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<span><strong>Measure Testing</strong></span>
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<span>Measure Testing Process</span>
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<span>Overview</span>
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<span>Develop The Testing Work Plan</span>
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<span>Perform Sampling</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-testing/process/implement-and-analyze">
<span>Implement, Analyze, Refine &amp; Retest</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-testing/process/summary">
<span>Measure Testing Summary</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-testing/process/testing-respecified-measures">
<span>Testing Respecified Measures</span>
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<span>Overview</span>
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<span>Importance</span>
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<span>Scientific Acceptability</span>
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<span>Feasibility</span>
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<span>Usability &amp; Use</span>
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<span><strong>Measure Implementation</strong></span>
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<span>Overview</span>
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<span>Measure Selection</span>
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<span>Pre-Rulemaking</span>
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<span>Overview</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-implementation/pre-rulemaking/guidance-measure-submitters">
<span>Guidance for Measure Submitters</span>
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<span>Measure Priorities</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-implementation/pre-rulemaking/lists-and-reports">
<span>MUC Lists and Recommendation Reports</span>
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<span>Measure Rollout</span>
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<span>CMS Consensus-Based Entity (CBE) Endorsement and Maintenance</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-implementation/CMS-CBE-EM/overview">
<span>Overview</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-implementation/CMS-CBE-EM/Measure-Submission-to-the-CMS-CBE">
<span>Measure Submission to the CMS CBE</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-implementation/CMS-CBE-EM/Endorsement-Process">
<span>The CMS CBE Endorsement Process</span>
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<span><strong>Measure Use, Continuing Evaluation &amp; Maintenance</strong></span>
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<span>Measure Production &amp; Monitoring</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-use/evaluation">
<span>Continuing Evaluation</span>
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<span>Measure Maintenance Reviews</span>
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<span>Overview</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-use/maintenance/annual-update">
<span>Annual Update</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-use/maintenance/comprehensive-reevaluation">
<span>Comprehensive Reevaluation</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-use/maintenance/early-maintenance-review">
<span>Early Maintenance Review</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-use/maintenance/harmonization-during-maintenance">
<span>Harmonization during Measure Maintenance</span>
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<span><strong>Interested Party Engagement</strong></span>
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<span>Overview</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/stakeholder-engagement/lifecycle">
<span>Interested Party Engagement in the Measure Lifecycle</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/stakeholder-engagement/roles">
<span>Roles in Engagement</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/stakeholder-engagement/types">
<span>Types of Interested Party Engagement</span>
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<span><strong>MMS Tools &amp; Resources</strong></span>
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<a href="/tools-and-resources/mms-supplemental-materials">
<span>Supplemental Materials</span>
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<a href="/tools-and-resources/mms-templates">
<span>Templates for Measure Development</span>
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<span>Educational Resources</span>
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<span>MMS Tools</span>
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<span><strong>Additional Tools &amp; Resources</strong></span>
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<span>CMS Tools</span>
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<span>External Resources</span>
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<a href="https://mmshub.cms.gov/glossary">
<span>Glossary</span>
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<span><strong>Pre-Rulemaking Resources</strong></span>
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<a href="/Pre-Rulemaking-Resources">
<span>Pre-Rulemaking Resources</span>
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<span><strong>Get Involved</strong></span>
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<a href="/get-involved/how-to">
<span>How to Get Involved</span>
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<span>Technical Expert Panels</span>
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<a href="/get-involved/technical-expert-panel/overview">
<span>Overview</span>
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<a href="/get-involved/technical-expert-panel/current">
<span>Current TEP Opportunities</span>
</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item menu_level_2 is_collapsed ">
<a href="/get-involved/technical-expert-panel/updates">
<span>Updates to Established TEPs</span>
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<span>Public Comments</span>
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<a href="/get-involved/public-comments/overview">
<span>Overview</span>
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<a href="/get-involved/public-comments/current">
<span>Current Public Comment Opportunities</span>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item menu_level_2 is_collapsed ">
<a href="/get-involved/public-comments/summaries">
<span>Summaries of Past Public Comments</span>
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<a href="/get-involved/call-for-measures">
<span>Call for Measures</span>
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<a href="/get-involved/other-involvement">
<span>Other Types of Involvement</span>
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<span>News &amp; Events</span>
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<a href="/news-events/news-by-month">
<span>News By Month</span>
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<a href="/news-events/event-calendar">
<span>Event Calendar</span>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-specification/overview" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Measure Specification</span></a>
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<a href="/measure-lifecycle/measure-specification/develop-specification/overview" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Develop Specifications</span></a>
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<span>Denominator Exclusions</span>
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<div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-parent-title"><h1 class="field-content"><span class="glossify-exclude">Measure <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;Specifications&lt;/span&gt; are measure instructions addressing data elements, data sources, point of data collection, timing and frequency of data collection and reporting, specific instruments used (if appropriate), and implementation strategies.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">Specification</abbr></span></h1></div></div>
