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<h1>Data Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</h1>
<h3>2010 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports</h3>
<div class="page-description"><span>The National Healthcare Quality Report (NHQR) is a comprehensive national overview of quality of health care in the United States. It is organized around four dimensions of quality of care: effectiveness, patient safety, timeliness, and patient centeredness.</span></div>
<div class="body_field">
<br />
<h2>Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)</h2>
<h3>Sponsor</h3>
<p>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).</p>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>HCUP databases bring together the data collection efforts of State government data organizations, hospital associations, private data organizations, and the Federal Government to create a national information resource of discharge-level health care data.</p>
<p>HCUP includes a collection of longitudinal hospital care data with all-payer, discharge-level information beginning in 1988. Four HCUP discharge datasets were used in the quality and disparities reports:</p>
<ul>
<li>Statewide Inpatient Databases (SID).</li>
<li>Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS).</li>
<li>Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS).</li>
<li>SID disparities analysis file.</li>
</ul>
<p>The SID includes discharges for all hospitals from participating States. In aggregate, the 2007 SID represents almost 90 percent of all U.S. hospital discharges, about 33 million inpatient discharge abstracts from 40 States. The SID contains a core set of clinical and nonclinical information on all patients, regardless of payer. In addition to the core set of uniform data elements common to all of the SID, some States report other data elements, such as patient race.</p>
<p>The NIS is a stratified sample of hospitals drawn from the subset of hospitals in HCUP Partner States that can be matched to American Hospital Association (AHA) survey data. Hospitals are stratified by region, location/teaching status (within region), bed size category (within region and location/teaching status), and ownership (within region, location/teaching, and bed size categories). Weights are used to develop national estimates. More than 8 million discharges from more than 1,000 hospitals located in 40 States are represented in the NIS, approximating a 20 percent stratified sample of U.S. community hospitals.</p>
<p>The NEDS was constructed using the HCUP State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) and the SID. The SEDD captures discharge information on emergency department (ED) visits that do not result in an admission (i.e., treat-and-release visits and transfers to another hospital). The SID contains information on patients initially seen in the ED and then admitted to the same hospital.</p>
<p>The NEDS is a stratified sample of 20 percent of U.S. hospital-based ED events drawn from the States providing ED data to HCUP. Twenty-seven HCUP Partner States participated in the 2007 NEDS: AZ, CA, CT, FL, GA, HI, IA, IN, KS, MA, MD, ME, MN, MO, NC, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, RI, SC, SD, TN, UT, VT, and WI.</p>
<p>The SID disparities analysis file was created from SID data to provide national estimates for the National Healthcare Disparities Report. It consists of weighted records from a sample of hospitals from 26 States participating in HCUP that have high-quality race/ethnicity data: AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, KS, MA, MD, MI, MO, NH, NJ, NY, OK, RI, SC, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WI, and WY in 2007. These 26 States accounted for 63 percent of U.S. hospital discharges (based on the AHA annual survey).</p>
<p>The HCUP databases combine race/ethnicity categories, resulting in the following subgroups: Hispanic of all races and non-Hispanic Blacks, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Whites. Not all States uniformly collect race and ethnicity data. When a State and its hospitals collect Hispanic ethnicity separately from race, HCUP uses Hispanic ethnicity to override any other race category.</p>
<p>Community hospitals from the 26 States were sampled to approximate a 40 percent stratified sample of U.S. community hospitals, with stratification based on 5 hospital characteristics: geographic region, hospital ownership, urbanized location, teaching status, and bed size. Hospitals were excluded from the sampling frame if the coding of patient race was suspect. Once the 40 percent sample was drawn, discharge-level weights were developed to produce national-level estimates when applied to the SID disparities analysis file. The final SID disparities file included about 15 million hospital discharges from almost 1,900 hospitals.</p>
<h3>Primary Content</h3>
