG) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand for convalescent‐phase infection (IgM) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand for convalescent‐phase infection (IgG or IgM) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand for convalescent‐phase infection (total antibodies) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand for asymptomatic infection by time post‐symptom onset (IgG, IgM, IgG or IgM, total antibodies and IgA) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Specificity by brand (IgG: pre‐pandemic, suspected of COVID‐19, current RT‐PCR‐negative, current untested, other/mixed/unclear, cross‐reactivity/confounder) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Specificity by brand (IgM: pre‐pandemic, suspected of COVID‐19, current RT‐PCR‐negative, current untested, other/mixed/unclear, cross‐reactivity/confounder) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Specificity by brand (IgG or IgM: pre‐pandemic, suspected of COVID‐19, current RT‐PCR‐negative, current untested, other/mixed/unclear, cross‐reactivity/confounder) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
19
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Specificity by brand (Total antibodies: pre‐pandemic, suspected of COVID‐19, current RT‐PCR‐negative, current untested, other/mixed/unclear, cross‐reactivity/confounder) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
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Sensitivity by brand by week post‐symptom onset (IgA, IgA or IgG, IgA or IgM) CLIA: chemiluminescence immunoassay
CGIA: colloidal gold immunoassay
FIA: fluorescence immunoassay
1
1. Test
IgG (1 to 7 days)
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2. Test
IgG (8 to 14 days)
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3. Test
IgG (15 to 21 days)
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4. Test
IgG (22 to 28 days)
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5. Test
IgG (29 to 35 days)
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6. Test
IgM (1 to 7 days)
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7. Test
IgM (8 to 14 days)
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8. Test
IgM (15 to 21 days)
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IgM (22 to 28 days)
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IgM (29 to 35 days)
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IgA (1 to 7 days)
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IgA (8 to 14 days)
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IgA (15 to 21 days)
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14. Test
IgA (22 to 28 days)
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15. Test
IgA (29 to 35 days)
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16. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) (1 to 7 days)
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17. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) (8 to 14 days)
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18. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) (15 to 21 days)
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19. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) (22 to 28 days)
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20. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) (29 to 35 days)
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21. Test
IgA/IgG (1 to 7 days)
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22. Test
IgA/IgG (8 to 14 days)
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23. Test
IgA/IgG (15 to 21 days)
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24. Test
IgA/IgG (22 to 28 days)
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25. Test
IgA/IgG (29 to 35 days)
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26. Test
IgA/IgM (1 to 7 days)
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27. Test
IgA/IgM (8 to 15 days)
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28. Test
IgG/IgM (1 to 7 days)
29
29. Test
IgG/IgM (8 to 14 days)
30
30. Test
IgG/IgM (15 to 21 days)
31
31. Test
IgG/IgM (22 to 28 days)
32
32. Test
IgG/IgM (29 to 35 days)
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33. Test
IgG asymptomatic (1 to 14 days post‐RT‐PCR‐positive)
34
34. Test
IgG asymptomatic (> 14 days post‐RT‐PCR)
35
35. Test
IgG asymptomatic (no timing)
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36. Test
IgM asymptomatic (1 to 14 days post‐RT‐PCR‐positive)
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37. Test
IgM asymptomatic (> 14 days post‐RT‐PCR)
38
38. Test
IgM asymptomatic (no timing)
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39. Test
IgG/IgM asymptomatic (1 to 14 days post‐RT‐PCR‐positive)
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40. Test
IgG/IgM asymptomatic (no timing)
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41. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) asymptomatic (1 to 14 days post‐RT‐PCR‐positive)
42
42. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) asymptomatic (> 14 days post‐RT‐PCR)
43
43. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) asymptomatic (no timing)
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44. Test
IgA asymptomatic (1 to 14 days post‐RT‐PCR‐positive)
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45. Test
IgA asymptomatic (> 14 days post‐RT‐PCR)
46
46. Test
IgG convalescent
47
47. Test
IgM convalescent
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48. Test
IgA convalescent
49
49. Test
IgA/IgG convalescent
50
50. Test
IgG/IgM convalescent
51
51. Test
IgA/IgM convalescent
52
52. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) convalescent
53
53. Test
IgG Specificity Pre‐pandemic
54
54. Test
IgM Specificity Pre‐pandemic
55
55. Test
IgA Specificity Pre‐pandemic
56
56. Test
IgG/IgM Specificity Pre‐pandemic
57
57. Test
IgA/IgM Specificity Pre‐pandemic
58
58. Test
IgA/IgG Specificity Pre‐pandemic
59
59. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) Specificity Pre‐pandemic
60
60. Test
IgG Specificity COVID suspects
61
61. Test
IgM Specificity COVID suspects
62
62. Test
IgA Specificity COVID suspects
63
63. Test
IgG/IgM Specificity COVID suspects
64
64. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) Specificity COVID suspects
65
65. Test
IgG Specificity current RT‐PCR‐negative
66
66. Test
IgM Specificity current RT‐PCR‐negative
67
67. Test
IgG/IgM Specificity current RT‐PCR‐negative
68
68. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) Specificity current RT‐PCR‐negative
69
69. Test
IgG Specificity current untested
70
70. Test
IgM Specificity current untested
71
71. Test
IgA Specificity current untested
72
72. Test
IgG/IgM Specificity current untested
73
73. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) Specificity current untested
74
74. Test
IgG Specificity other/mixed/unclear
75
75. Test
IgM Specificity other/mixed/unclear
76
76. Test
IgA Specificity other/mixed/unclear
77
77. Test
IgA/IgG Specificity other/mixed/unclear
78
78. Test
IgG/IgM Specificity other/mixed/unclear
79
79. Test
Total antibodies (Ab) Specificity other/mixed/unclear
80
80. Test
IgG Specificity ‐ cross‐reactivity/confounder panel
81
81. Test
IgM Specificity ‐ cross‐reactivity/confounder panel
82
82. Test
IgA Specificity ‐ cross‐reactivity/confounder panel
83
83. Test
IgG or IgM Specificity ‐ cross‐reactivity/confounder panel
84
84. Test
IgA or IgG Specificity ‐ cross‐reactivity/confounder panel
85
85. Test
Total Ab Specificity ‐ cross‐reactivity/confounder panel
86
86. Test
IgG (36 to 42 days)
87
87. Test
IgG (43 to 49 days)
88
88. Test
IgG (50‐56 days)
89
89. Test
IgM (36 to 42 days)
90
90. Test
IgM (43 to 49 days)
91
91. Test
IgM (50 to 56 days)
92
92. Test
IgA (36 to 42 days)
93
93. Test
IgA/IgG (36 to 42 days)
94
94. Test
IgG/IgM (36 to 42 days)
95
95. Test
IgG/IgM (43 to 49 days)
96
96. Test
IgG/IgM (50 to 56 days)
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References

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Carozzi 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Carozzi FM, Cusi MG, Pistello M, Galli L, Bartoloni A, Anichini G, et al. Detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers: results from a large-scale screening program based on rapid serological testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Carozzi 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Carozzi 2020 [A].
Carta 2020 {published data only}
    1. Carta M, Bragagnolo L, Tramarin A, Barzon E, Cappelletti A, Pascarella M, et al. Anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies monitoring in a group of residents in a long term care facility during COVID-19 pandemic peak. Diagnosis 2020;7(4):395-400. - PubMed
Case 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Liu Z, Zhao H, Kim AS, et al. Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Liu Z, Zhao H, Kim AS, et al. Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host & Microbe 2020;28(3):475-85.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.021] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Case 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Case 2020 [A].
Caturegli 2020 {published data only}
    1. Caturegli G, Materi J, Howard BM, Caturegli P. Clinical validity of serum antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: a case-control study. Annals of Internal Medicine 2020;173(8):614-22. - PMC - PubMed
Cervia 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cervia C, Nilsson J, Zurbuchen Y, Valaperti A, Schreiner J, Wolfensberger A, et al. Systemic and mucosal antibody secretion specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Chan 2020a {published data only}
    1. Chan CW, Parker K, Tesic V, Baldwin A, Tang NY, Wijk XMR, et al. Analytical and clinical evaluation of the automated Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay on the Roche cobas e602 Analyzer. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2020;154(5):620-6. - PMC - PubMed
Charlton 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Charlton CL, Kanji JN, Johal K, Bailey A, Plitt SS, MacDonald C, et al. Evaluation of six commercial mid- to high-volume antibody and six point-of-care lateral flow assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(10):e01361-20. - PMC - PubMed
Charlton 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charlton 2020 [L] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charlton 2020 [A].
Charpentier 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Charpentier C, Ichou H, Damond F, Bouvet E, Chaix ML, Ferre V, et al. Performance evaluation of two SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM rapid tests (Covid-Presto and NG-Test) and one IgG automated immunoassay (Abbott). Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;132:104618. - PMC - PubMed
Charpentier 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charpentier 2020 [A].
Charpentier 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Charpentier 2020 [A].
Chaudhuri 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Chaudhuri S, Thiruvengadam R, Chattopadhyay S, Mehdi F, Kshetrapal P, Shrivastava T, et al. Comparative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays in India. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;131:104609. - PMC - PubMed
Chaudhuri 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Chaudhuri 2020 [A].
Chen 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Chen SY, Lee YL, Lin YC, Lee NY, Liao CH, Hung YP, et al. Multicenter evaluation of two chemiluminescence and three lateral flow immunoassays for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and assessment of antibody dynamic responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Taiwan. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9(1):2157-68. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Chen 2020 [A].
Chen 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Chen 2020 [A].
Chen 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Chen 2020 [A].
Chen 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Chen 2020 [A].
Chew 2020 {published data only}
    1. Chew KL, Tan SS, Saw S, Pajarillaga A, Zaine S, Khoo C, et al. Clinical evaluation of serological IgG antibody response on the Abbott Architect for established SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(9):1256.e9-11. - PMC - PubMed
Chong 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chong Y, Ikematsu H, Tani N, Arimizu Y, Watanabe H, Fukamachi Y, et al. Clinical significance of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG detection with a rapid antibody kit for COVID-19 patients. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2021;15(1):13-8. - PMC - PubMed
Clarke 2020 {published data only}
    1. Clarke C, Prendecki M, Dhutia A, Ali MA, Sajjad H, Shivakumar O, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in hemodialysis patients detected using serologic screening. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2020;31(9):1969-75. - PMC - PubMed
Conklin 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Conklin SE, Martin K, Manabe YC, Schmidt HA, Keruly M, Klock E, et al. Evaluation of serological SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for rapid point of care testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Conklin 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [L] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [M] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [N] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [O] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Conklin 2020 [P] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Conklin 2020 [A].
