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<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/index.html">Main Page</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/acknow.html">Acknowledgments</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/highlights.html">Highlights From the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap1.html">Chapter 1. Introduction and Methods</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap2-text.html">Chapter 2. Effectiveness of Care</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap3.html">Chapter 3. Patient Safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap4.html">Chapter 4. Timeliness</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap5.html">Chapter 5. Patient Centeredness</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap6.html">Chapter 6. Care Coordination</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html">Chapter 7. Efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap8.html">Chapter 8. Health Systems Infrastructure&#160;</a></li>
<li><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap9.html">Chapter 9. Access to Health Care</a></li>
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<span><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/2012nhdr.pdf">2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR)</a> [ <img src="/resources/file_logos/pdf.gif" alt="PDF file" title="PDF file" class="icon" /> - 8.74&nbsp;MB]</span>
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<h1>2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report</h1>
<h2>Chapter 7, Text Descriptions for Figures</h2> <div id="basic-modal"><!-- start: Basic Modal -->
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<h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig71" name="fig71"></a>Figure 7.1. Adults age 65 and over who received potentially inappropriate prescription medications in the calendar year, by race/ethnicity and gender, 2002-2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Race/Ethnicity</th><th scope="col">2002</th><th scope="col">2003</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2006</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Non-Hispanic, White</td><td align="center">19.8</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">17</td><td align="center">17.6</td><td align="center">15.9</td><td align="center">15.8</td><td align="center">13.3</td><td align="center">13.2</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Non-Hispanic, Black</td><td align="center">18.9</td><td align="center">17.6</td><td align="center">16.8</td><td align="center">18.9</td><td align="center">18.1</td><td align="center">14.7</td><td align="center">15.4</td><td align="center">15.7</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Hispanic (All Races)</td><td align="center">18.1</td><td align="center">13.2</td><td align="center">13.8</td><td align="center">13.5</td><td align="center">13.5</td><td align="center">14.2</td><td align="center">14.4</td><td align="center">11.7</td></tr></table><p>&#160;</p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Gender</th><th scope="col">2002</th><th scope="col">2003</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2006</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Male</td><td align="center">15.4</td><td align="center">13.4</td><td align="center">12.8</td><td align="center">14.3</td><td align="center">12.3</td><td align="center">11.8</td><td align="center">10.5</td><td align="center">10.7</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Female</td><td align="center">22.2</td><td align="center">22.3</td><td align="center">19.7</td><td align="center">20.2</td><td align="center">18.4</td><td align="center">18.1</td><td align="center">15.6</td><td align="center">15.4</td></tr></table><p><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.<br /><strong>Denominator:</strong> Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 65 and over.<br /><strong>Note:</strong> For this measure, lower rates are better. Prescription medications received include all prescribed medications initially purchased or otherwise obtained, as well as any refills. Whites and Blacks are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig71">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig72" name="fig72"></a>Figure 7.2. Potentially avoidable hospitalization rates for adults, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Race/Ethnicity</th><th scope="col">2001</th><th scope="col">2002</th><th scope="col">2003</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2006</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">White</td><td align="center">1433</td><td align="center">1447</td><td align="center">1381</td><td align="center">1357</td><td align="center">1385</td><td align="center">1283</td><td align="center">1278</td><td align="center">1260</td><td align="center">1219</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Black</td><td align="center">3286</td><td align="center">3258</td><td align="center">2847</td><td align="center">2995</td><td align="center">2753</td><td align="center">2728</td><td align="center">2764</td><td align="center">2574</td><td align="center">2553</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">API</td><td align="center">1051</td><td align="center">1073</td><td align="center">1021</td><td align="center">1072</td><td align="center">901</td><td align="center">788</td><td align="center">828</td><td align="center">811</td><td align="center">746</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Hispanic</td><td align="center">1712</td><td align="center">2126</td><td align="center">2206</td><td align="center">2105</td><td align="center">1908</td><td align="center">1649</td><td align="center">1612</td><td align="center">1376</td><td align="center">1407</td></tr></table><p>&#160;</p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Area Income</th><th scope="col">2001</th><th scope="col">2002</th><th scope="col">2003</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2006</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">1st Quartile (lowest)</td><td align="center">2107</td><td align="center">2141</td><td align="center">2211</td><td align="center">2084</td><td align="center">2090</td><td align="center">2073</td><td align="center">1988</td><td align="center">1946</td><td align="center">1932</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">2nd Quartile</td><td align="center">1738</td><td align="center">1802</td><td align="center">1693</td><td align="center">1619</td><td align="center">1598</td><td align="center">1551</td><td align="center">1503</td><td align="center">1487</td><td align="center">1427</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">3rd Quartile</td><td align="center">1403</td><td align="center">1507</td><td align="center">1406</td><td align="center">1338</td><td align="center">1376</td><td align="center">1288</td><td align="center">1272</td><td align="center">1248</td><td align="center">1206</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">4th Quartile (highest)</td><td align="center">1317</td><td align="center">1263</td><td align="center">1203</td><td align="center">1193</td><td align="center">1249</td><td align="center">1155</td><td align="center">1076</td><td align="center">1097</td><td align="center">1054</td></tr></table><p><strong>Key:</strong> API = Asian or Pacific Islander.