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<p><strong>You Are Here:</strong> <span class="crumb_link"><a href="/" class="crumb_link">AHRQ Archive Home</a> > <a href="/prep/" class="crumb_link">Public Health Preparedness Archive</a> > <a href="./" class="crumb_link">Mass Medical Care with Scarce Resources</a> > References</span></p>
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<td height="30px"><span class="title"><a name="h1" id="h1"></a> Mass
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Medical Care with Scarce Resources </span
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<td><div id="centerContent"><p><strong>Public Health Emergency Preparedness</strong></p> <div class="headnote">
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<p>This resource was part of AHRQ's Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) program, which was discontinued on June 30, 2011, in a realignment of Federal efforts. </p>
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<p>This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: <a href="https://info.ahrq.gov/">https://info.ahrq.gov</a>. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information. </p>
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<p>Please go to <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/">www.ahrq.gov</a> for current information.</p></div>
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<h2>References</h2>
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<p><a id="ref1" name="ref1"></a>1. <em>Altered Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events: Bioterrorism and Other Public Health Emergencies</em>. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0043. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; April 2005, 16-18. Available at: <a href="/research/altstand/">https://www.ahrq.gov/research/altstand/index.html</a>. Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref2" name="ref2"></a>2. Hodge JG Jr. Bioterrorism law and policy: critical choices in public health. <em>Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics</em> 2002;30:254-5.</p>
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<p><a id="ref3" name="ref3"></a>3. Center for Law and the Public's Health. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) art. V-VI 2001. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref4" name="ref4"></a>4. Center for Law and the Public's Health, Health Resources and Services Agency. Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals (ESAR-VHP)—Legal and Regulatory Issues. 2006:23.</p>
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<p><a id="ref5" name="ref5"></a>5. Center for Law and the Public's Health, Health Resources and Services Agency. Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals (ESAR-VHP)—Legal and Regulatory Issues. 2006:25-26.</p>
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<p><a id="ref6" name="ref6"></a>6. University of Maryland Center for Health and Homeland Security. <em>Maryland Public Health Emergency Preparedness Legal Handbook</em>. 2005:31.</p>
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<p><a id="ref7" name="ref7"></a>7. Hodge JG Jr. Legal triage during public health emergencies and disasters. <em>Administrative Law Review</em>. In press.</p>
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<p><a id="ref8" name="ref8"></a>8. Center for Law and the Public's Health. <em>Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA)</em> art. V-VI (2001). Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref9" name="ref9"></a>9. Gostin LO, Sapsin JW, Teret SP, Burris S, Mair JS, Hodge JG Jr., Vernick JS. The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: planning for and response to bioterrorism and naturally occurring infectious diseases. <em>JAMA</em> 2002;288:622.</p>
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<p><a id="ref10" name="ref10"></a>10. As of July 15, 2006, MSEHPA has been introduced in whole or part through bills or resolutions in 44 States, the District of Columbia, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Thirty-eight States and the District of Columbia have passed bills or resolutions that include provisions from or closely related to the Act. For more information, go to: Center for Law and the Public's Health. MSEHPA State Legislative Activity Table. July 15, 2006. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA %20Leg%20Activity.pdf. Accessed November 27, 2006. Center for Law and the Public's Health. MSEHPA Legislative Surveillance Table, July 15, 2006. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA%20Surveillance.pdf. Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref11" name="ref11"></a>11. Center for Law and the Public's Health. <em>Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA)</em>. § 104(m). Proposed Draft for Discussion 2001. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2006. Italicized language indicates optional language for consideration by States.</p>
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<p><a id="ref12" name="ref12"></a>12. Gostin LO, Sapsin JW, Teret SP, Burris S, Mair JS, Hodge JG Jr, Vernick JS. The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: planning for and response to bioterrorism and naturally occurring infectious diseases. <em>JAMA</em> 2002;288:622. </p>
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<p><a id="ref13" name="ref13"></a>13. Center for Law and the Public's Health. <em>Model State Emergency Health Powers Act</em>. § 608 (2001). Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2006. </p>
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<p><a id="ref14" name="ref14"></a>14. Center for Law and the Public's Health. <em>Model State Emergency Health Powers Act</em>. § 804 (2001).</p>
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<p><a id="ref15" name="ref15"></a>15. Center for Law and the Public's Health. <em>Model State Emergency Health Powers Act</em>. §§ 505-507 (2001). </p>
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<p><a id="ref16" name="ref16"></a>16. Hodge JG Jr, Gable LA, Calves S. The legal framework for meeting surge capacity through the use of volunteer health professionals during public health emergencies and other disasters. <em>Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy</em> 2006;22:5-71. </p>
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<p><a id="ref17" name="ref17"></a>17. Hodge JG Jr, Gable LA, Calves S. The legal framework for meeting surge capacity through the use of volunteer health professionals during public health emergencies and other disasters. <em>Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy</em> 2006;22:5-71.</p>
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<p><a id="ref18" name="ref18"></a>18. Hodge JG Jr. <em>Delaware Public Health Emergency Law—Review, Recommendations, and a Blueprint for Reform</em>. Dover, DE: Delaware Department of Health and Social Services; 2004;1-62.</p>