Costa 2020 {published data only}
    1. Costa SF, Buss L, Espinoza EPS, Vieira JM Jr, Oliveira da Silva LC, Souza RM, et al. Performance of a qualitative rapid chromatographic immunoassay to diagnose COVID-19 in patients in a middle-income country. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;131:104592. - PMC - PubMed
Coste 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Coste AT, Jaton K, Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Greub G, Croxatto A. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests with different antigen targets. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;134:104690. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Coste AT, Jaton K, Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Greub G, Croxatto A. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests with different antigen targets. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Coste 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [L] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [M] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [N] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Coste 2021 [O] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Coste 2021 [A].
Criscuolo 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Criscuolo E, Diotti RA, Strollo M, Rolla S, Ambrosi A, Locatelli M, et al. Poor correlation between antibody titers and neutralizing activity in sera from SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.10.20150375] - PMC - PubMed
Criscuolo 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Criscuolo 2020 [A].
Dave 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dave M, Poswal L, Bedi V, Regar L, Vijayvargiya R, Sharma M, et al. Study of antibody-based rapid card test in COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care COVID hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine 2020;21(1-2):7-11.
Decru 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Decru B, Van Elslande J, Weemaes M, Houben E, Empsen I, Andre E, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic performance with whole blood and plasma of four rapid antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(10):e197-9. - PubMed
Decru 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Decru 2020 [A].
Decru 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Decru 2020 [A].
Decru 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Decru 2020 [A].
Delliere 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Delliere S, Salmona M, Minier M, Gabassi A, Alanio A, Le Goff J, et al. Evaluation of the COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test from Orient Gene Biotech. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(8):e01233-20. - PMC - PubMed
Delliere 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Delliere 2020 [A].
Doherty Institute 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Doherty Institute. Post-market validation of a further three serological assays for COVID-19 (10th Aug 2020). Report prepared for Office of Health Protection, Commonwealth Government of Australia; The Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/post-market-validation-....
    1. Doherty Institute. Post-market validation of serological assays for COVID-19 - Updated Report (2 June 2020). Report prepared for: Office of Health Protection, Commonwealth Government of Australia; The Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/post-market-validation-....
    1. Doherty Institute. Post-market validation of three serological assays for COVID-19 (29th April 2020). Report prepared for: Office of Health Protection, Commonwealth Government of Australia; The Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/post-market-validation-....
Doherty Institute 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Doherty Institute 2020 [A].
Doherty Institute 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Doherty Institute 2020 [A].
Doherty Institute 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Doherty Institute 2020 [A].
Doherty Institute 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Doherty Institute 2020 [A].
Doherty Institute 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Doherty Institute 2020 [A].
Doherty Institute 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Doherty Institute 2020 [A].
DomBourian 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. DomBourian MG, Annen K, Huey L, Andersen G, Merkel PA, Jung S, et al. Analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma for SARS-CoV-2 IgG using two commercial immunoassays. Journal of Immunological Methods 2020;486:112837. - PMC - PubMed
DomBourian 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. DomBourian 2020 [A].
Dora 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dora AV, Winnett A, Fulcher JA, Sohn L, Calub F, Lee-Chang I, et al. Using serologic testing to assess the effectiveness of outbreak control efforts, serial PCR testing, and cohorting of positive SARS-CoV-2 patients in a skilled nursing facility. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73:545-48. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1286] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dortet 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dortet L, Emeraud C, Vauloup-Fellous C, Khecharem M, Ronat J-B, Fortineau N, et al. Rapid determination of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a bedside, point-of-care, serological test. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9(1):2212-21. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dortet L, Emeraud C, Vauloup-Fellous C, Khecharem M, Ronat J-B, Fortineau N, et al. Rapid determination of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a bedside, point-of-care, serological test. SSRN [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dortet 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Dortet L, Ronat JB, Vauloup-Fellous C, Langendorf C, Mendels DA, Emeraud C, et al. Evaluating 10 commercially available sars-cov-2 rapid serological tests by use of the STARD (Standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies) method. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(2):e02342-20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dortet L, Ronat J-B, Vauloup-Fellous C, Langendorf C, Mendels D-A, Emeraud C, et al. Evaluating ten commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 rapid serological tests using the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) method. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dortet 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Dortet 2021 [A].
Du 2021 {published data only}
    1. Du J, Chu E, Zhang D, Lu CM, Zhang A, Sha MY. A high-throughput Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing platform for COVID-19. Journal of Virological Methods 2021;287:114009. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Du J, Chu E, Zhang D, Lu CM, Zhang A, Sha MY. A high-throughput Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing platform for COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Egger 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Egger M, Bundschuh C, Wiesinger K, Gabriel C, Clodi M, Mueller T, et al. Comparison of the Elecsys(R) Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay with the EDI enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;509:18-21. - PMC - PubMed
Egger 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Egger 2020 [A].
Fafi‐Kremer 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fafi-Kremer S, Bruel T, Madec Y, Grant R, Tondeur L, Grzelak L, et al. Serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital staff with mild disease in eastern France. EBioMedicine 2020;59:102915. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fafi-Kremer S, Bruel T, Madec Y, Grant R, Tondeur L, Grzelak L, et al. Serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital staff with mild disease in eastern France. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Favresse 2020a {published data only}
    1. Favresse J, Eucher C, Elsen M, Tre-Hardy M, Dogne JM, Douxfils J. Clinical performance of the Elecsys electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies. Clinical Chemistry 2020;66(8):1104-6. - PMC - PubMed
Favresse 2020b {published data only}
    1. Favresse J, Eucher C, Elsen M, Laffineur K, Dogne JM, Douxfils J. Response of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies to nucleocapsid antigen in COVID-19 patients: a longitudinal study. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(10):e193-6. - PubMed
Fenwick 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Fenwick C, Croxatto A, Coste AT, Pojer F, André C, Pellaton C, et al. Changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike versus nucleoprotein antibody responses impact the estimates of infections in population-based seroprevalence studies. Journal of Virology 2021;95(3):e01828-20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fenwick C, Croxatto A, Coste AT, Pojer F, André C, Pellaton C, et al. Qualitative changes in the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in the post-infection phase impact the estimates of infections in population-based seroprevalence studies. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fenwick 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Fenwick 2021 [A].
Fenwick 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Fenwick 2021 [A].
Fenwick 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Fenwick 2021 [A].
Fenwick 2021 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Fenwick 2021 [A].
Flinck 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Flinck H, Rauhio A, Luukinen B, Lehtimaki T, Haapala AM, Seiskari T, et al. Comparison of 2 fully automated tests detecting antibodies against nucleocapsid N and spike S1/S2 proteins in COVID-19. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2021;99(1):115197. - PMC - PubMed
Flinck 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Flinck 2021 [A].
Flower 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Flower B, Brown JC, Simmons B, Moshe M, Frise R, Penn R, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey. Thorax 2020;75(12):1082-8. - PMC - PubMed
Flower 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. Flower B, Brown JC, Simmons B, Moshe M, Frise R, Penn R, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey. Thorax 2020;75(12):1082-8. - PMC - PubMed
Flower 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. Flower B, Brown JC, Simmons B, Moshe M, Frise R, Penn R, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey. Thorax 2020;75(12):1082-8. - PMC - PubMed
Flower 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. Flower B, Brown JC, Simmons B, Moshe M, Frise R, Penn R, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey. Thorax 2020;75(12):1082-8. - PMC - PubMed
Flower 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. Flower B, Brown JC, Simmons B, Moshe M, Frise R, Penn R, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey. Thorax 2020;75(12):1082-8. - PMC - PubMed
Fragkou 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fragkou PC, Papaevangelou V, Antoniadou A, Kavvatha D, Ploussi A, Pantazis N, et al. Preliminary data of a quantitative point of care test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from Greece. In Vivo 2020;34(5):3039-45. - PMC - PubMed
Fujigaki 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Fujigaki H, Takemura M, Osawa M, Sakurai A, Nakamoto K, Seto K, et al. Reliability of serological tests for COVID-19: comparison of three immunochromatography test kits for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Heliyon 2020;6(9):e04929. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fujigaki H, Takemura M, Osawa M, Sakurai A, Nakamoto K, Seto K, et al. Reliability of serological tests for COVID-19: Comparison of three immunochromatography test kits for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fujigaki 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Fujigaki 2020 [A].
Fujigaki 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Fujigaki 2020 [A].
Gao 2020a {published data only}
    1. Gao Y, Yuan Y, Li TT, Wang WX, Li YX, Li A, et al. Evaluation of the auxiliary diagnosis value of antibodies assays for the detection of novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2). medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Gao Y, Yuan Y, Li TT, Wang WX, Li YX, Li A, et al. Evaluation of the auxiliary diagnostic value of antibody assays for the detection of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Journal of Medical Virology 2020;133(12):1975-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25919] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gao 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Gao HX, Li YN, Xu ZG, Wang YL, Wang HB, Cao JF, et al. Detection of serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies in 2019-novel coronavirus infected cases from different stages. Chinese Medical Journal 2020;133(12):1479-80. [DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000820] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gao 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Gao 2020b [A].
Gao 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Gao 2020b [A].
Garnett 2020 {published data only}
    1. Garnett E, Jung J, Tam E, Rajapakshe D, Cheney S, Brown C, et al. Clinical validation and performance evaluation of the automated vitros total anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies assay for screening of serostatus in COVID-19. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2020;154(6):742-7. - PMC - PubMed
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. GeurtsvanKessel CH, Okba NMA, Igloi Z, Bogers S, Embregts CWE, Laksono BM, et al. An evaluation of COVID-19 serological assays informs future diagnostics and exposure assessment. Nature Communications 2020;11(1):3436. - PMC - PubMed
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. GeurtsvanKessel 2020 [A].
Graham 2021 {published data only}
    1. Graham NSN, Junghans J, McLaren R, Randell P, Lang N, Ladhani SN, et al. High rates of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in nursing home residents. Journal of Infection 2021;82(2):282-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.040] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gudbjartsson 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Gudbjartsson DF, Norddahl GL, Melsted P, Gunnarsdottir K, Holm H, Eythorsson E, et al. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland. New England Journal of Medicine 2020;383(18):1724-34. - PMC - PubMed
Gudbjartsson 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Gudbjartsson 2020 [A].