<br /><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2001-2009.<br /><strong>Denominator:</strong> Civilian noninstitutionalized adults age 18 and over.<br /><strong>Note:</strong> For this measure, lower rates are better. Annual rates are adjusted for age and gender. White, Black, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations are non-Hispanic. Income quartiles are based on median income of ZIP Code of patient&#39;s residence.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig72">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig73" name="fig73"></a>Figure 7.3. Potentially avoidable emergency department rates, by sex and area income, 2007-2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Sex</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Total</td><td align="center">3621</td><td align="center">3642</td><td align="center">3681</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Male</td><td align="center">2928</td><td align="center">2918</td><td align="center">2903</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Female</td><td align="center">4325</td><td align="center">4375</td><td align="center">4463</td></tr></table><p>&#160;</p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Area Income</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Lowest Income Quartile</td><td align="center">4924</td><td align="center">5097</td><td align="center">5180</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Second Quartile</td><td align="center">3888</td><td align="center">4037</td><td align="center">4073</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Third Quartile</td><td align="center">3233</td><td align="center">3068</td><td align="center">3149</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Highest Income Quartile</td><td align="center">2451</td><td align="center">2443</td><td align="center">2377</td></tr></table><p><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2007-2009.<br /><strong>Denominator:</strong> Adults age 18 and over.<br /><strong>Note:</strong> Annual rates are adjusted for age and gender.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig73">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><strong><a id="fig74" name="fig74"></a>Figure 7.4. Rate of emergency department visits with a principal diagnosis related to mental health and alcohol or substance abuse, per 100,000 population, by gender and area income, 2009</strong></h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Gender</th><th scope="col">Mental Health</th><th scope="col">Substance Abuse</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Total</td><td align="center">1170</td><td align="center">518</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Male</td><td align="center">1108</td><td align="center">714</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Female</td><td align="center">1229</td><td align="center">328</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" scope="row">Area Income</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Lowest income quartile</td><td align="center">1598</td><td align="center">666</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Second quartile</td><td align="center">1284</td><td align="center">550</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Third quartile</td><td align="center">1023</td><td align="center">449</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Highest income quartile</td><td align="center">764</td><td align="center">405</td></tr></table><p><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2009.<strong><br />Denominator:</strong> U.S. population.<strong><br />Note:</strong> For this measure, lower rates are better. Substance abuse includes visits for co-occurring substance abuse and mental health disorders.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig74">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig75" name="fig75"></a>Figure 7.5. Rate of emergency department visits with a principal diagnosis related to dental issues, per 100,000 population, by gender and area income, 2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Gender / Area Income</th><th scope="col">Rate</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Total</td><td align="center">307</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Male</td><td align="center">304</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Female</td><td align="center">306</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Lowest income quartile</td><td align="center">452</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Second quartile</td><td align="center">387</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Third quartile</td><td align="center">238</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Highest income quartile</td><td align="center">111</td></tr></table><p><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2009.<br /><strong>Denominator:</strong> U.S. population.<br /><strong>Note:</strong> For this measure, lower rates are better.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig75">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig76" name="fig76"></a>Figure 7.6. Excess number of potentially preventable hospitalizations, by race/ethnicity, 2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations</th><th scope="col">White</th><th scope="col">Black</th><th scope="col">Hispanic</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Expected at Best Rate</td><td align="center">1,305,592</td><td align="center">219,761</td><td align="center">259,091</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Excess</td><td align="center">649,097</td><td align="center">469,078</td><td align="center">188,511</td></tr></table><p><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2009.