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. 2022 Sep 19;11(18):2910.
doi: 10.3390/foods11182910.

Influence of Different Aggregation States on Volatile Organic Compounds Released by Dairy Kluyveromyces marxianus Strains

Giorgia Perpetuini  1 , Fabrizia Tittarelli  1 , Carlo Perla  2 , Rosanna Tofalo  1
Affiliations

Influence of Different Aggregation States on Volatile Organic Compounds Released by Dairy Kluyveromyces marxianus Strains

Giorgia Perpetuini et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Kluyveromyces marxianus has the ability to contribute to the aroma profile of foods and beverages since it is able to produce several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, 8 dairy K. marxianus strains, previously selected for their adhesion properties, were tested for VOCs production when grown in different conditions: planktonic, biofilm-detached, and MATS forming-cells. It was shown that biofilm-detached cells were mainly able to produce higher alcohols (64.57 mg/L), while esters were mainly produced by planktonic and MATS forming-cells (117.86 and 94.90 mg/L, respectively). Moreover, K. marxianus biofilm-detached cells were able to produce VOCs with flavor and odor impacts, such as ketons, phenols, and terpenes, which were not produced by planktonic cells. In addition, specific unique compounds were associated to the different conditions tested. Biofilm-detached cells were characterized by the production of 9 unique compounds, while planktonic and MATS forming-cells by 7 and 12, respectively. The obtained results should be exploited to modulate the volatilome of foods and beverages and improve the production of certain compounds at the industrial level. Further studies will be carried out to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying the metabolic pathways activated under different conditions.

Keywords: Kluyveromyves marxianus; MATS; biofilm; dairy products; volatile organic compounds.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Obtainment of planktonic, biofilm-detached, and MATS forming-cells. Planktonic and sessile cells were obtained in 6-wells plates. Planktonic cells were removed pipetting up and down with PBS. Sessile cells were removed using a sterile cell scraper and inoculated in the vials as biofilm-detached cells. MATS were formed directly inside the vials.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Main metabolic pathways in K. marxianus. Modified from Djordjević et al. [23], and Schrader [24].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Venn diagram depicting the similarities and differences of VOCs produced in the different lifestyles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Similarities and differences of volatile compounds released by tested strains in different lifestyles shown by Venn diagram. Strains were divided into 2 groups on the basis of compounds shared by MATS forming-cells and planktonic cells. (A) MATS and planktonic cells sharing 8 compounds; (B) MATS and planktonic cells sharing less than 8 compounds.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Principal component analysis (PCA) encompassing aroma compounds released by tested strains independently from the lifestyle.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The biplot (score and loading) of the first two principal components encompassing aroma compounds released in the different lifestyle.
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Grants and funding

This work was supported by University of Teramo FARDIB-2019 and by Dalton Biotecnologie, s.r.l.

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