Gudbjartsson 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Gudbjartsson 2020 [A].
Guedez‐Lopez 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Guedez-Lopez GV, Alguacil-Guillen M, Gonzalez-Donapetry P, Bloise I, Tornero-Marin C, Gonzalez-Garcia J, et al. Evaluation of three immunochromatographic tests for rapid detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2020;39(12):2289-97. - PMC - PubMed
Guedez‐Lopez 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Guedez-Lopez 2020 [A].
Guedez‐Lopez 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Guedez-Lopez 2020 [A].
Haljasmagi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Haljasmagi L, Remm A, Rumm AP, Krassohhina E, Sein H, Tamm A, et al. LIPS method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to spike and nucleocapsid proteins. European Journal of Immunology 2020;50(8):1234-6. - PMC - PubMed
Hamilton 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hamilton F, Muir P, Attwood M, Vipond ANB, Hopes R, Moran E, et al. Kinetics and performance of the Abbott architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay. Journal of Infection 2020;81(6):e7-9. - PMC - PubMed
Harritshoej 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Harritshøj LH, Gybel-Bask M, Afzal S, Kamstrup PR, Jørgensen CS, Thomsen MK, et al. Comparison of 16 serological SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays in 16 clinical laboratories. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(5):e02596-20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Harritshøj LH, Gybel-Brask M, Afzal S, Kamstrup PR, Jørgensen CS, Thomsen MK, et al. Comparison of sixteen serological SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays in sixteen clinical laboratories. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Harritshoej 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [L] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Harritshoej 2021 [M] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Harritshoej 2021 [A].
Haselmann 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Haselmann V, Kittel M, Gerhards C, Thiaucourt M, Eichner R, Costina V, et al. Comparison of test performance of commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays in serum and plasma samples. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;510:73-8. - PMC - PubMed
Haselmann 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Haselmann 2020 [A].
Haselmann 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Haselmann 2020 [A].
Herroelen 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Herroelen PH, Martens GA, De Smet D, Swaerts K, Decavele AS. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2020;154(5):610-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Herroelen PH, Martens GA, De Smet D, Swaerts K, Decavele A-S. Kinetics of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2: comparative analytical performance of seven commercial serology tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Herroelen 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Herroelen 2020 [A].
Herroelen 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Herroelen 2020 [A].
Herroelen 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Herroelen 2020 [A].
Herroelen 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Herroelen 2020 [A].
Herroelen 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Herroelen 2020 [A].
Herroelen 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Herroelen 2020 [A].
Hoffman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hoffman T, Nissen K, Krambrich J, Ronnberg B, Akaberi D, Esmaeilzadeh M, et al. Evaluation of a COVID-19 IgM and IgG rapid test; an efficient tool for assessment of past exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 2020;10(1):1754538. - PMC - PubMed
Hogan 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Hogan KO, Klippel D, Plapp FV, Liesman RM. Comparative Evaluation of Three Serologic Assays for the Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Hogan 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Hogan 2020a [A].
Hogan 2020a [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Hogan 2020a [A].
Horber 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Horber S, Soldo J, Relker L, Jurgens S, Guther J, Peter S, et al. Evaluation of three fully-automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(12):2113-20. - PubMed
Horber 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Horber 2020 [A].
Horber 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Horber 2020 [A].
Hu 2020a {published data only}
    1. Hu Q, Cui X, Liu X, Peng B, Jiang J, Wang X, et al. The production of antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 and its clinical implication. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Hu 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Hu F, Shang X, Chen M, Zhang C. Joint detection of serum IgM/IgG antibody is an important key to clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hu 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Hu 2020b [A].
Hubbard 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Hubbard JA, Geno KA, Khan J, Szczepiorkowski ZM, Gijsel D, Ovalle AA, et al. Comparison of two automated immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies. Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 2021;6(2):429-40. - PMC - PubMed
Hubbard 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Hubbard 2021 [A].
Imai 2020 {published data only}
    1. Imai K, Tabata S, Ikeda M, Noguchi S, Kitagawa Y, Matuoka M, et al. Clinical evaluation of an immunochromatographic IgM/IgG antibody assay and chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;128:104393. - PMC - PubMed
Jaaskelainen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jaaskelainen AJ, Kekalainen E, Kallio-Kokko H, Mannonen L, Kortela E, Vapalahti O, et al. Evaluation of commercial and automated SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISAs using coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patient samples. Eurosurveillance 2020;25(18):2000603. - PMC - PubMed
Jin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jin Y, Wang M, Zuo Z, Fan C, Ye F, Cai Z, et al. Diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibody in coronavirus disease 2019. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;94:49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.065] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jung 2020a {published data only}
    1. Jung J, Garnett E, Jariwala P, Pham H, Huang R, Benzi E, et al. Clinical performance of a semi-quantitative assay for SARS-CoV2 IgG and SARS-CoV2 IgM antibodies. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;510:790-5. - PMC - PubMed
Kaltenbach 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Kaltenbach H-M, Rudolf F, Linnik J, Deichmann J, Ruf T, Altamura R, et al. Initial characterisation of ELISA assays and the immune response of the clinically correlated SARS-CoV-2 biobank SERO-BL-COVID-19 collected during the pandemic onset in Switzerland. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.05.20145888]
Kaltenbach 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kaltenbach 2020 [A].
Kaltenbach 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kaltenbach 2020 [A].
Kaneko 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kaneko S, Nukui Y, Arashiro T, Aiso Y, Sugii M, Hadano Y, et al. Clinical validation of an immunochromatographic SARS-Cov-2 IgM/IgG antibody assay with Japanese cohort. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(1):569-72. - PubMed
Knauer 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Knauer MJ, Hedley BD, Bhayana V, Payne M, Chin-Yee I, Delport J. Interim analysis of the clinical performance of five SARS-Cov-2 serology assays. Clinical Biochemistry 2020;86:28-30. - PMC - PubMed
Knauer 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Knauer 2020 [A].
Knauer 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Knauer 2020 [A].
Knauer 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Knauer 2020 [A].
Knauer 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Knauer 2020 [A].
Ko 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ko JH, Joo EJ, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Huh K, Cho SY, et al. Clinical application of rapid diagnostic test kit for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies into the field of patient care. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection 2021;54(1):97-100. - PMC - PubMed
Kohmer 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Kohmer N, Westhaus S, Ruhl C, Ciesek S, Rabenau HF. Brief clinical evaluation of six high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assays. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104480. - PMC - PubMed
Kohmer 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020a [A].
Kohmer 2020a [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020a [A].
Kohmer 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Kohmer N, Westhaus S, Ruhl C, Ciesek S, Rabenau HF. Clinical performance of different SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody tests. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92(10):2243-7. - PMC - PubMed
Kohmer 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020b [A].
Kohmer 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020b [A].
Kohmer 2020b [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020b [A].
Kohmer 2020b [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020b [A].
Kohmer 2020b [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kohmer 2020b [A].
Korte 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Korte W, Buljan M, Rosslein M, Wick P, Golubov V, Jentsch J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibody response is gender dependent; and IgG antibodies rapidly decline early on. Journal of Infection 2021;82(1):e11-4. - PMC - PubMed
Korte 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Korte 2021 [A].
Korte 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Korte 2021 [A].
Kowitdamrong 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Kowitdamrong E, Puthanakit T, Jantarabenjakul W, Prompetchara E, Suchartlikitwong P, Putcharoen O, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in coronavirus diseases 2019 patients with different severity. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.06.20189480] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kowitdamrong E, Puthanakit T, Jantarabenjakul W, Prompetchara E, Suchartlikitwong P, Putcharoen O, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with differing severities of coronavirus disease 2019. PLoS One 2020;15(10):e0240502. - PMC - PubMed
Kowitdamrong 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Kowitdamrong 2020 [A].
Krishnamurthy 2020 {published data only}
    1. Krishnamurthy HK, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Rajasekaran KE, Wang T, Bei K, et al. Antibody profiling and prevalence in the US population during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Krishnamurthy HK, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Rajasekaran KE, Wang T, Bei K, et al. Antibody profiling and prevalence in US patients during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. PLoS One 2020;15(11):e0242655. - PMC - PubMed
Lassauniere 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Lassauniere R, Frische A, Harboe ZB, Nielsen AC, Fomsgaard A, Krogfelt KA, et al. Evaluation of nine commercial SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Lassauniere 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lassauniere 2020 [A].
Lassauniere 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lassauniere 2020 [C].
Lassauniere 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lassauniere 2020 [A].
Lassauniere 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lassauniere 2020 [A].
Lassauniere 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lassauniere 2020 [A].
Lassauniere 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lassauniere 2020 [A].
Lau 2020a {published data only}
    1. Lau CS, Hoo SP, Yew SF, Ong SK, Lum LT, Heng PY, et al. Evaluation of the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.28.20142232]
Lau 2020b {published data only}
    1. Lau CS, Hoo SP, Liang YL, Aw TC. Evaluation of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 Ig-G assay. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Lau 2020c {published data only}
    1. Lau CS, Oh HML, Hoo SP, Liang YL, Phua SK, Aw TC. Performance of an automated chemiluminescence SARS-CoV-2 IG-G assay. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;510:760-6. - PMC - PubMed
Lau 2020d {published data only}
    1. Lau CS, Hoo SP, Yew SF, Ong SK, Lum LT, Heng PY, et al. Evaluation of an electrochemiluminescent SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay. Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 2020;5(6):1313-23. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Li B, Feng F, Yang G, Liu A, Yang N, Jiang Q, et al. Immunoglobulin G/M and cytokines detections in continuous sera from patients with novel coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) infection. SSRN [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Li 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Li 2020 [A].
Lippi 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Pegoraro M, Militello V, Caloi C, Peretti A, et al. Assessment of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 with fully automated MAGLUMI 2019-nCoV IgG and IgM chemiluminescence immunoassays. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(7):1156-9. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0473] - DOI - PubMed
Lippi 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lippi 2020 [A].
Liu 2020a {published data only}
    1. Liu L, Liu W, Wang S, Zheng S. A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu L, Liu W, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Kou G, Ding J, et al. A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients. Microbes and Infection 2020;22(4-5):206-11. - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Liu W, Liu L, Kou G, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Ni W, et al. Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based ELISAs for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(6):e00461-20. [DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00461-20] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu W, Liu L, Kou G, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Ni W, et al. Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based ELISAs for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Liu 2020b [A].