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<p><a id="ref19" name="ref19"></a>19. 50 U.S.C. §§ 1601(b) (2006). </p>
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<p><a id="ref20" name="ref20"></a>20. The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 5121-5206 (2002).</p>
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<p><a id="ref21" name="ref21"></a>
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21. The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 5122(1), 5191 (2002). </p>
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<p><a id="ref22" name="ref22"></a>22. The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 5120-5206 (2002).</p>
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<p><a id="ref23" name="ref23"></a>23. The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 5170, 5191 (2002) (requiring that, prior to requesting Federal assistance from the President, the State Governor must utilize State resources to respond to the emergency, including the activation of the State emergency management plan).</p>
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<p><a id="ref24" name="ref24"></a>24. Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. (2006). </p>
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<p><a id="ref25" name="ref25"></a>25. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, 42 U.S.C. § 247d. 2003. </p>
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<p><a id="ref26" name="ref26"></a>26. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Pub. Law No. 101-336. </p>
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<p><a id="ref27" name="ref27"></a>27. The New York "Human Rights Law," New York Executive Law Art. 15 §290 et seq. </p>
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<p><a id="ref28" name="ref28"></a>28. Hodge JG Jr. Bioterrorism law and policy: critical choices in public health. <em>Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics</em> 2002;30:254-55.</p>
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<p><a id="ref29" name="ref29"></a>29. Hodge JG Jr, O'Connell J. The legal environment underlying influenza vaccine allocation and distribution strategies. <em>Journal of Public Health Management and Practice</em> 2006;12(4):340-48.</p>
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<p><a id="ref30" name="ref30"></a>30. Center for Law and the Public's Health. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act <20> 403(a)(1) (2001). Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref31" name="ref31"></a>
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31. Center for Law and the Public's Health. Public health emergency legal preparedness checklist on interjurisdictional legal coordination. 2004. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/BTlaw.htm. Accessed November 27, 2006. </p>
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<p><a id="ref32" name="ref32"></a>32. Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), Pub. L. No. 104-321.</p>
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<p><a id="ref33" name="ref33"></a>
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33. Intergovernmental Mutual Aid Agreement for the establishment of the Illinois Public Health Mutual Aid System. Available at: http://www.idph.state.il.us/local/mutualaidagree_9.30.04.pdf. Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref34" name="ref34"></a>
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34. Fox P. Cross-border assistance in emergencies: the New England/eastern Canadian model. <em>New England Journal of International Contemporary Law</em> 2004;11:75.</p>
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<p><a id="ref35" name="ref35"></a>35. Mid-America Alliance: Mutual Assistance for Public Health Preparedness (2005). Available at: http://app1.unmc.edu/midameria. Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref36" name="ref36"></a>36. Hodge JG Jr. Legal issues concerning volunteer health professionals and the hurricane-related emergencies in the Gulf Coast region. <em>Public Health Report</em> 2006;121:205-7. </p>
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<p><a id="ref37" name="ref37"></a>37. The White House. <em>The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned</em>. 2006:58. Available at: <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/">http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/</a> Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref38" name="ref38"></a>
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38. Hodge JG Jr. Legal issues concerning volunteer health professionals and the hurricane-related emergencies in the Gulf Coast region. <em>Public Health Report</em> 2006;121:205-7. </p>
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<p><a id="ref39" name="ref39"></a>
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39. Hodge JG Jr. Legal issues concerning volunteer health professionals and the hurricane-related emergencies in the Gulf Coast region. <em>Public Health Report</em> 2006;121:205-7. </p>
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<p><a id="ref40" name="ref40"></a>
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40. Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), Pub. L. No. 104-321, art. V, 100 Stat. 3877, 3880. 1996.</p>
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<p><a id="ref41" name="ref41"></a>41. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. <em>Altered Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events</em>. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0043. April 2005. Available at: <a href="/research/altstand/">https://www.ahrq.gov/research/altstand/index.html</a>. Accessed November 27, 2007. </p>
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<p><a id="ref42" name="ref42"></a>42. U.S.C. <20> 5148 (2000). </p>
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<p><a id="ref43" name="ref43"></a>43. Federal Volunteer Protection Act of 1997. Pub. L. No. 105-19, <20> 4, 111 Stat. 218, 219 (1997), 42 U.S.C. <20> 14503 (2000); Ala. Code. <20> 6-5-336(d)(1) (LexisNexis 2005); Miss. Code Ann. <20> 95-9-1(3) (LexisNexis 1972). </p>
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<p><a id="ref44" name="ref44"></a>44. Massachusetts General Laws Annals. ch. 112, <20> 12B, ch. 111C, <20> 20 (West 2003). </p>
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<p><a id="ref45" name="ref45"></a>45. Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), Pub. L. No. 104-321. </p>
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<p><a id="ref46" name="ref46"></a>46. Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), Pub. L. No. 104-321, art. VI, 100 Stat. at 3880. </p>
