Sophorolipids-Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

doi:10.3390/molecules27175556

Review

. 2022 Aug 29;27(17):5556.

doi: 10.3390/molecules27175556.

Sophorolipids-Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

Wei Yan Cho¹, Jeck Fei Ng^{1

2}, Wei Hsum Yap^{2

3}, Bey Hing Goh^{4

5}

Affiliations

¹ School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, No. 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
² Centre of Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
³ School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, No. 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
⁴ Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
⁵ College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

PMID: 36080322
PMCID: PMC9457973
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175556

Review

Sophorolipids-Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

Wei Yan Cho et al. Molecules. 2022.

. 2022 Aug 29;27(17):5556.

doi: 10.3390/molecules27175556.

Authors

Wei Yan Cho¹, Jeck Fei Ng^{1

2}, Wei Hsum Yap^{2

3}, Bey Hing Goh^{4

5}

Affiliations

¹ School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, No. 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
² Centre of Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
³ School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, No. 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
⁴ Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
⁵ College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

PMID: 36080322
PMCID: PMC9457973
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175556

Abstract

Sophorolipids are well-known glycolipid biosurfactants, produced mainly by non-pathogenic yeast species such as Candida bombicola with high yield. Its unique environmental compatibility and high biodegradable properties have made them a focus in the present review for their promising applications in diverse areas. This study aims to examine current research trends of sophorolipids and evaluate their applications in food and health. A literature search was conducted using different research databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Wiley Online Library to identify studies on the fundamental mechanisms of sophorolipids and their applications in food and health. Studies have shown that various structural forms of sophorolipids exhibit different biological and physicochemical properties. Sophorolipids represent one of the most attractive biosurfactants in the industry due to their antimicrobial action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms for applications in food and health sectors. In this review, we have provided an overview on the fundamental properties of sophorolipids and detailed analysis of their applications in diverse areas such as food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities.

Keywords: applications; biosurfactants; glycolipid biosurfactants; sophorolipids; uses.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Applications of sophorolipids in food and health. Sophorolipids are synthesized by non-pathogenic yeast species, and they have the potential to be used in wide range of applications including wound healing, cosmetic formulations, anticancer agents, antimicrobial agents, food preservation, food waste management, and agriculture practices.

**Figure 2**
Chemical structure of (A) acidic sophorolipid (B) lactonic sophorolipid.

**Figure 3**
Overview of biochemical pathways in sophorolipid production.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Shekhar S., Sundaramanickam A., Balasubramanian T. Biosurfactant Producing Microbes and their Potential Applications: A Review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015;45:1522–1554. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2014.955631. - DOI
1. Vijayakumar S., Saravanan V. Biosurfactants-types, sources and applications. Res. J. Microbiol. 2015;10:181–192.
1. Thakur P., Saini N.K., Thakur V.K., Gupta V.K., Saini R.V., Saini A.K. Rhamnolipid the Glycolipid Biosurfactant: Emerging trends and promising strategies in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. Microb. Cell Factories. 2021;20:1. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01497-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Borsanyiova M., Patil A., Mukherji R., Prabhune A., Bopegamage S. Biological activity of sophorolipids and their possible use as antiviral agents. Folia Microbiol. 2015;61:85–89. doi: 10.1007/s12223-015-0413-z. - DOI - PubMed
1. Jadhav J.V., Pratap A.P., Kale S.B. Evaluation of sunflower oil refinery waste as feedstock for production of sophorolipid. Process Biochem. 2019;78:15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.015. - DOI

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[1] Shekhar S., Sundaramanickam A., Balasubramanian T. Biosurfactant Producing Microbes and their Potential Applications: A Review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015;45:1522–1554. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2014.955631. - DOI

[2] Shekhar S., Sundaramanickam A., Balasubramanian T. Biosurfactant Producing Microbes and their Potential Applications: A Review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015;45:1522–1554. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2014.955631. - DOI

[3] Vijayakumar S., Saravanan V. Biosurfactants-types, sources and applications. Res. J. Microbiol. 2015;10:181–192.

[4] Vijayakumar S., Saravanan V. Biosurfactants-types, sources and applications. Res. J. Microbiol. 2015;10:181–192.

[5] Thakur P., Saini N.K., Thakur V.K., Gupta V.K., Saini R.V., Saini A.K. Rhamnolipid the Glycolipid Biosurfactant: Emerging trends and promising strategies in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. Microb. Cell Factories. 2021;20:1. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01497-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Thakur P., Saini N.K., Thakur V.K., Gupta V.K., Saini R.V., Saini A.K. Rhamnolipid the Glycolipid Biosurfactant: Emerging trends and promising strategies in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. Microb. Cell Factories. 2021;20:1. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01497-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Borsanyiova M., Patil A., Mukherji R., Prabhune A., Bopegamage S. Biological activity of sophorolipids and their possible use as antiviral agents. Folia Microbiol. 2015;61:85–89. doi: 10.1007/s12223-015-0413-z. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Borsanyiova M., Patil A., Mukherji R., Prabhune A., Bopegamage S. Biological activity of sophorolipids and their possible use as antiviral agents. Folia Microbiol. 2015;61:85–89. doi: 10.1007/s12223-015-0413-z. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Jadhav J.V., Pratap A.P., Kale S.B. Evaluation of sunflower oil refinery waste as feedstock for production of sophorolipid. Process Biochem. 2019;78:15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.015. - DOI

[10] Jadhav J.V., Pratap A.P., Kale S.B. Evaluation of sunflower oil refinery waste as feedstock for production of sophorolipid. Process Biochem. 2019;78:15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.015. - DOI

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Sophorolipids-Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

Affiliations

Sophorolipids-Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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