Liu 2020c {published data only}
    1. Liu W, Kou G, Dong Y, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Ni W, et al. Clinical application of Chemiluminescence Microparticle Immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;130:104576. - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Liu J, Lian R, Zhang G, Hou B, Wang C, Dong J, et al. Changes in serum virus-specific IgM/IgG antibody in asymptomatic and discharged patients with reoccurring positive COVID-19 nucleic acid test (RPNAT). Annals of Medicine 2021;53(1):34-42. - PMC - PubMed
Loconsole 2020 {published data only}
    1. Loconsole D, Centrone F, Morcavallo C, Campanella S, Sallustio A, Quarto M, et al. The light and shadow of rapid serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from a study in a large emergency department. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(18):6493. - PMC - PubMed
Long 2020 {published data only}
    1. Long Q, Deng H, Chen J, Hu J, Liu B, Liao P, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients: the perspective application of serological tests in clinical practice. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Long QX, Liu BZ, Deng HJ, Wu GC, Deng K, Chen YK, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nature Medicine 2020;26:845-8. - PubMed
Lou 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Lou B, Li T, Zheng S, Su Y, Li Z, Liu W, et al. Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection since the exposure and post symptoms onset. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lou B, Li TD, Zheng SF, Su YY, Li ZY, Liu W, et al. Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure and post-symptom onset. European Respiratory Journal 2020;56(2):2000763. - PMC - PubMed
Lou 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Lou 2020 [A].
Lynch 2021 {published data only}
    1. Lynch KL, Whitman JD, Lacanienta NP, Beckerdite EW, Kastner SA, Shy BR, et al. Magnitude and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and their relationship to disease severity. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;72(2):301-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lynch KL, Whitman JD, Lacanienta NP, Beckerdite EW, Kastner SA, Shy BR, et al. Magnitude and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and their relationship to disease severity. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
MacMullan 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. MacMullan MA, Ibrayeva A, Trettner K, Deming L, Das S, Tran F, et al. ELISA detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. MacMullan MA, Ibrayeva A, Trettner K, Deming L, Das S, Tran F, et al. ELISA detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva. Scientific Reports 2020;10(1):20818. - PMC - PubMed
MacMullan 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. MacMullan 2020 [A].
MacMullan 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. MacMullan 2020 [A].
MacMullan 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. MacMullan 2020 [A].
Mairesse 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Mairesse A, Favresse J, Eucher C, Elsen M, Tre-Hardy M, Haventith C, et al. High clinical performance and quantitative assessment of antibody kinetics using a dual recognition assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies. Clinical Biochemistry 2020;86:23-7. - PMC - PubMed
Mairesse 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Mairesse 2020 [A].
Manalac 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Manalac J, Yee J, Calayag K, Nguyen L, Patel PM, Zhou D, et al. Evaluation of Abbott anti-SARS-CoV-2 CMIA IgG and Euroimmun ELISA IgG/IgA assays in a clinical lab. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;510:687-90. - PMC - PubMed
Manalac 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Manalac 2020 [A].
Marlet 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Marlet J, Petillon C, Ragot E, Abou El Fattah Y, Guillon A, Marchand Adam S, et al. Clinical performance of four immunoassays for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, including a prospective analysis for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in a real-life routine care setting. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;132:104633. - PMC - PubMed
Marlet 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Marlet 2020 [A].
Marlet 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Marlet 2020 [A].
Marlet 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Marlet 2020 [A].
Martinaud 2020 {published data only}
    1. Martinaud C, Hejl C, Igert A, Bigaillon C, Bonnet C, Merens A, et al. Evaluation of the Quotient(R) MosaiQ COVID-19 antibody microarray for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus in humans. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;130:104571. - PMC - PubMed
McAulay 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. McAulay K, Bryan A, Greninger AL, Grill F, Lake D, Kaleta EJ, et al. Retrospective clinical evaluation of 4 lateral flow assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2020;98(3):115161. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McAulay K, Bryan A, Greninger AL, Grill F, Lake D, Kaleta EJ, et al. Retrospective clinical evaluation of four lateral flow assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
McAulay 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. McAulay 2020 [A].
McAulay 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. McAulay 2020 [A].
McAulay 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. McAulay 2020 [A].
Merrill 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Merrill AE, Jackson JB, Ehlers A, Voss D, Krasowski MD. Head-to-head comparison of two SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 2020;5(6):1351-7. - PMC - PubMed
Merrill 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Merrill 2020 [A].
Montesinos 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Montesinos I, Gruson D, Kabamba B, Dahma H, Van den Wijngaert S, Reza S, et al. Evaluation of two automated and three rapid lateral flow immunoassays for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;128:104413. - PMC - PubMed
Montesinos 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Montesinos 2020 [A].
Montesinos 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Montesinos 2020 [A].
Montesinos 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Montesinos 2020 [A].
Montesinos 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Montesinos 2020 [A].
Montesinos 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Montesinos 2020 [A].
Montesinos 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Montesinos 2020 [A].
Muecksch 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Muecksch F, Wise H, Batchelor B, Squires M, Semple E, Richardson C, et al. Longitudinal analysis of clinical serology assay performance and neutralising antibody levels in COVID19 convalescents. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Muecksch 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Muecksch 2020 [A].
Muecksch 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Muecksch 2020 [A].
Muecksch 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Muecksch 2020 [A].
Naaber 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Naaber P, Hunt K, Pesukova J, Haljasmagi L, Rumm P, Peterson P, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response in PCR positive patients: Comparison of nine tests in relation to clinical data. PLoS One 2020;15(10):e0237548. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Naaber P, Hunt K, Pesukova J, Haljasmagi L, Rumm P, Peterson P, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response in PCR positive patients: comparison of nine tests in relation with clinical data. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Naaber 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Naaber 2020 [A].
Naaber 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Naaber 2020 [A].
Naaber 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Naaber 2020 [A].
Naaber 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Naaber 2020 [A].
Naaber 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Naaber 2020 [A].
Naaber 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Naaber 2020 [A].
Nagasawa 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Nagasawa M, Yamaguchi Y, Furuya M, Takahashi Y, Taki R, Nagata K, et al. Investigation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in the patients with COVID-19 by three different ELISA test kits. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2020;2(9):1323-7. - PMC - PubMed
Nagasawa 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nagasawa 2020 [A].
Nagasawa 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nagasawa 2020 [A].
Nayak 2021 {published data only}
    1. Nayak K, Gottimukkala K, Kumar S, Reddy ES, Edara VV, Kauffman R, et al. Characterization of neutralizing versus binding antibodies and memory B cells in COVID-19 recovered individuals from India. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nayak K, Gottimukkala K, Kumar S, Reddy ES, Edara VV, Kauffman R, et al. Characterization of neutralizing versus binding antibodies and memory B cells in COVID-19 recovered individuals from India. Virology 2021;558:13-21. - PMC - PubMed
Ng 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Ng DL, Goldgof GM, Shy BR, Levine AG, Balcerek J, Bapat SP, et al. Sars-cov-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood. Nature Communications 2020;11(1):4698. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ng DL, Goldgof GM, Shy BR, Levine AG, Balcerek J, Bapat SP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood from the San Francisco Bay Area. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ng 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Ng 2020 [A].
Nguyen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen LS, Laghlam D, De Gonfreville E, Pene F, Rozenberg F, Mira JP. Sensitivity of point-of-care IgM and IgG test in critically ill patients with SARS-Cov-2. Critical Care 2020;24(1):573. - PMC - PubMed
Nicol 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Nicol T, Lefeuvre C, Serri O, Pivert A, Joubaud F, Dubee V, et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 through the evaluation of three immunoassays: Two automated immunoassays (Euroimmun and Abbott) and one rapid lateral flow immunoassay (NG Biotech). Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104511. - PMC - PubMed
Nicol 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nicol 2020 [A].
Nicol 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nicol 2020 [A].
Nicol 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nicol 2020 [A].
Nicol 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nicol 2020 [A].
Nilles 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Nilles EJ, Karlson EW, Norman M, Gilboa T, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, et al. Evaluation of two commercial and two non-commercial immunoassays for the detection of prior infection to SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nilles 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Nilles 2020 [A].
NSAE 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. National SARS-CoV-2 Serology Assay Evaluation Group. Performance characteristics of five immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2: a head-to-head benchmark comparison. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2020;20(12):1390-400. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Public Health England. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of four commercially available SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunoassays (July 2020). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa....
NSAE 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. NSAE 2020 [A].
NSAE 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. NSAE 2020 [A].
NSAE 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. NSAE 2020 [A].
Ong 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Ong DSY, Man SJ, Lindeboom FA, Koeleman JGM. Comparison of diagnostic accuracies of rapid serological tests and ELISA to molecular diagnostics in patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 presenting to the hospital. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(8):1094.e7-10. - PMC - PubMed
Ong 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Ong 2020 [A].
Padoan 2020a {published data only}
    1. Padoan A, Cosma C, Sciacovelli L, Faggian D, Plebani M. Analytical performances of a chemiluminescence immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG and antibody kinetics. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(7):1081-8. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Padoan 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Padoan A, Sciacovelli L, Basso D, Negrini D, Zuin S, Cosma C, et al. IgA-Ab response to spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal study. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;507:164-6. - PMC - PubMed
Padoan 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Padoan 2020b [A].
Paiva 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Paiva KJ, Grisson RD, Chan PA, Huard RC, Caliendo AM, Lonks JR, et al. Validation and performance comparison of three SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(2):916-23. - PubMed
Paiva 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Paiva 2021 [A].
Paiva 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Paiva 2021 [A].
Pan 2020a {published data only}
    1. Pan Y, Li X, Yang G, Fan J, Tang Y, Zhao J, et al. Serological immunochromatographic approach in diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 infected COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection 2020;81(1):e28-32. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pan Y, Li X, Yang G, Fan J, Tang Y, Zhao J, et al. Serological immunochromatographic approach in diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 infected COVID-19 patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pape 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Pape C, Remme R, Wolny A, Olberg S, Wolf S, Cerrone L, et al. Microscopy-based assay for semi-quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human sera: A semi-quantitative, high throughput, microscopy-based assay expands existing approaches to measure SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels in human sera. Bioessays 2021;43(3):e2000257. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pape C, Remme R, Wolny A, Olberg S, Wolf S, Cerrone L, et al. Microscopy-based assay for semi-quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human sera. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pape 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pape 2021 [A].
