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<h1>Appendix G (continued, 2): Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006]</h1>
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<h2>Health Care Efficiency Measures: Identification, Categorization, and Evaluation</h2> <div id="basic-modal"><!-- start: Basic Modal -->
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<p><strong>Contents</strong><br /><a href="hcemappg.html#obshosp">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Hospital</a><br />    <a href="hcemappg2.html#obshosp2">Unit of Observation: Hospital (Continued)</a><br /><a href="hcemappg3.html#obsphys">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Physician</a><br /><a href="hcemappg3.html#obsplans">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Health Plans</a><a href="hcemappg4.html#obsnurses"><br />United States Only - Unit of Observation: Nurses</a><br /><a href="hcemappg4.html#obsother">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Other</a></p><h3><a id="obsphys" name="obsphys"></a>United States Only - Unit of Observation: Physician N=32</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr align="left" valign="bottom"><th scope="col">Author,<br />year</th><th scope="col">Type of<br />paper</th><th scope="col">Unit of<br />observation</th><th scope="col">Sample<br />size</th><th scope="col">Data<br />source</th><th scope="col">Time frame</th><th scope="col">Years</th><th scope="col">Inputs</th><th scope="col">Outputs</th><th scope="col">PR</th><th scope="col">AC</th><th scope="col">PT</th><th scope="col">CM</th><th scope="col">PM</th><th scope="col">Method</th><th scope="col">Data on<br />reliability,<br />sensitivity<br />analysis,<br />validity<br />reported?</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Thomas JW, 2006<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref94">94</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>104,744 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1999-2002</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Pope GC, 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref95">95</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>NR</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Time series</td><td>1976-1986</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Week, month, or year of care provided<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Charges<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Charges<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians, Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Charges<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chilingerian JA et al., 1997<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref96">96</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>326 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1990</td><td>Other counts, Hosp days, Physician visits<br />Physical</td><td>Week, month, or year of care provided<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozcan YA, 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref97">97</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>160 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1993</td><td>Drugs (counts), Physician visits, Number of lab/diagnostic tests, Discharges<br />Physical</td><td>Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X DEA</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozcan YA et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref98">98</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>178 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1993</td><td>Drugs (counts), Physician visits, Emergency visit, Number of lab/diagnostic tests Physical<br />Other counts,</td><td>Hosp discharge, Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Abouleish AE et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref99">99</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>26 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997-1998</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Week, month, or year of care provided<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chilingerian JA et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref100">100</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>326 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1990</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Other counts(p), Physician visits(p), Hosp days(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Week, month, or year of care provided<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Pai CW et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref101">101</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>176 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1993</td><td>Drugs (counts)(p), Total costs(f), Physician visits(p), Number of lab/diagnostic tests(p), Emergency visit(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chilingerian JA, 1989<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref102">102</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>36 Physicians, 1,992 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1987</td><td>Ancillary cost(f), Hosp days(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chilingerian JA et al., 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref103">103</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>15 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Ancillary cost(f), Hosp days(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Burns LR et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref104">104</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>43,625 Patients</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989-1990</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total charges<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chilingerian JA, 1995<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref105">105</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>36 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Hosp days(p), Ancillary cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Diamond HS et al., 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref106">106</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>9,935 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1994-1995</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Garg ML et al., 1991<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref107">107</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>130 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1985-1986</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Camasso MJ et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref108">108</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>1,424 Patients, 64 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1985</td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Defelice LC et al., 1997<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref109">109</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician</td><td>924 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1984-1985</td><td>Physician time, Nurse time, Administrative staff time, Other counts<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Weeks WB et al., 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref110">110</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>1,930 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1987-1998</td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Editor, 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref111">111</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>NR</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>2002</td><td>Total charges<br />Financial</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Albritton TA et al., 1997<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref112">112</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>4,987 Patients, 11 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1996</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Physician visits<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Hilton C et al., 1997<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref113">113</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>17 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1996</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Cramer JS et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref114">114</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>21 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1997-1999</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Melzer SM et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref115">115</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>1,738 Patients, 28 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997-1998</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Andreae MC