<p>The HCUP NIS and SID contain more than 100 clinical and nonclinical data variables, including age, gender, race, ethnicity, length of stay, discharge status, source of payment, total charges, hospital size, ownership, region, teaching status, diagnoses, and procedures.</p>
<p>The NHQR and NHDR measures that use HCUP data are based on AHRQ Quality Indicators (QIs), a set of algorithms that may be applied to hospital administrative data to quantify quality issues among inpatient populations. The QIs fall into four categories:</p>
<ul>
<li>Inpatient Quality Indicators (IQIs) reflect quality of care in hospitals and currently include 15 mortality indicators for conditions or procedures. The IQIs include indicators for 11 procedures for which utilization varies across hospitals or geographic areas and indicators for 6 procedures for which outcomes may be related to the volume of procedures.</li>
<li>Prevention Quality Indicators (PQIs) assess hospital admissions for 14 ambulatory care-sensitive conditions that evidence suggests may be avoided, in part, through high-quality ambulatory care.</li>
<li>Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) reflect potential inpatient complications and other patient safety concerns following surgeries, other procedures, and childbirth. The most recent version of the PSI software has 27 measures.</li>
<li>Pediatric Quality Indicators (PDIs) examine 18 conditions that pediatric patients experience within the health care system that may be prevented by changes at the system or provider level. In earlier versions of the QI software, some PDI measures were part of the IQI, PSI, and PQI modules.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Population Targeted</h3>
<p>The population targeted by HCUP databases includes any person, U.S. citizen or foreign, using non-Federal, nonrehabilitation, community hospitals in the United States as defined by AHA. AHA defines community hospitals as "all non-Federal, short-term, general, and other specialty hospitals, excluding hospital units of institutions" (Health Forum, 2010) Included among community hospitals are specialty hospitals, such as obstetrics-gynecology, ear-nose-throat, short-term rehabilitation, orthopedic, and pediatric institutions. Also included are public hospitals and academic medical centers. The NIS and analyses of the SID for this report excluded short-term rehabilitation hospitals (beginning with 1998 data), long-term hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, and alcoholism/chemical dependency treatment facilities.</p>
<p>Although not all States participate in the HCUP database, the NIS, NEDS, and SID disparities analysis files are weighted to give national estimates using weights based on all U.S. community, nonrehabilitation hospitals in the AHA Annual Survey Database (Health Forum, 2007).</p>
<h3>Demographic Data</h3>
<p>Age, gender, race, insurance coverage, median household income of the patient's ZIP Code, urbanized location, and region of the United States.</p>
<h3>Years Collected</h3>
<p>Since 1988.</p>
<h3>Schedule</h3>
<p>Annual.</p>
<h3>Geographic Estimates</h3>
<p>National, four U.S. Census Bureau regions, States (for States participating in SID that agree to the release).</p>
<h3>Contact Information</h3>
<p>Agency home page: <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/index.html">http://www.ahrq.gov</a>.</p>
<p>Data system home page: https://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/.</p>
<p>AHRQ Quality Indicators: <a href="http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov">http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov</a>.</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Coffey R, Barrett M, Houchens R, et al. Methods applying AHRQ Quality Indicators to Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) data for the eighth (2010) National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report. HCUP Methods Series Report No. 2010-06. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2010. Online November 22, 2010. Available at: <a href="http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/methods/methods.jsp">http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/methods/methods.jsp</a>.</p>
<p>AHRQ Quality Indicators—Guide to Inpatient Quality Indicators: quality of care in hospitals—volume, mortality, and utilization. Version 3.1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007.</p>
<p>AHRQ Quality Indicators—Guide to Prevention Quality Indicators: hospital admission for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Version 3.1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007.</p>
<p>AHRQ Quality Indicators—Guide to Patient Safety Indicators. Version 3.1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007.</p>
<p>Measures of pediatric health care quality based on hospital administrative data: the Pediatric Quality Indicators. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2006.</p>