Patel 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Patel EU, Bloch EM, Clarke W, Hsieh YH, Boon D, Eby Y, et al. Comparative performance of five commercially available serologic assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and identify individuals with high neutralizing titers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(2):e02257-20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patel EU, Bloch EM, Clarke W, Hsieh YH, Boon D, Eby Y, et al. Comparative performance of five commercially available serologic assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and identify individuals with high neutralizing titers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Patel 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Patel 2021 [A].
Patel 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Patel 2021 [A].
Patel 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Patel 2021 [A].
Patel 2021 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Patel 2021 [A].
Pere 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pere H, Vedie B, Vernet R, Demory N, Kassis N, Mirault T, et al. Unexpected diagnosis of COVID-19-associated disorders by SARS-CoV-2-specific serology. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;132:104568. - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Garcia 2020(a) {published data only}
    1. Pérez-García F, Pérez-Tanoira R, Romanyk J, Arroyo T, Gómez-Herruz P, Cuadros-González J. Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by detecting IgG and IgM antibodies with an immunochromatographic device: a prospective single-center study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Perez-Garcia F, Perez-Tanoira R, Romanyk J, Arroyo T, Gomez-Herruz P, Cuadros-Gonzalez J. Alltest rapid lateral flow immunoassays is reliable in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection from 14 days after symptom onset: A prospective single-center study. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104473. - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Garcia 2020(b) {published data only}
    1. Pérez-García F, Pérez-Tanoira R, Romanyk J, Arroyo T, Gómez-Herruz P, Cuadros-González J. Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by detecting IgG and IgM antibodies with an immunochromatographic device: a prospective single-center study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Perez-Garcia F, Perez-Tanoira R, Romanyk J, Arroyo T, Gomez-Herruz P, Cuadros-Gonzalez J. Alltest rapid lateral flow immunoassays is reliable in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection from 14 days after symptom onset: A prospective single-center study. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104473. - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Garcia 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Perez-Garcia F, Perez-Tanoira R, Iglesias ME, Romanyk J, Arroyo T, Gomez-Herruz P, et al. Comparative evaluation of six immunoassays for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Virological Methods 2021;289:114047. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perez-Garcia F, Perez-Tanoira R, Iglesias ME, Romanyk J, Arroyo T, Gomez-Herruz P, et al. Comparative evaluation of six immunoassays for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Garcia 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Perez-Garcia 2021 [A].
Perez‐Garcia 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Perez-Garcia 2021 [A].
Perez‐Garcia 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Perez-Garcia 2021 [A].
Perez‐Garcia 2021 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Perez-Garcia 2021 [A].
Perez‐Garcia 2021 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Perez-Garcia 2021 [A].
Pfluger 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Pfluger LS, Bannasch JH, Brehm TT, Pfefferle S, Hoffmann A, Norz D, et al. Clinical evaluation of five different automated SARS-CoV-2 serology assays in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;130:104549. - PMC - PubMed
Pfluger 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pfluger 2020 [A].
Pfluger 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pfluger 2020 [A].
Pfluger 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pfluger 2020 [A].
Pfluger 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pfluger 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Public Health England. Evaluation of DiaSorin LIAISON SARSCoV-2 S1/S2 IgG serology assay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa....
    1. Public Health England. Evaluation of Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology assay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa....
    1. Public Health England. Evaluation of Siemens Atellica-IM Total (COV2T) SARS-CoV-2 serology assay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa....
    1. Public Health England. Evaluation of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa....
    1. Public Health England. Evaluation of the Beckman Coulter Access Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa....
PHE 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
PHE 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. PHE 2020 [A].
Phipps 2020 {published data only}
    1. Phipps WS, SoRelle JA, Li QZ, Mahimainathan L, Araj E, Markantonis J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses do not predict COVID-19 disease severity. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2020;154(4):459-65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Phipps WS, SoRelle JA, Li QZ, Mahimainathan L, Araj E, Markantonis J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses do not predict COVID-19 disease severity. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pickering 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Pickering S, Betancor G, Galao RP, Merrick B, Signell AW, Wilson HD, et al. Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings. PLoS Pathogens 2020;16(9):e1008817. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pickering S, Betancor G, Pedro Galao R, Merrick B, Signell AW, Wilson HD, et al. Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pickering 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pickering 2020 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Pickering 2020 [A].
Pollan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pollan M, Perez-Gomez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Oteo J, Hernan MA, Perez-Olmeda M, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study. Lancet 2020;396(10250):535-44. - PMC - PubMed
Prazuck 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Prazuck T, Colin M, Giachè S, Gubavu C, Seve A, Rzepecki V, et al. Evaluation of performance of two SARS-CoV-2 Rapid whole-blood finger-stick IgM-IgG combined antibody tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Prazuck T, Colin M, Giache S, Gubavu C, Seve A, Rzepecki V, et al. Evaluation of performance of two SARS-CoV-2 Rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests on capillary whole blood samples from the fingertip. PLoS One 2020;15(9):e0237694. - PMC - PubMed
Prazuck 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Prazuck 2020 [A].
Qian 2020a {published data only}
    1. Qian C, Zhou M, Cheng F, Lin X, Gong Y, Xie X, et al. Development and multicenter performance evaluation of fully automated SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG immunoassays. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(9):1601-7. - PubMed
Qiu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Qiu X, Xiang Y, Sun J, Wang X, Chen G, Xu X, et al. Dynamic changes of throat swabs RNA and serum antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 and their diagnostic performances in patients with COVID-19. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9(1):1974-83. - PMC - PubMed
Ragnesola 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ragnesola B, Jin D, Lamb CC, Shaz BH, Hillyer CD, Luchsinger LL. COVID19 antibody detection using lateral flow assay tests in a cohort of convalescent plasma donors. BMC Research Notes 2020;13(1):372. - PMC - PubMed
Renard 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Renard N, Daniel S, Cayet N, Pecquet M, Raymond F, Pons S, et al. Performance characteristics of the VIDAS® SARS-COV-2 IgM and IgG serological assays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.20196030] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Renard N, Daniel S, Cayet N, Pecquet M, Raymond F, Pons S, et al. Performance characteristics of the VIDAS SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG serological assays. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(4):e02292-20. - PMC - PubMed
Renard 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Renard 2020 [A].
Rijkers 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rijkers G, Murk JL, Wintermans B, Looy B, den Berge M, Veenemans J, et al. Differences in antibody kinetics and functionality between severe and mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222(8):1265-9. - PMC - PubMed
Rode 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Rode OD, Kurolt IC, Puljiz I, Civljak R, Balent NC, Laskaj R, et al. Antibody response and the clinical presentation of patients with COVID-19 in Croatia: the importance of a two-step testing approach. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2021;40(2):261-8. - PMC - PubMed
Rode 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rode 2021 [A].
Rode 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rode 2021 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Rudolf F, Kaltenbach H-M, Linnik J, Ruf M-T, Niederhauser C, Nickel B, et al. Clinical characterisation of eleven lateral flow assays for detection of COVID-19 antibodies in a population. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Rudolf 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Rudolf 2020 [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Rudolf 2020 [A].
Ruetalo 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Ruetalo N, Businger R, Althaus K, Fink S, Ruoff F, Hamprecht K, et al. Neutralizing antibody response in non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Ruetalo 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Ruetalo 2020 [A].
Ruetalo 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Ruetalo 2020 [A].
Schnurra 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Schnurra C, Reiners N, Biemann R, Kaiser T, Trawinski H, Jassoy C. Comparison of the diagnostic sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and glycoprotein-based antibody tests. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104544. - PMC - PubMed
Schnurra 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Schnurra 2020 [A].
Schnurra 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Schnurra 2020 [A].
Schnurra 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Schnurra 2020 [A].
Schnurra 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Schnurra 2020 [A].
Schnurra 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Schnurra 2020 [A].
Schnurra 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Schnurra 2020 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Serre-Miranda C, Nobrega C, Roque S, Canto-Gomes J, Silva CS, Vieira N, et al. Performance assessment of 11 commercial serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 on hospitalised COVID-19 patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;104:661-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Serre-Miranda C, Nobrega C, Roque S, Canto-Gomes J, Silva CS, Vieira N, et al. Performance assessment of 11 commercial serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 on hospitalized COVID-19 patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Serre‐Miranda 2021 [L] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Serre-Miranda 2021 [A].
Shamsollahi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shamsollahi HR, Amini M, Alizadeh S, Nedjat S, Akbari-Sari A, Rezaei M, et al. Assessment of a serological diagnostic kit of sars-cov-2 available in Iran. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PubMed
    1. Shamsollahi HR, Amini M, Alizadeh S, Nedjat S, Akbari-Sari A, Rezaei M, et al. Validity of a serological diagnostic kit of SARS-CoV-2 available in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2020;23(9):629-32. - PubMed
Shen 2020a {published data only}
    1. Shen B, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wang D, Jin J, et al. Clinical evaluation of a rapid colloidal gold immunochromatography assay for SARS-Cov-2 IgM/IgG. American Journal of Translational Research 2020;12(4):1348-54. - PMC - PubMed
Shen 2020b {published data only}
    1. Shen L, Wang C, Zhao J, Tang X, Shen Y, Lu M et al. Delayed specific IgM antibody responses observed among COVID-19 patients with severe progression. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9(1):1096-101. - PMC - PubMed
Soleimani 2021 {published data only}
    1. Soleimani R, Khourssaji M, Gruson D, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Berghmans M, Belkhir L, et al. Clinical usefulness of fully automated chemiluminescent immunoassay for quantitative antibody measurements in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(3):1465-77. - PMC - PubMed
Sterlin 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Sterlin D, Mathian A, Miyara M, Mohr A, Anna F, Claer L, et al. IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sterlin D, Mathian A, Miyara M, Mohr A, Anna F, Claer L, et al. IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Science Translational Medicine 2021;13:577. - PMC - PubMed
Sterlin 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Sterlin 2021 [A].
Suhandynata 2020a {published data only}
    1. Suhandynata RT, Hoffman MA, Kelner MJ, McLawhon RW, Reed SL, Fitzgerald RL. Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG seropositivity to detect COVID-19. Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 2020;5(5):908-20. - PMC - PubMed
Suhandynata 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Suhandynata RT, Hoffman MA, Kelner MJ, McLawhon RW, Reed SL, Fitzgerald RL. Multi-platform comparison of SARS-CoV-2 serology assays for the detection of COVID-19. Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 2020;5(6):1324-36. - PMC - PubMed
Suhandynata 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Suhandynata 2020b [A].
