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Review

Kratom

No authors listed
In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012.
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Review

Kratom

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Excerpt

Kratom is an herbal made from leaves of a tropical evergreen tree (Mitragyna speciosa) that is native to Southeast Asia. Extracts from the leaves of the kratom tree have psychotropic and opioid-like activity, which has led to their use as a recreational drug. Kratom has been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

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References

    1. Zimmerman HJ. Unconventional drugs. Miscellaneous drugs and diagnostic chemicals. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999: pp. 731-4.(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; kratom is not discussed).
    1. Seeff L, Stickel F, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of herbals and dietary supplements. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 631-58.(Review of hepatotoxicity of herbal and dietary supplements [HDS]; kratom is not discussed).
    1. Drug Enforcement Administration. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa korth). https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/kratom.pdf(Short description of the chemistry, mechanism of action and potential for abuse and harm from kratom by the Drug Enforcement Administration).
    1. Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J, Drug Induced Liver Injury Network(DILIN) Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1924–34. [ (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008, 9% were attributed to herbals and dietary supplements, but none to kratom). ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM, Acute Liver Failure Study Group Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2010;52:2065–76. [ (Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, including 12 [9%] attributed to herbals, but none to kratom). ] - PMC - PubMed

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