<p>For detailed information about QI measures, refer to the individual guides to the quality indicators, available at: <a href="http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/Archive/default.aspx">http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/Archive/default.aspx</a>.</p>
<h4>Sources of HCUP Data</h4>
<ol>
<li>Arizona Department of Health Services.</li>
<li>Arkansas Department of Health.</li>
<li>California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development.</li>
<li>Colorado Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Connecticut Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Florida Agency for Health Care Administration.</li>
<li>Georgia Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Hawaii Health Information Corporation.</li>
<li>Illinois Department of Public Health.</li>
<li>Indiana Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Iowa Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Kansas Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services.</li>
<li>Maine Health Data Organization.</li>
<li>Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission.</li>
<li>Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy.</li>
<li>Michigan Health and Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Minnesota Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Missouri Hospital Industry Data Institute.</li>
<li>Nebraska Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Nevada Department of Health and Human Services.</li>
<li>New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services.</li>
<li>New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.</li>
<li>New York State Department of Health.</li>
<li>North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services.</li>
<li>Ohio Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Oklahoma State Department of Health.</li>
<li>Oregon Association of Hospitals and Health Systems.</li>
<li>Rhode Island Department of Health.</li>
<li>South Carolina State Budget and Control Board.</li>
<li>South Dakota Association of Healthcare Organizations.</li>
<li>Tennessee Hospital Association.</li>
<li>Texas Department of State Health Services.</li>
<li>Utah Department of Health.</li>
<li>Vermont Association of Hospitals and Health Systems.</li>
<li>Virginia Health Information.</li>
<li>Washington State Department of Health.</li>
<li>West Virginia Health Care Authority.</li>
<li>Wisconsin Department of Health Services.</li>
<li>Wyoming Hospital Association.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<h2>Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS)</h2>
<h3>Sponsor</h3>
<p>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).</p>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>AHRQ has established the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture Comparative Database. The database includes voluntarily submitted data from U.S. hospitals that administered the survey. Hospitals administered paper, Web, or mixed-mode surveys. For the 2009 HSOPS, 74 percent of hospitals administered the survey to all staff or a sample of all staff from all hospital departments.</p>
<h3>Survey Sample Design</h3>
<p>All types of hospitals are eligible, from acute care to rehabilitation and psychiatric hospitals, but the hospital must be located in the United States or in a U.S. territory.</p>
<p>Hospitals are not a statistically selected sample of all U.S. hospitals. However, the characteristics of the database hospitals are fairly consistent with the distribution of U.S. hospitals registered with the American Hospital Association (AHA).</p>
<h3>Primary Survey Content</h3>
<p>The survey measures staff perceptions of patient safety in their work area/unit, as well as perceptions about patient safety in the hospital as a whole. The following 12 areas of patient safety are included, with each area measured by 3 or 4 survey questions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Unit-Level Safety Areas Covered:
<ul>
<li>Overall perceptions of safety.</li>
<li>Frequency of events reported.</li>
<li>Supervisor/manager expectations &#38; actions promoting patient safety.</li>
<li>Organizational learning—continuous improvement.</li>
<li>Teamwork within units.</li>
<li>Communication openness.</li>
<li>Feedback &#38; communication about error.</li>
<li>Nonpunitive response to error.</li>
<li>Staffing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hospitalwide Safety Areas Covered:
<ul>
<li>Hospital management support for patient safety.</li>
<li>Teamwork across hospital units.</li>
<li>Hospital handoffs &#38; transitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The survey also includes two questions that ask respondents to provide an overall grade on patient safety for their work area/unit and to indicate the number of events they have reported over the past 12 months.</p>
<h3>Population Targeted</h3>
<p>Hospitals in the United States or in a U.S. territory.</p>
<h3>Demographic Data</h3>