Suhandynata 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Suhandynata 2020b [A].
Sun 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sun J, Tang X, Bai R, Liang C, Zeng L, Lin H, et al. The kinetics of viral load and antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(12):1690.e1-4. - PMC - PubMed
Sweeney 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sweeney N, Merrick B, Galão RP, Pickering S, Botros A, Wilson H, et al. Clinical utility of targeted SARS-CoV-2 serology testing to aid the diagnosis and management of suspected missed, late or post-COVID-19 infection syndromes: results from a pilot service. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tan 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Tan SS, Saw S, Chew KL, Wang C, Pajarillaga A, Khoo C, et al. Comparative clinical evaluation of the Roche Elecsys and Abbott SARS-CoV-2 serology assays for COVID-19. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 2020;145:32-8. - PubMed
Tan 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tan 2020 [A].
Tang 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Tang MS, Hock KG, Logsdon NM, Hayes JE, Gronowski AM, Anderson NW, et al. Clinical performance of two SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays. Clinical Chemistry 2020;66(8):1055-62. - PMC - PubMed
Tang 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tang 2020 [A].
Tang 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tang 2020 [A].
Theel 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Theel ES, Harring J, Hilgart H, Granger D. Performance characteristics of four high-throughput immunoassays for detection of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(8):e01243-20. - PMC - PubMed
Theel 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Theel 2020 [A].
Theel 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Theel 2020 [A].
Theel 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Theel 2020 [A].
Thijsen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Thijsen S, Heron M, Gremmels H, Kieft R, Reusken C, Kremer K, et al. Elevated nucleoprotein-induced interferon-gamma release in COVID-19 patients detected in a SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Journal of Infection 2020;81(3):452-82. - PMC - PubMed
Trabaud 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Trabaud MA, Icard V, Milon MP, Bal A, Lina B, Escuret V. Comparison of eight commercial, high-throughput, automated or ELISA assays detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;132:104613. - PMC - PubMed
Trabaud 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Trabaud 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Trabaud 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Trabaud 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Trabaud 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Trabaud 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Trabaud 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Trabaud 2020 [A].
Traugott 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Traugott M, Aberle SW, Aberle JH, Griebler H, Karolyi M, Pawelka E, et al. Performance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody assays in different stages of infection: comparison of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and rapid Tests. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222(3):362-6. - PMC - PubMed
Traugott 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tragoutt 2020 [A].
Traugott 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tragoutt 2020 [A].
Traugott 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tragoutt 2020 [A].
Traugott 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tragoutt 2020 [A].
Traugott 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tragoutt 2020 [A].
Tre‐Hardy 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Tre-Hardy M, Wilmet A, Beukinga I, Favresse J, Dogne JM, Douxfils J, et al. Analytical and clinical validation of an ELISA for specific SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(2):803-11. - PMC - PubMed
Tre‐Hardy 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tre-Hardy 2021 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Tuaillon E, Bollore K, Pisoni A, Debiesse S, Renault C, Marie S, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using commercial assays and seroconversion patterns in hospitalized patients. Journal of Infection 2020;81(2):e39-45. - PMC - PubMed
Tuaillon 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Tuaillon 2020 [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Tuallion 2020 [A].
Valdivia 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Valdivia A, Torres I, Latorre V, Francés-Gómez C, Albert E, Gozalbo-Rovira R, et al. Inference of SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding neutralizing antibody titers in sera from hospitalized COVID-19 patients by using commercial enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Valdivia 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Valdivia 2020 [A].
Valdivia 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Valdivia 2020 [A].
Valdivia 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Valdivia 2020 [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Van Elslande J, Houben E, Depypere M, Brackenier A, Desmet S, Andre E, et al. Diagnostic performance of seven rapid IgG/IgM antibody tests and the Euroimmun IgA/IgG ELISA in COVID-19 patients. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(8):1082-7. - PMC - PubMed
Van Elslande 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020a [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020a [A].
Van Elslande 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Van Elslande J, Decru B, Jonckheere S, Van Wijngaerden E, Houben E, Vandecandelaere P, et al. Antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleoprotein evaluated by four automated immunoassays and three ELISAs. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(11):1557.e1-7. - PMC - PubMed
Van Elslande 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020b [A].
Van Elslande 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020b [A].
Van Elslande 2020b [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020b [A].
Van Elslande 2020b [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020b [A].
Van Elslande 2020b [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020b [A].
Van Elslande 2020b [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Van Elslande 2020b [A].
Velay 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Velay A, Gallais F, Benotmane I, Wendling MJ, Danion F, Collange O, et al. Evaluation of the performance of SARS-CoV-2 serological tools and their positioning in COVID-19 diagnostic strategies. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2020;98(4):115181. - PMC - PubMed
Velay 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Velay 2020 [A].
Velay 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Velay 2020 [A].
Velay 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Velay 2020 [A].
Veyrenche 2021 [A] {published data only}
    1. Veyrenche N, Bolloré K, Pisoni A, Bedin A-S, Mondain A-M, Ducos J, et al. Diagnosis value of SARS-CoV-2 antigen/antibody combined testing using rapid diagnostic tests at hospital admission. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(5):3069-76. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Veyrenche N, Bolloré K, Pisoni A, Bedin A-S, Mondain A-M, Ducos J, et al. Diagnosis value of SARS-CoV-2 antigen/antibody combined testing using rapid diagnostic tests at hospital admission. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Veyrenche 2021 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Veyrenche 2021 [A].
Veyrenche 2021 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Veyrenche 2021 [A].
Veyrenche 2021 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Veyrenche 2021 [A].
Wang 2020a {published data only}
    1. Wang P. Combination of serological total antibody and RT-PCR test for detection of SARS-COV-2 infections. Journal of Virological Methods 2020;283:113919. - PMC - PubMed
Weidner 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Weidner L, Gansdorfer S, Unterweger S, Weseslindtner L, Drexler C, Farcet M, et al. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with eight commercially available immunoassays. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104540. - PMC - PubMed
Weidner 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Weidner 2020 [A].
Weidner 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Weidner 2020 [A].
Weidner 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Weidner 2020 [A].
Weidner 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Weidner 2020 [A].
Weidner 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Weidner 2020 [A].
Wellinghausen 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Wellinghausen N, Voss M, Ivanova R, Deininger S. Evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2-IgG response in outpatients by five commercial immunoassays. GMS Infectious Diseases 2020;8:Doc22. - PMC - PubMed
Wellinghausen 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wellinghausen 2020a [A].
Wellinghausen 2020a [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wellinghausen 2020a [A].
Wellinghausen 2020a [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wellinghausen 2020a [A].
Wellinghausen 2020a [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wellinghausen 2020a [A].
Wellinghausen 2020b {published data only}
    1. Wellinghausen N, Plonne D, Voss M, Ivanova R, Frodl R, Deininger S. SARS-CoV-2-IgG response is different in COVID-19 outpatients and asymptomatic contact persons. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;130:104542. - PMC - PubMed
Whitman 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT, Shy BR, Yu R, Yamamoto TN, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serology assays reveals a range of test performance. Nature Biotechnology 2020;38(10):1174-83. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0659-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Whitman 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [G] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [H] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [I] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [J] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020a [K] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020a [A].
Whitman 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT, Shy BR, Yu R, Yamamoto TN, et al. Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20074856] - DOI
Whitman 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020b [A].
Whitman 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Whitman 2020b [A].
Wolff 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Wolff F, Dahma H, Duterme C, Van den Wijngaert S, Vandenberg O, Cotton F, et al. Monitoring antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 infection: diagnostic efficiency of 4 automated immunoassays. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2020;98(3):115140. - PMC - PubMed
Wolff 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wolff 2020 [A].
Wolff 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wolff 2020 [A].
Wolff 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wolff 2020 [A].
Wolff 2020 [E] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wolff 2020 [A].
Wolff 2020 [F] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wolff 2020 [A].
Wu 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Wu JL, Tseng WP, Lin CH, Lee TF, Chung MY, Huang CH, et al. Four point-of-care lateral flow immunoassays for diagnosis of COVID-19 and for assessing dynamics of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection 2020;81(3):435-42. - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wu 2020 [A].
Wu 2020 [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wu 2020 [A].
Wu 2020 [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Wu 2020 [A].
Xiang 2020a {published data only}
    1. Xiang F, Wang X, He X, Peng Z, Yang B, Zhang J, et al. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;71(8):1930-4. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Xiao 2020a {published data only}
    1. Xiao DA, Gao DC, Zhang DS. Profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: the first report. Journal of Infection 2020;81(1):147-78. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Xiao 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Xiao T, Wang Y, Yuan J, Ye H, Wei L, Liao X, et al. Early viral clearance and antibody kinetics of COVID-19 among asymptomatic carriers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Xiao 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Xiao 2020b [A].
Xiao 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Xiao 2020b [A].
Xiao 2020b [D] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Xiao 2020b [A].
Yang 2020 [A] {published data only}
    1. Yang HS, Racine-Brzostek SE, Lee WT, Hunt D, Yee J, Chen Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody characterization in emergency department, hospitalized and convalescent patients by two semi-quantitative immunoassays. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020;509:117-25. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2020 [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Yang 2020 [A].
Yongchen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yongchen Z, Shen H, Wang X, Shi X, Li Y, Yan J, et al. Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients. Emerging Microbes and Infections 2020;9(1):833-6. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Zhang G, Nie S, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Longitudinal change of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222(2):183-8. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Zhang 2020a [A].
Zhang 2020b [A] {published data only}
    1. Zhang C, Zhou L, Liu H, Zhang S, Tian Y, Huo J, et al. Establishing a high sensitivity detection method for SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG and developing a clinical application of this method. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9(1):2020-9. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020b [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Zhang 2020b [A].
Zhang 2020b [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Zhang 2020b [A].
Zhao 2020a [A] {published data only}
    1. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, Liu W, Liao X, Su Y, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;71:2027-34. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, Liu W, Liao X, Su Y, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2020a [B] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Zhao 2020a [A].