et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref116">116</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>35 Physicians</td><td>Primary data, Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1999-2000</td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">American Medical Group Association, 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref117">117</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>NR</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>2002</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Coleman DL et al., 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref118">118</a></sup></td><td>Research, Descriptive, Develop methodology</td><td>Physician</td><td>NR</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/A</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit(s), Training(other), Research(other)<br />Health services Other</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Fairchild DG et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref119">119</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>132 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1996-1997</td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Thomas JW et al., 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref120">120</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician</td><td>100,755 Patients, 804 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997-1998</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /Yes/Yes</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Gaynor M et al., 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref121">121</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician, Medical groups</td><td>957 Medical groups, 6,353 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1978</td><td>Physician time, Nurse time, Administrative staff time<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Conrad DA et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref122">122</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician, Medical groups</td><td>383 Medical groups, 6,129 Physicians</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997</td><td>Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Physician time(p), Other capital costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Charges<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Physician time(p), Other capital costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosenman R et al., 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref123">123</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician, Medical groups</td><td>502 Medical groups</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1998</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f), Other counts(p), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Kralewski JE et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref124">124</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician, Medical groups</td><td>86 Medical groups, 57,123 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1995</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>Ratios, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Blunt E, 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref125">125</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician, Nurse</td><td>6 Physicians, 2 Nurses</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1996-1997</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="size2"><a id="ast" name="ast"></a>*Explanatory variables: PR=Provider characteristics, AC=Area characteristics, PT=Patient characteristics, CM=Case mix adjustment, PM=Payment method</p><p class="size2"><a href="#h1">Return to Top</a></p><h3 class="size2"><a id="obsplans" name="obsplans"></a>United States Only - Unit of Observation: Health Plans N=9</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr align="left" valign="bottom"><th scope="col">Author,<br />year</th><th scope="col">Type of<br />paper</th><th scope="col">Unit of<br />observation</th><th scope="col">Sample<br />size</th><th scope="col">Data<br />source</th><th scope="col">Time frame</th><th scope="col">Years</th><th scope="col">Inputs</th><th scope="col">Outputs</th><th scope="col">PR</th><th scope="col">AC</th><th scope="col">PT</th><th scope="col">CM</th><th scope="col">PM</th><th scope="col">Method</th><th scope="col">Data on<br />reliability,<br />sensitivity<br />analysis,<br />validity<br />reported?</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Cutler,David M et al., 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref126">126</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>908 Patients, 4,243 Patients</td><td>Primary data, Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1993/ 1995</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Cutler DM et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref127">127</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>6,965 Patients</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1993-1995</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ahern M et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref128">128</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>20 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1991-1993</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Covered lives, Hosp days, Non-physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rollins J et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref129">129</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>36 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1993-1997</td><td>Physician labor costs, Other labor costs, Administrative expenditures, Inpatient expenses<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp days, Non-physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Brockett PL et al., 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref130">130</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>108 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1995</td><td>Total premiums<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Covered lives, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Siddharthan K et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref131">131</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>125 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1994</td><td>Operating cost<br />Financial</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Siddharthan K et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref132">132</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>164 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1995</td><td>Hosp days, Physician visits, Emergency room visits, Outpatient procedure performed<br />Physical</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosenman R et al., 1997<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref133">133</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Health plan</td><td>28 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1994</td><td>Total assets(p), Administrative expenditures(f), Medical cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Bryce CL et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref134">134</a></sup></td><td>Research, Develop methodology</td><td>Health plan</td><td>585 Health plans</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1985-1994</td><td>Hosp days(p), Physician visits(p), Administrative expenditures(f), Other costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA, SFA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="size2"><a id="ast" name="ast"></a>*Explanatory variables: PR=Provider characteristics, AC=Area characteristics, PT=Patient characteristics, CM=Case mix adjustment, PM=Payment method</p> </div><!-- end: Basic Modal -->
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<div class="current-as-of">Page last reviewed April 2008</div>
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<span>Internet Citation: Appendix G (continued, 2): Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006]: Health Care Efficiency Measures: Identification, Categorization, and Evaluation.
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April 2008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/efficiency/hcemappg3.html</span>
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<!-- scripts concatenated and minified via build script -->
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<script src="/js/plugins.js"></script>
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<script src="/js/script.js"></script>
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<script src="/scripts/javascript.js"></script>
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<!-- end scripts -->
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</body>
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</html>
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