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<p><a id="ref47" name="ref47"></a>47. Hodge JG Jr, Calves S, Gable LA, Meltzer E, Kraner S. Risk management in the wake of hurricanes and other disasters: Hospital civil liability arising from the use of volunteer health professionals during emergencies. <em>Michigan State University Journal of Medicine and Law</em>. In press. </p>
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<p><a id="ref48" name="ref48"></a>48. The Uniform Emergency Healthcare Services Act <20> 7(c). In press. </p>
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<p><a id="ref49" name="ref49"></a>49. Hodge JG Jr. The intersection of Federal health information privacy and State administrative law: the protection of individual health data and worker's compensation. <em>Administrative Law Review</em> 1999;51:117-44.</p>
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<p><a id="ref50" name="ref50"></a>50. M.C.L. <20><> 418.161(g), 30.411 Sec. 11(1)(b)-(c).</p>
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<p><a id="ref51" name="ref51"></a>51. Gostin LO. <em>Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint</em>. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2002:263-5.</p>
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<p><a id="ref52" name="ref52"></a>52. Gostin, LO, Hodge JG Jr. <em>The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act—A Brief Commentary</em>. Seattle: Turning Point Statute Modernization Collaborative, 2002; 1-42. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/Modellaws.htm#MSEHPA. Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref53" name="ref53"></a>53. Gostin LO. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2002:265. </p>
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<p><a id="ref54" name="ref54"></a>54. Center for Law and the Public's Health. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act <20><> 505-507 (2001), Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref55" name="ref55"></a>55. Md. Code Ann., Public Safety <20><> 14-3A-03(c), 14-3A-08 (Supp. 2004). </p>
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<p><a id="ref56" name="ref56"></a>56. Hodge JG Jr. Legal triage during public health emergencies and disasters. <em>Administrative Law Review</em>. In press. </p>
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<p><a id="ref57" name="ref57"></a>57. Center for Law and the Public's Health. Checklist on local government public health emergency legal preparedness and response. Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/BTlaw.htm. Accessed November 27, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref58" name="ref58"></a>58. Hodge JG Jr. Legal triage during public health emergencies and disasters. <em>Administrative Law Review</em>. In press.</p>
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<p><a id="ref59" name="ref59"></a>59. Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. <em>Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads</em>. Washington: National Academies Press; 2006. </p>
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<p><a id="ref60" name="ref60"></a>60. Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. <em>Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads</em>. Washington: National Academies Press; 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref61" name="ref61"></a>
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61. Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. <em>Hospital-based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point</em>. Washington: National Academies Press; 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref62" name="ref62"></a>62. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). <em>National Hospital Available Beds for Emergencies and Disasters (HAvBED) System: Final Report</em>. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0103. Rockville, MD: AHRQ; December 2005. Available at: <a href="/research/havbed/">https://www.ahrq.gov/research/havbed/</a>. Accessed July 18, 2006.</p>
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<p><a id="ref63" name="ref63"></a>63. Society of Critical Care Medicine Ethics Committee. Consensus statement on the triage of critically ill patients. <em>JAMA</em> 1994;271:1200-3.</p>
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<p><a id="ref64" name="ref64"></a>64. Institute of Medicine. <em>Hospital-based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point</em>. Washington: National Academies Press; 2006. </p>
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<p><a id="ref65" name="ref65"></a>65. Niska RW, Burt CW. Bioterrorism and mass casualty preparedness in hospitals: United States, 2003. <em>Advance Data</em> 2005;364:1-11.</p>
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<p><a id="ref66" name="ref66"></a>66. Barbera J, Macintyre A. <em>Medical and Health Incident Management System: A Comprehensive Functional System Description for Mass Casualty Medical and Health Incident Management</em>. Washington: George Washington University Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management; December 2002. Available at: http://www.gwu.edu/~icdrm. Accessed November 16, 2003. </p>
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<p><a id="ref67" name="ref67"></a>67. Institute of Medicine. <em>Hospital-based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point</em>. Washington: National Academies Press, 2006. </p>
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<p><a id="ref68" name="ref68"></a>68. Based on Metropolitan Hospital Compact MAC model-Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN. </p>
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<p><a id="ref69" name="ref69"></a>69. Saffle JR, Gibran N, and Jordan M. Defining the ratio of outcomes to resources for triage of burn patients in mass casualties. <em>Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation</em> 2005;26(6): 478-82.</p>
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<p><a id="ref70" name="ref70"></a>70. Lemeshow S, et al. Mortality probability models based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. <em>JAMA</em> 1993;270:2478-86.</p>
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<p><a id="ref71" name="ref71"></a>71. Herridge MS. Prognostication and intensive care unit outcome: the evolving role of scoring systems. <em>Clinics in Chest Medicine</em> 2003;24(4):751-62.</p>
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<p><a id="ref72" name="ref72"></a>72. Pettila V, Pettila M, Sarna S, Voutilainen P, Takkunen O. Comparison of multiple organ dysfunction scores in the prediction of hospital mortality in the critically ill. <em>Critical Care Medicine</em> 2002;30(8):1705-11.</p>
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