Zhao 2020a [C] {published data only}
    1. See first entry for publication details for this study. Zhao 2020a [A].

References to studies excluded from this review

Abravanel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Abravanel F, Miedouge M, Chapuy-Regaud S, Mansuy JM, Izopet J. Clinical performance of a rapid test compared to a microplate test to detect total anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies directed to the spike protein. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;130:104528. - PMC - PubMed
Adams 2020b {published data only}
    1. Adams ER, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, et al. Evaluation of antibody testing for SARS-Cov-2 using ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066407v1.full.pdf]
Alger 2020 {published data only}
    1. Alger J, Cafferata ML, Alvarado T, Ciganda A, Corrales A, Desale H, et al. Using prenatal blood samples to evaluate COVID-19 rapid serologic tests specificity. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2020;24(9):1099-103. - PMC - PubMed
Amanat 2020 {published data only}
    1. Amanat F, Nguyen T, Chromikova V, Strohmeier S, Stadlbauer D, Javier A, et al. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20037713] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Amrun 2020 {published data only}
    1. Amrun SN, Lee CY, Lee B, Fong SW, Young BE, Chee RS, et al. Linear B-cell epitopes in the spike and nucleocapsid proteins as markers of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease severity. EBioMedicine 2020;58:102911. - PMC - PubMed
Antoine‐Reid 2020 {published data only}
    1. Antoine-Reid T, Malone J, Maris AS, White-Abell J, Schmitz JE. Cross-comparison of a chemiluminescent platform and a commercial receptor binding domain-based ELISA assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 2020;5(6):1416-20. - PMC - PubMed
Arumugam 2020 {published data only}
    1. Arumugam A, Wong SS. The potential use of unprocessed sample for RT-qPCR detection of COVID-19 without an RNA extraction step. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.06.028811] - DOI
Ayouba 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ayouba A, Thaurignac G, Morquin D, Tuaillon E, Raulino R, Nkuba A, et al. Multiplex detection and dynamics of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV2 and the highly pathogenic human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104521. - PMC - PubMed
Barallat 2020 {published data only}
    1. Barallat J, Fernández-Rivas G, Quirant-Sánchez B, González V, Doladé M, Martinez-Caceres E, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Specific Antibodies among Healthcare Workers in the Northern Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, Spain, after the first pandemic wave. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Baron 2020 {published data only}
    1. Baron RC, Risch L, Weber M, Thiel S, Grossmann K, Wohlwend N, et al. Frequency of serological non-responders and false-negative RT-PCR results in SARS-CoV-2 testing: a population-based study. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2020;58(12):2131-40. - PubMed
Batra 2020 {published data only}
    1. Batra R, Olivieri LG, Rubin D, Vallari A, Pearce S, Olivo A, et al. A comparative evaluation between the Abbott Panbio COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test device and Abbott Architect SARS CoV-2 IgG assay. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;132:104645. - PMC - PubMed
Becker 2020 {published data only}
    1. Becker M, Strengert M, Junker D, Kerrinnes T, Kaiser PD, Traenkle B, et al. Going beyond clinical routine in SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing - A multiplex corona virus antibody test for the evaluation of cross-reactivity to endemic coronavirus antigens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Bendavid 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bendavid E, Mulaney B, Sood N, Shah S, Ling E, Bromley-Dulfano R, et al. COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Black 2020 {published data only}
    1. Black MA, Shen G, Feng X, Garcia B, Feng Y, Vasudevaraja V, et al. Analytical performance of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 exposure screening on venous and capillary blood samples. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bortz 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bortz RH, Florez C, Laudermilch E, Wirchnianski AS, Lasso G, Malonis RJ, et al. Development, clinical translation, and utility of a COVID-19 antibody test with qualitative and quantitative readouts. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Brandstetter 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brandstetter S, Roth S, Harner S, Buntrock-Dopke H, Toncheva AA, Borchers N, et al. Symptoms and immunoglobulin development in hospital staff exposed to a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2020;31(7):841-7. - PubMed
Brantley 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brantley HL, Yoo RM, Jones GI, Stock MA, Park PJ, Sheils NE, et al. Variation across population subgroups of COVID-19 antibody testing performance. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Brecher 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brecher SM, Dryjowicz-Burek J, Yu H, Campbell S, Ratcliffe N, Gupta K. Patients with common cold coronaviruses tested negative for IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(8):e01029-20. - PMC - PubMed
Bruni 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bruni M, Cecatiello V, Diaz-Basabe A, Lattanzi G, Mileti E, Monzani S, et al. Persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in non-hospitalized COVID-19 convalescent health care workers. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020;9(10):3188. - PMC - PubMed
Bryan 2020b {published data only}
    1. Bryan A, Pepper G, Wener MH, Fink SL, Morishima C, Chaudhary A, et al. Performance characteristics of the Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and seroprevalence in Boise, Idaho. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(8):e00941-20. - PMC - PubMed
Buntinx 2020 {published data only}
    1. Buntinx F, Claes P, Gulikers M, Verbakel JY, De Lepeleire J, Van der Elst M, et al. Early experiences with antibody testing in a Flemish nursing home during an acute COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective cohort study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Burbelo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Burbelo PD, Riedo FX, Morishima C, Rawlings S, Smith D, Das S, et al. Detection of nucleocapsid antibody to SARS-CoV-2 is more sensitive than antibody to spike protein in COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Byrnes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Byrnes JR, Zhou XX, Lui I, Elledge SK, Glasgow JE, Lim SA, et al. Competitive SARS-CoV-2 serology reveals most antibodies targeting the spike receptor-binding domain compete for ACE2 binding. mSphere 2020;5(5):e00802-20. - PMC - PubMed
Cai 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cai XF, Chen J, Hu JL, Long QX, Deng HJ, Fan K, et al. A peptide-based magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for serological diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222:189-93. - PMC - PubMed
Cassaniti 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cassaniti I, Novazzi F, Giardina F, Salivaro F, Sachs M, Perlini S, et al. Performance of VivaDiagTM COVID-19 IgM/IgG Rapid Test is inadequate for diagnosis of COVID-19 in acute patients referring to emergency room department. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92(10):1724-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25800] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chatzidimitriou 2020 {published data only}
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Chen 2020a {published data only}
    1. Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zhai X, Li Y, Lin L, Zhao H, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG using lanthanide-doped nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay. Analytical Chemistry 2020;92(10):7226-31. - PubMed
Choe 2020 {published data only}
    1. Choe JY, Kim JW, Kwon HH, Hong HL, Jung CY, Jeon CH, et al. Diagnostic performance of immunochromatography assay for rapid detection of IgM and IgG in coronavirus disease 2019. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92(11):2567-72. - PMC - PubMed
Chughtai 2020 {published data only}
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Colavita 2020 {published data only}
    1. Colavita F, Brogi A, Lapa D, Bordi L, Matusali G, Meschi S, et al. Evaluation of ELISA tests for the qualitative determination of IgG, IgM and IgA to SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Comar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Comar M, Brumat M, Concas MP, Argentini G, Bianco A, Bicego L, et al. COVID-19 experience: first Italian survey on healthcare staff members from a mother-child research hospital using combined molecular and rapid immunoassays test. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.19.20071563] - DOI
Dahlke 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dahlke C, Heidepriem J, Kobbe R, Santer R, Koch T, Fathi A. Distinct early IgA profile may determine severity of COVID-19 symptoms: an immunological case series. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.14.20059733] - DOI
Das 2020 {published data only}
    1. Das MK, Chaudhary A, Bryan A, Wener MH, Fink SL, Morishima C. Rapid screening evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays using z-scores to standardize results. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2020;26(10):2501-3. - PMC - PubMed
Demey 2020 {published data only}
    1. Demey B, Daher N, Francois C, Lanoix JP, Duverlie G, Castelain S, et al. Dynamic profile for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using four immunochromatographic assays. Journal of Infection 2020;81:e6-e10. - PMC - PubMed
Di Lorenzo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Di Lorenzo G, Toniolo P, Lurani C, Foresti L, Carrisi C. Evaluating the adequacy of Prima Covid-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test for the assessment of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Dittadi 2020 {published data only}
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Dobaño 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dobaño C, Vidal M, Santano R, Jiménez A, Chi J, Barrios D, et al. Highly sensitive and specific multiplex antibody assays to quantify immunoglobulins M, A and G against SARS-CoV-2 antigens. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dohla 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dohla M, Boesecke C, Schulte B, Diegmann C, Sib E, Richter E, et al. Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity. Public Health 2020;182:170-2. - PMC - PubMed
Du 2020 {published data only}
    1. Du Z, Zhu F, Guo F, Yang B, Wang T. Detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92(10):1735-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25820] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Edouard 2020 {published data only}
    1. Edouard S, Colson P, Melenotte C, De Pinto F, Thomas L, La Scola B, et al. Evaluating the serological status of COVID-19 patients using an indirect immunofluorescent assay, France. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Erikstrup 2020 {published data only}
    1. Erikstrup C, Hother CE, Vestager Pedersen OB, Mølbak K, Skov RL, Holm DK, et al. Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by real-time antibody screening of blood donors. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.20075291] - PMC - PubMed
Espino 2020 {published data only}
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Fong 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fong CH, Cai JP, Dissanayake TK, Chen LL, Choi CY, Wong LH, et al. Improved detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by microsphere-based antibody assay. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21:18. - PMC - PubMed
Freeman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Freeman B, Lester S, Mills L, Rasheed MA, Moye S, Abiona O, et al. Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 spike ELISA for use in contact investigations and serosurveillance. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Garcia‐Basteiro 2020 {published data only}
    1. Garcia-Basteiro AL, Moncunill G, Tortajada M, Vidal M, Guinovart C, Jiménez A, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers in a large Spanish reference hospital. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Garcia Garmendia 2020 {published data only}
    1. Garcia Garmendia JL, Ramirez Arcos M, Barrero Almodovar AE, Chavez Caballero M, Jorge Amigo V, Serrano Martino MC. Viral detection and serological response in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2. Implications for isolation withdrawal [Detección viral y respuesta serológica en pacientes críticos intubados con SARS-CoV-2. Implicaciones para retirada de aislamiento]. Medicina Intensiva 2020;44(9):586-8. - PMC - PubMed
Grzelak 2020 {published data only}
    1. Grzelak L, Temmam S, Planchais C, Demeret C, Huon C, Guivel F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 serological analysis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, pauci-symptomatic individuals and blood donors. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Guo 2020a {published data only}
    1. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang, Yang F, et al. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;71:778-85. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Guo 2020c {published data only}
    1. Guo X, Guo Z, Duan C, Chen Z, Wang G, Lu Y, et al. Long- term persistence of IgG antibodies in SARS-CoV infected healthcare workers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.12.20021386] - DOI
Guthmiller 2020 {published data only}
    1. Guthmiller JJ, Stovicek O, Wang J, Changrob S, Li L, Halfmann P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is linked to superior humoral immunity against the spike. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
He 2020 {published data only}
    1. He J, Hu P, Gao Y, Zheng S, Xu C, Liu R, et al. Comparison and application of different immunoassay methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92(11):2777-84. - PMC - PubMed
He 2020a {published data only}
    1. He Y, Luo J, Yang J, Song J, Wei L, Ma W. Value of viral nucleic acid in sputum and feces and specific IgM/IgG in serum for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2020;10:445. - PMC - PubMed
Hou 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hou H, Wang T, Zhang B, Luo Y, Mao L, Wang F, et al. Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical & Translational Immunology 2020;9(5):e01136. - PMC - PubMed
