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<h1>Appendix G (continued): Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006]</h1>
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<h2>Health Care Efficiency Measures: Identification, Categorization, and Evaluation</h2> <div id="basic-modal"><!-- start: Basic Modal -->
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<p><strong>Contents</strong><br /><a href="hcemappg.html#obshosp">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Hospital</a><br />    <a href="hcemappg2.html#obshosp2">Unit of Observation: Hospital (Continued)</a><br /><a href="hcemappg3.html#obsphys">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Physician</a><br /><a href="hcemappg3.html#obsplans">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Health Plans</a><a href="hcemappg4.html#obsnurses"><br />United States Only - Unit of Observation: Nurses</a><br /><a href="hcemappg4.html#obsother">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Other</a></p><h3><a id="obshosp2" name="obshosp2"></a>United States Only - Unit of Observation: Hospital N=93 (Continued)</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style=" width: 100%;"><tbody><tr align="left" valign="bottom"><th scope="col">Author,<br />year</th><th scope="col">Type of<br />paper</th><th scope="col">Unit of<br />observation</th><th scope="col">Sample<br />size</th><th scope="col">Data<br />source</th><th scope="col">Time frame</th><th scope="col">Years</th><th scope="col">Inputs</th><th scope="col">Outputs</th><th scope="col">PR</th><th scope="col">AC</th><th scope="col">PT</th><th scope="col">CM</th><th scope="col">PM</th><th scope="col">Method</th><th scope="col">Data on<br />reliability,<br />sensitivity<br />analysis,<br />validity<br />reported?</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosko MD, 1999<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref51">51</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>3,262 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1994</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chern JY et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref52">52</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>80 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1984-1993</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p), Other costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Frech HE et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref53">53</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>378 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1983-1984-1990-1991</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Operating cost(f), Total assets(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Training<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>SFA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Harris J et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref54">54</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>20 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1991-1993</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p), Operating cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">100 Top Hospitals, 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref55">55</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>887,172 Patients, 707 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1998</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>ICU-related ancillary cost<br />Financial</td><td>ICU days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Brown HS, 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref56">56</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>613 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1992-1996</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p) personnel(p), Number of other<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Folland ST et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref57">57</a></sup></td><td>Research, Develop methodology</td><td>Hospital</td><td>2,007 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1985</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>Yes/Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Li T et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref58">58</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>90 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1988-1993</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosko MD, 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref59">59</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1,966 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Brown HS, 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref60">60</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>613 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1992-1996</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">100 Top Hospitals, 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref61">61</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>NR</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Other labor costs, Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chu HL et al., 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref62">62</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>246 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1997-1999</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Nurse time(p), Other time(p), Equipment capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Supplies (counts)(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Jordan SD, 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref63">63</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>160 Patients, 2 Hospitals</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Nurse labor costs, Other labor costs<br />Financial</td><td>Charges<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Young ST, 1992<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref64">64</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>22 Hospitals</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Other time<br />Physical</td><td>Fill rate, Inventory turns, Purchase price index<br />Other</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios, DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Bellin E et al., 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref65">65</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive, Develop methodology</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>1,733 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>2001-2002</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Mathiasen RA et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref66">66</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>57 Patients</td><td>Primary data, Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1997-1998</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Kyriacou DN et al., 1999<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref67">67</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>826 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1993-1998</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Emergency visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Finkler MD et al., 1993<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref68">68</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>9 Hospital depts</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Physician time, Nurse time<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Wilson GW et al., 1982<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref69">69</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>922 Hospital depts</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />N/R</td><td>Number of technical staff(p), Equipment capital costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Procedure<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Seltzer SE et al., 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref70">70</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>2 Hospital depts</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1992-1996</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Sternick E, 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref71">71</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital department</td><td>NR</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs<br />NR</td><td>Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Charges<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozgen H et al., 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref72">72</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital department, Dialysis centers</td><td>140 Dialysis centers</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1994-2000</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of technical staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Equipment capital costs(f), Drug capital costs(f), Supply capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Equipment (counts)(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure(s), Training(other), Home dialysis treatments(s)<br />Health services<br />Other</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Malmquist or other index numbers, DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Starfield B et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref73">73</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital department, Primary health center</td><td>135 Primary health centers</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1998</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Week, month, or year of care provided<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Wang BB et al., 1999<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref74">74</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Geographic region</td><td>6,010 Hospitals, 314 Geographic regions</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1989-1993</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Goodman DC et al., 2006<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref75">75</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital, Geographic region</td><td>306 Geographic regions, 97 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1999-2001</td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Covered lives<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Dewar DM et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref76">76</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Health plan</td><td>39,697 Patients</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1992-1996</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Health outcome<br />Health outcomes</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Conrad D et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref77">77</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Health plan</td><td>44,397 Patients, 37 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1991-1992</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Broyles RW, 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref78">78</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Hospital department</td><td>81 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1979-1982</td><td>Direct costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Direct costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Service volume<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Service volume<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">DeLia D et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref79">79</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Primary health center</td><td>155 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1997-1999</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Other counts<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Burgess,James FJr et al., 1993<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref80">80</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>89 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1985-1987</td><td>Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Physician time, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Hao S et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref81">81</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>93 Hospitals</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1988</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of nurses<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of nurses<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of nurses<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Number of physicians<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Burgess JF et al., 1995<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref82">82</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>1,545 Hospitals</td><td>Primary data, Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1984-1988</td><td>Number of nurses, Number of technical staff, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts), Other counts<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Malmquist or other index numbers</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Burgess JF et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref83">83</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>2,246 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1987-1988</td><td>Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Burgess JF et al., 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref84">84</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>1,545 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1984-1988</td><td>Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Bannick RR et al., 1995<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref85">85</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>284 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p), Operating cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Harrison JP et al., 2005<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref86">86</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>121 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1998-2001</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Sexton TR et al., 1989<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref87">87</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital, Veterans Affairs</td><td>159 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1985</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of technical staff(p), Equipment capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Eastaugh SR, 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref88">88</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Nurse, Hospital</td><td>37 Hospitals</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1997-2000</td><td>Other capital costs(f) Other time(p), Nurse time(p),<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Relative value unit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>SFA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Weingarten SR et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref89">89</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician, Hospital</td><td>301 Physicians</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Auerbach AD et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref90">90</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Physician, Hospital</td><td>5,308 Patients</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1997-1999</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ghosh D et al., 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref91">91</a></sup></td><td>Research, Develop methodology</td><td>Physician, Hospital department</td><td>1 Hospital depts</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Total charges<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Brenn BR et al., 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref92">92</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Physician, Hospital department</td><td>2,226 Patients</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>2000</td><td>Physician time<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozcan YA et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref93">93</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Psychiatric hospital</td><td>85 Psychiatric hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1990</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>X</td><td> </td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="size2"><a id="ast" name="ast"></a>*Explanatory variables: PR=Provider characteristics, AC=Area characteristics, PT=Patient characteristics, CM=Case mix adjustment, PM=Payment method</p> </div><!-- end: Basic Modal -->
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<div class="current-as-of">Page last reviewed April 2008</div>
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<div class="citation">
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<span>Internet Citation: Appendix G (continued): Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006]: Health Care Efficiency Measures: Identification, Categorization, and Evaluation.
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April 2008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/efficiency/hcemappg2.html</span>
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