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<div property="schema:text" class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;denominator&lt;/span&gt; is a statement describing the population evaluated by the performance measure and is the lower part of a fraction used to calculate a rate, proportion, or ratio. It can be the same as the target/initial population or a subset of the target/initial population to further constrain the population for the purpose of the measure. CV measures may refer to this as measure population.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">Denominator</abbr> exclusions refer to <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;A criterion is an accepted standard, principle, or rule used to make a decision or to inform an evaluators judgment.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">criteria</abbr> that result in removal of patients or cases from the denominator before calculating the <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;numerator&lt;/span&gt; is the upper portion of a fraction used to calculate a rate, proportion, or ratio. Also called the measure focus, it is the target process, condition, event, or outcome. &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;Numerator&lt;/span&gt; criteria are the processes or outcomes expected for each patient, procedure, or other unit of measurement defined in the denominator. A &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;numerator&lt;/span&gt; statement describes the action satisfying the conditions of the performance measure.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">numerator</abbr>. A denominator exclusion means the numerator event is not applicable to those covered by the denominator exclusion; an example of a denominator exclusion is to “exclude women who have had bilateral mastectomy from the denominator for a measure of screening mammography.”</p><p>The goal of denominator exclusion criteria is to have a <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;population&lt;/span&gt; is the total group of people of interest for a quality measure, sometimes called the target/initial &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;population&lt;/span&gt;. The measure &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;population&lt;/span&gt; is a defined subset appropriate to the measure set not excluded from the individual measure.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">population</abbr> or <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;sample&lt;/span&gt; is a subset of a population. The subset should be chosen in such a way that it accurately represents the whole population with respect to some characteristic of interest. A sampling frame lists all eligible cases in the population of interest (i.e., denominator) and how they are selected.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">sample</abbr>, all of whom share a similar profile in terms of their likelihood of meeting the numerator criteria.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Format:</strong> denominator-eligible patients who [have some additional characteristic, condition, procedure]</p><p>The measure developer must not specify systematically missing data as a denominator exclusion. The <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 requires the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to contract with a consensus-based entity (CBE) regarding performance measurement. The CMS CBE endorses quality measures through a transparent, consensus-based process incorporating feedback from diverse groups of interested parties to foster health care quality improvement.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">CMS consensus-based entity</abbr> (CBE) Partnership for Quality Measurement (PQM) <a href="https://www.p4qm.org/EM">Endorsement &amp; Maintenance (E&amp;M) Guidebook</a> notes "As part of the <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;Validity&lt;/span&gt; includes measure &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;validity&lt;/span&gt; (when the measure accurately represents the evaluated concept and achieves the intended purpose, meaning to measure quality) and data element &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;validity&lt;/span&gt;, which is the extent to which the information represented by the data element or code used in the measure reflects the actual concept or event intended.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">validity</abbr> testing methodology, developers/stewards should empirically assess, as appropriate, the impact of missing data and/or measure exclusions."</p><p>To avoid complexity, the measure developer should limit denominator exclusions to just those that are absolutely necessary. Ensure the measure <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;Logic&lt;/span&gt; is the criteria used to define a quality measure and its key components.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">logic</abbr> expressions (e.g., <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ecqi.healthit.gov/cql&quot;&gt;CQL&lt;/a&gt; is a Health Level Seven International® mixed normative/Standard for Trial Use. It is part of the effort to harmonize standards between electronic clinical quality measures and clinical decision support. &lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;CQL&lt;/span&gt; provides the ability to express logic that is human-readable yet structured enough for processing a query electronically.&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">Clinical Quality Language</abbr>) clearly identify denominator exclusions. The measure developer should support an allowable denominator exclusion with</p><ul><li>Evidence the denominator exclusion condition occurs with such frequency that it will distort the measure results without the denominator exclusion, and</li><li>Evidence the denominator exclusion significantly improves <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;Measure validity&lt;/span&gt; is when the measure accurately represents the evaluated concept and achieves the intended purpose (i.e., to measure quality). For example, the measure&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;clearly identifies the evaluated concept (i.e., face validity)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;includes all necessary data elements, codes, and tables to detect a positive occurrence when one exists (i.e., construct validity)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;includes all necessary data sources to detect a positive occurrence when one exists (i.e., construct validity)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">measure validity</abbr>, and/or</li><li>&nbsp;Evidence of both empiric and <abbr tabindex="0" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glossify-exclude&quot;&gt;Face validity&lt;/span&gt; is the extent to which a test appears to cover the concept it purports to measure “at face value.” It is a subjective assessment by experts of whether the measure reflects the quality of care (e.g., whether the proportion of patients with blood pressure &amp;lt; 140/90 is a marker of quality.)&lt;/p&gt; " class="glossify-tooltip-tip" lang="en">face validity</abbr>.</li></ul><p>Also consider</p><ul><li>Conditions present on admission should not count as an outcome of interest.</li><li>An outcome of interest can be very difficult to prevent in a population of interest, and therefore not an indication of substandard care.</li><li>Some inclusion criteria identify populations who are at very low risk for the outcome of interest, but then the measure developer incorrectly made a denominator exclusion to prevent dilution of the quality improvement denominator.</li><li>Some inclusion criteria are for the purpose of enhancing face validity with clinicians.</li><li>Some inclusion criteria are an inherent part of the quality improvement definition.</li><li>The inclusion criteria may conflict with the patients goals of care (e.g., advanced illness, terminally ill).&nbsp;</li></ul></div>
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<div class="views-row"><span class="views-field views-field-changed"><strong class="views-label views-label-changed">Last Updated: </strong><span class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-12-03T12:24:14-05:00">Dec 2024</time>
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