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig76">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig77" name="fig77"></a>Figure 7.7. Excess number of potentially preventable hospitalizations, by income, 2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations</th><th scope="col">First Quartile (lowest)</th><th scope="col">Second Quartile</th><th scope="col">Third Quartile</th><th scope="col">Fourth Quartile (highest)</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Expected at Best Rate</td><td align="center">466,661</td><td align="center">485,052</td><td align="center">476,129</td><td align="center">460,991</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Excess</td><td align="center">640,616</td><td align="center">365,064</td><td align="center">228,999</td><td align="center">135,670</td></tr></table><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig77">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig78" name="fig78"></a>Figure 7.8. Perforated appendixes per 1,000 admissions for appendicitis, age 18 and over, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2004-2009</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Race/Ethnicity</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Non-Hispanic, White</td><td align="center">287.8</td><td align="center">282.8</td><td align="center">271.3</td><td align="center">275.7</td><td align="center">275.4</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Non-Hispanic, Black</td><td align="center">308.7</td><td align="center">317.3</td><td align="center">302.1</td><td align="center">298.2</td><td align="center">291.7</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">API</td><td align="center">266.8</td><td align="center">270.3</td><td align="center">268.5</td><td align="center">261.9</td><td align="center">262.7</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Hispanic (all races)</td><td align="center">291.8</td><td align="center">283.3</td><td align="center">276.2</td><td align="center">271.9</td><td align="center">258.2</td></tr></table><p>&#160;</p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Area Income</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">High Income Quartile</td><td align="center">272.5</td><td align="center">270.5</td><td align="center">257</td><td align="center">250</td><td align="center">266.3</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Middle Income Quartile</td><td align="center">291</td><td align="center">280.7</td><td align="center">283.4</td><td align="center">268</td><td align="center">278.7</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Near Poor Income Quartile</td><td align="center">302.4</td><td align="center">292.8</td><td align="center">282.9</td><td align="center">281.3</td><td align="center">274.9</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Lowest Income Quartile</td><td align="center">313.9</td><td align="center">305.1</td><td align="center">300</td><td align="center">286.4</td><td align="center">282.3</td></tr></table><p><strong>Key:</strong> API = Asian or Pacific Islander.<br /><strong>Source:</strong> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009.<br /><strong>Note:</strong> For this measure, lower rates are better. Data for 2006 were not available this year, because a new version of the PQI software was used to calculate rates and 2006 was not included in the calculation.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig78">Return to Document</a></p><h4 class="figcaption"><a id="fig79" name="fig79"></a>Figure 7.9. Perforated appendixes per 1,000 admissions for appendicitis, age 18 and over, in IHS, Tribal, and contract hospitals, by age and gender, 2004-2010</h4><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Age</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2006</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th><th scope="col">2010</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">18-44</td><td align="center">268.7</td><td align="center">254.8</td><td align="center">247.8</td><td align="center">275.4</td><td align="center">219.8</td><td align="center">263.5</td><td align="center">208.9</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">45-64</td><td align="center">415.9</td><td align="center">469.8</td><td align="center">356.2</td><td align="center">509.7</td><td align="center">387.9</td><td align="center">407.9</td><td align="center">424.6</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">65+</td><td align="center">514.3</td><td align="center">428.6</td><td align="center">560</td><td align="center">583.3</td><td align="center">656.3</td><td align="center">555.6</td><td align="center">457.1</td></tr></table><p>&#160;</p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" padding="4" width="90%"><tr valign="top"><th scope="col">Gender</th><th scope="col">2004</th><th scope="col">2005</th><th scope="col">2006</th><th scope="col">2007</th><th scope="col">2008</th><th scope="col">2009</th><th scope="col">2010</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Total</td><td align="center">363.3</td><td align="center">355.8</td><td align="center">332.6</td><td align="center">402.7</td><td align="center">347.7</td><td align="center">353.4</td><td align="center">324.1</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Male</td><td align="center">309.2</td><td align="center">355.6</td><td align="center">315</td><td align="center">378.2</td><td align="center">333.3</td><td align="center">327.3</td><td align="center">315.6</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Female</td><td align="center">312.3</td><td align="center">277.2</td><td align="center">253.4</td><td align="center">309.2</td><td align="center">229</td><td align="center">279.0</td><td align="center">250.0</td></tr></table><p><strong>Source:</strong> Indian Health Service, National Patient Information Reporting System, National Data Warehouse, Workload and Population Data Mart, 2004-2010.<br /><strong>Note:</strong> For this measure, lower rates are better. The total for each year is age adjusted.</p><p><a href="/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7.html#fig79">Return to Document</a></p> </div>
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<div class="current-as-of">Page last reviewed May 2013</div>
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<span>Internet Citation: 2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report: Chapter 7, Text Descriptions for Figures.
May 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7-text.html</span>
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