Huang 2020a {published data only}
    1. Huang M, Lu QB, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Sui Z, Fang L, et al. Temporal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of coronavirus disease 2019. Cell Discovery 2020;6:64. - PMC - PubMed
Huang 2020b {published data only}
    1. Huang Z, Chen H, Xue M, Huang H, Zheng P, Luo W, et al. Characteristics and roles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibodies in patients with different severities of coronavirus 19. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2020;202(2):210-9. - PMC - PubMed
Huang 2020c {published data only}
    1. Huang J, Mao T, Li S, Wu L, Xu X, Li H, et al. Long period dynamics of viral load and antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational cohort study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Hung 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hung IF-N, Cheng VC-C, Li X, Tam AR, Hung DL-L, Chiu KH-Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 shedding and seroconversion among passengers quarantined after disembarking a cruise ship: a case series. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2020;20(9):1051-60. - PMC - PubMed
Imam 2020 {published data only}
    1. Imam M, Khawaja S, Naz A, Siddiqui A, Nafees TS, Younus A, et al. Performance assessment of first-generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Infantino 2020 {published data only}
    1. Infantino M, Grossi V, Lari B, Bambi R, Perri A, Manneschi M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies: an Italian experience. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92:1671-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25932] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jia 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jia X, Zhang P, Tian Y, Wang J, Zeng H, Wang J, et al. Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Jiang 2020b {published data only}
    1. Jiang HW, Li Y, Zhang HN, Wang W, Men D, Yang X, et al. Global profiling of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG/ IgM responses of convalescents using a proteome microarray. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039495] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Karp 2020 {published data only}
    1. Karp DG, Cuda D, Tandel D, Danh K, Robinson PV, Seftel D, et al. Sensitive and specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a high-throughput, fully automated liquid-handling robotic system. SLAS Technology 2020;25(6):545-52. - PMC - PubMed
Karp 2020a {published data only}
    1. Karp DG, Danh K, Seftel D, Robinson P, Tsai CT. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at-home collected finger-prick dried blood spots. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Klumpp‐Thomas 2020 {published data only}
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Kruttgen 2020 {published data only}
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Kushemererwa 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kushemererwa GE, Kayongo I, Semanda P, Nansumba H, Tadeo I, Namulindwa C, et al. Combination of antibody based rapid diagnostic tests used in an algorithm may improve their performance in SARS CoV-2 diagnosis. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Lahner 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lahner E, Dilaghi E, Prestigiacomo C, Alessio G, Marcellini L, Simmaco M, et al. Prevalence of SARS-Cov-2 infection in health workers (HWs) and diagnostic test performance: the experience of a teaching hospital in central Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(12):4417. - PMC - PubMed
Lapuente 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lapuente D, Maier C, Irrgang P, Huebner J, Peter SA, Hoffmann M, et al. Rapid response flow cytometric assay for the detection of antibody responses to sars-cov-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lee YL, Liao CH, Liu PY, Cheng CY, Chung MY, Liu CE, et al. Dynamics of anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgM and IgG antibodies among COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection 2020;81(2):e55-8. - PMC - PubMed
Lei 2020 {published data only}
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Li 2020a {published data only}
    1. Li Z, Yi Y, Luo X, Xiong N, Liu Y, Li S, et al. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92:1518-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25727] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Li 2020b {published data only}
    1. Li K, Wu M, Huang B, Zhong A, Li L, Cai Y, et al. The dynamic changes of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during the infection and recovery of COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Li 2020c {published data only}
    1. Li T, Wang L, Wang H, Li X, Zhang S, Xu Y, et al. Serum SARS-COV-2 nucleocapsid protein: a sensitivity and specificity early diagnostic marker for SARS-COV-2 infection. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2020;10:470. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2020d {published data only}
    1. Li Y, He Q, Yu R, Jiang H, Wang W, Feng D, et al. Highlighted prospects of an IgM/IgG antibodies test in identifying individuals with asymptomatic SARS CoV-2 infection. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 2020;145:39-45. - PubMed
Li 2020e {published data only}
    1. Li H, Liu Z, He Y, Qi Y, Chen J, Ma Y, et al. A new and rapid approach for detecting COVID-19 based on S1 protein fragments. Clinical and Translational Medicine 2020;10(2):e90. - PMC - PubMed
Lin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lin D, Liu L, Zhang M, Hu Y, Yang Q, Guo J, et al. Evaluations of the serological test in the diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections during the COVID-19 outbreak. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2020;17:1-7. - PMC - PubMed
Linares 2020 {published data only}
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Lippi 2020 {published data only}
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Liu 2020d {published data only}
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Liu 2020e {published data only}
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Liu 2020f {published data only}
    1. Liu R, Liu X, Han H, Shereen MA, Niu Z, Li D, et al. The comparative superiority of IgM-IgG antibody test to real-time reverse transcriptase PCR detection for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Lopez de la Iglesias 2020 {published data only}
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Ma 2020a {published data only}
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McAndrews 2020 {published data only}
    1. McAndrews KM, Dowlatshahi DP, Hensel J, Ostrosky-Zeichner LL, Papanna R, LeBleu VS, et al. Identification of IgG antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor binding domain does not predict rapid recovery from COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Morley 2020 {published data only}
    1. Morley GL, Taylor S, Jossi S, Perez-Toledo M, Faustini SE, Marcial-Juarez E, et al. Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in dried blood spot samples. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2020;26(12):2970-3. - PMC - PubMed
Munitz 2020 {published data only}
    1. Munitz A, Edry-Botzer L, Itan M, Tur-Kaspa R, Dicker D, Markovitch D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 serological testing using electrochemiluminescence reveals arapid onset of seroconversion in severe COVID-19 patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Mutnal 2020 {published data only}
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Nath 2020 {published data only}
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Nguyen 2020a {published data only}
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Nie 2020 {published data only}
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Norman 2020 {published data only}
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Nuccetelli 2020 {published data only}
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Okba 2020a {published data only}
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Olivares 2020 {published data only}
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Ossareh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ossareh S, Bagheri M, Abbasi M, Abolfathi S, Bohlooli A. Role of screening for COVID-19 in hemodialysis wards, results of a single center study. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2020;14(5):389-98. - PubMed
Ozturk 2020 {published data only}
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Paradiso 2020a {published data only}
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Paradiso 2020b {published data only}
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Patel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Patel MM, Thornburg NJ, Stubblefield WB, Talbot HK, Coughlin MM, Feldstein LR, et al. Change in antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 over 60 days among health care personnel in Nashville, Tennessee. JAMA 2020;17:1781-2. - PMC - PubMed
Pellanda 2020 {published data only}
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Perkmann 2020 {published data only}
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Phan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Phan IQ, Subramanian S, Kim D, Carter L, King N, Anishchenko I, et al. In silico detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific B-cell epitopes and validation in ELISA for serological diagnosis of COVID-19. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Plebani 2020 {published data only}
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Prince 2020 {published data only}
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Qian 2020 {published data only}
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Qu 2020 {published data only}
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Rabets 2020a {published data only}
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Randad 2020 {published data only}
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Robledo Gomez 2020 {published data only}
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Rosado 2020 {published data only}
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Rosendal 2020 {published data only}
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Rushworth 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rushworth SA, Johnson BB, Ashurst K, Davidson R, Paddy P, Mistry JJ, et al. Performance and health economic evaluation of the Mount Sinai COVID-19 serological assay identifies modification of thresholding as necessary to maximise specificity of the assay. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Santos 2020 {published data only}
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Serrano 2020 {published data only}
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Shaw 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shaw AM, Hyde C, Merrick B, James-Pemberton P, Squires BK, Olkhov RV, et al. Real-world evaluation of a novel technology for quantitative simultaneous antibody detection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a cohort of patients presenting with COVID-19 syndrome. Analyst 2020;145(16):5638-46. - PMC - PubMed
Solodky 2020 {published data only}
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Song 2020 {published data only}
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Steiner 2020 {published data only}
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Strömer 2020 {published data only}
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Tan 2020 {published data only}
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Tan 2020a {published data only}
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Teng 2020 {published data only}
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Thevis 2020 {published data only}
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To 2020a {published data only}
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Tre‐Hardy 2020 {published data only}
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Valenti 2020 {published data only}
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Varadhachary 2020 {published data only}
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Vidal‐Anzardo 2020 {published data only}
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Villarreal 2020 {published data only}
    1. Villarreal A, Rangel G, Zhang X, Wong D, Britton G, Fernandez PL, et al. Performance of a point of care test for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and seroprevalence in blood donors and health care workers in Panama. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Wan 2020 {published data only}
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Wang 2020b {published data only}
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Wang 2020c {published data only}
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Wang 2020d {published data only}
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Wheeler 2020 {published data only}
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Woelfel 2020 {published data only}
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Wu 2020a {published data only}
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Xiang 2020b {published data only}
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Xie 2020a {published data only}
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Xu 2020c {published data only}
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Xue 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xue X, Zhu C, Huang S, Pan L, Xu J, Li W. Effect of heat inactivation of blood samples on the efficacy of three detection methods of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies [血液样本灭活处理对三种SARS-CoV-2抗体检测方法结果的影响]. Journal of Southern Medical University 2020;40(3):316-20. - PMC - PubMed
Yamaoka 2021 {published data only}
    1. Yamaoka Y, Jeremiah SS, Miyakawa K, Saji R, Nishii M, Takeuchi I, et al. Whole nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may cause false-positive results in serological assays. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;72(7):1291-2. - PMC - PubMed
Yan 2021 {published data only}
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Yue 2020 {published data only}
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Zeng 2020b {published data only}
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Zhang 2020d {published data only}
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Zhang 2020e {published data only}
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Zhang 2020f {published data only}
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Zhou 2020 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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