<p>Hospital location, teaching status, bed size, ownership and control, and geographic region; hospital staff type, position, work area/unit, interaction with patients.</p>
<h3>Years Collected</h3>
<p>2007, 2008, 2009.</p>
<h3>Schedule</h3>
<p>Selected years.</p>
<h3>Geographic Estimates</h3>
<p>National and regions.</p>
<h3>Contact Information</h3>
<p>Agency home page: <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/index.html">http://www.ahrq.gov</a>.</p>
<p>Data system home page: <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/patientsafetyculture/hospital/index.html">https://www.ahrq.gov/qual/patientsafetyculture/hospsurvindex.htm</a>.</p>
<h3>Reference</h3>
<p>Sorra J, Famolaro T, Dyer N, et al. Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture 2010 comparative database report. (Prepared by Westat, Rockville, MD, under Contract No. HHSA 290200710024C). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; March 2010. AHRQ Publication No. 10-0026.</p>
<hr />
<h2>National CAHPS® Benchmarking Database (NCBD)</h2>
<h3>Sponsor</h3>
<p>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in association with a consortium of public and private organizations.</p>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>By responding to a standardized set of questions administered through a mail or telephone questionnaire, health plan members report on their experiences and rate their health plans and providers in several areas. Participation in the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) Database is voluntary.</p>
<p>Medicare managed care data were obtained from the Centers for Medicare &#38; Medicaid Services (CMS) for survey participants. The 4.0 and 3.0 Medicaid data were obtained from data submitted directly to the CAHPS Database by State Medicaid agencies and individual health plans. The 4.0 and 3.0 commercial sector data were obtained from the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) under an agreement between the CAHPS Database and NCQA.</p>
<h3>Survey Sample Design</h3>
<p>CAHPS® surveys are administered to a random sample of health plan members by independent survey vendors, using standardized procedures. Since 1998, health plans, purchaser groups, State organizations, and others have participated in this component.</p>
<p>The CAHPS® sampling recommendation is to achieve a minimum of 300 completed responses per plan, with a 50 percent response rate. The plan samples are not adjusted for unequal probabilities of selection. This logic stems from the principle that the precision of the estimates depends primarily on the size of the sample and not on the size of the population from which it is drawn. Therefore, the given sample size will give the same precision for means or rates regardless of the overall size of the population.</p>
<h3>Primary Survey Content</h3>
<p>The 4.0 version of the CAHPS® Adult and Child Health Plan Surveys reporting questions fall into four major "composites" that summarize consumer experiences in the following areas: ability to get needed care, ability to get care quickly, quality of doctor communication, and health plan information and customer service.</p>
<h3>Population Targeted</h3>
<p>CAHPS® has specific populations for specific surveys and databases, such as adults, children, and children with chronic conditions, as well as commercial, Medicaid, Medicare, and Medicare managed care clients. More information is provided in the appendix.</p>
<p>Estimates for tables based on CAHPS® data were calculated using plan-level weights (i.e., all respondents in a plan received the same weight). Further, all plans within a State were weighted to contribute equally to the State-level statistic.</p>
<h3>Demographic Data</h3>
<p>Age, gender, education, race, ethnicity, region.</p>
<h3>Years Collected</h3>
<p>Since 1998.</p>
<h3>Schedule</h3>
<p>Annual.</p>
<h3>Geographic Estimates</h3>
<p>State; four U.S. Census Bureau regions.</p>
<h3>Contact Information</h3>
<p>Agency home page: <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/index.html">http://www.ahrq.gov</a>.</p>
<p>Data system home page: <a href="https://cahps.ahrq.gov">https://cahps.ahrq.gov</a>.</p>
<h3>Reference</h3>
<p>2008 CAHPS® Health Plan Survey Chartbook: What consumers say about their experiences with their health plans and medical care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2008. AHRQ Publication No. 08-CAHPS001-EF. Available at: <a href="https://cahps.ahrq.gov">https://cahps.ahrq.gov</a>.</p>
<p class="size2"><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqrdr10/index.html">Return to Contents</a><br />
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<div class="current-as-of">Page last reviewed October 2014</div>
<div class="citation">
<span>Internet Citation: Data Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ): 2010 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports.
October 2014. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqrdr10/datasources/ahrq.html</span>
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