ahrq-gov/archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/efficiency/hcemappg.html
2025-02-28 14:14:25 -05:00

236 lines
54 KiB
HTML

<!doctype html>
<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!-- Consider adding a manifest.appcache: h5bp.com/d/Offline -->
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <!--<![endif]-->
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="perc_linkback" id="perc_linkback" content="FmZjZG1geAdmeAFjZ2x4BmZnYHgTZ2JtZGE="/> <!-- Use the .htaccess and remove these lines to avoid edge case issues. More info: h5bp.com/i/378 -->
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<title>Appendix G: Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006] | AHRQ Archive</title>
<meta name="title" content="Appendix G: Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006] | AHRQ Archive">
<meta name="description" content="This Medicaid Care Management Guide reflects the experiences of the initial 13 Learning Network States.">
<!-- Mobile viewport optimized: h5bp.com/viewport -->
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<!-- link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css" -->
<!-- More ideas for your <head> here: h5bp.com/d/head-Tips -->
<!-- All JavaScript at the bottom, except this Modernizr build.
Modernizr enables HTML5 elements & feature detects for optimal performance.
Create your own custom Modernizr build: www.modernizr.com/ -->
<script src="/js/libs/modernizr-2.5.3.min.js"></script>
<!-- "metadata" -->
<meta name="keywords" content="Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, AHRQ, AHCPR, access, adverse outcomes, ambulatory care, benchmark, best practices, blood clots, CAHPS, case studies, chronic care, complication, conditions, Consumer Assessment of Health Plans, disparities, error, HAI, health cost, hepatitis, hospital procedure, health care-associated infections, indicators, infection, insurance, measures, medical errors, methodology, nursing, patient care, patient safety, performance measure, quality, study, survey, thrombosis, treatment, urgent care" />
<meta name="creator" content="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)">
<meta name="datecreated" content="September 2012">
<meta name="datereviewed" content="November 2014">
<meta name="language" content="en-us">
<!-- end="metadata" -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/archive.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/ahrqstyleprint_arch.css" media="print">
<script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
ga('create', 'UA-75759936-1', 'auto');
ga(' set', 'anonymizeIp', true);
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script></head>
<body><!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W4DST4"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W4DST4');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- Prompt IE 6 users to install Chrome Frame. Remove this if you support IE 6.
chromium.org/developers/how-tos/chrome-frame-getting-started -->
<!--[if lt IE 7]><p class=chromeframe>Your browser is <em>ancient!</em> <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">Upgrade to a different browser</a> or <a href="http://www.google.com/chromeframe/?redirect=true">install Google Chrome Frame</a> to experience this site.</p><![endif]-->
<!-- Add your site or application content here -->
<noscript>Your browser doesn't support JavaScript. Please upgrade to a modern browser or enable JavaScript in your existing browser.</noscript>
<!-- Page Header v2.0 --><!--Begin Banner CodeS-->
<div id="ahrqbanner">
<div class="hhsportion" id="top" name="top">
<a class="skipnav" href="#h1">Skip Navigation</a>
<a title="Archive: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" href="http://archive.hhs.gov/"><img border="0" alt="Archive: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" src="/images/hhs_banner_arch.gif" width="376" height="49"></a>
<a class="hhsright" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" href="http://www.hhs.gov/"><img alt="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" src="/images/hhs_link_arch.gif" width="127" height="41"></a>
</div>
<div class="ahrqportion">
<a title="Archive: Agency for Healthcare Research Quality" href="/"><img border="0" alt="Archive: Agency for Healthcare Research Quality" src="/images/ahrq_banner_arch.jpg" width="566" height="69"></a>
<form id="banner_searchform" method="get" name="searchForm" action="https://search.ahrq.gov/search">
<label style="Z-INDEX: -1; POSITION: relative; FONT-SIZE: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: -65px" for="search">Search</label>
<input id="search" class="gotext" onfocus="this.value='';" value=" Search Archive" size="11" type="text" name="q" label="Search archive"/>
<input type="hidden" name="siteDomain" value="archive.ahrq.gov">
<input class="gobtn" onclick="javascript:document.searchForm.submit();" alt="Search" src="/images/topbn_GoButton.gif" type="image" name="Submit"/>
</form><a class="ahrqright" title="AHRQ Home—Live Site" href="http://www.ahrq.gov">www.ahrq.gov</a>
</div>
<div class="ahrqlinks">
<a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/">AHRQ Home—Live Site</a> | <a href="/">Archive Home</a> | <a href="/sitemap.htm">Site Map</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="PrintBanner"><img alt="Archival print banner" src="/images/printbanner_arch.jpg"/></div><a id="h1" name="h1"></a><!-- End of Page header -->
<!-- Content Body -->
<div id="mainContent">
<!-- Main Content -->
<!-- Center Content section -->
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tbody><tr valign="top">
<td width="70%">
<!-- Center Content section -->
<table style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px;" summary="This table gives the layout format of the bread crumb area and the center content area." border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<!--DWLayoutTable-->
<tbody><tr>
<td class="crumb_link"><div id="crumbContent">
</span></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="centerContent">
<div class="headnote">
<p>This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: <a href="https://info.ahrq.gov/">https://info.ahrq.gov</a>. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information.</p>
<p>Please go to <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/">www.ahrq.gov</a> for current information.</p>
</div>
<!-- T:ahrqPgPublication -->
<div role="main" id="page-container">
<div id="breadcrumb-container">
<div id="breadcrumbs" class="container_12">
<!-- T:SnBreadcrumbs -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="toolbar-container">
<div id="pub-toolbar" class="container_12">
<!-- T:ahrqSnPubNav -->
<div id="prev-next-buttons">
</div>
<div id="pub-utility-buttons">
<ul id="utility-groups">
<li class="utility content-button">
<a href="#" class=""><span>Table of Contents</span></a>
<div class="toc-dropdown">
<div class="arrow-up"></div>
<div class="toc-content">
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="utility download-button"><a href="#"><span>Download</span></a><div class="dl-dropdown"><div class="arrow-up"></div><div class="dl-content"><ul><li>
<span><a href="/research/findings/final-reports/efficiency/efficiency.pdf">Health Care Efficiency Measures (PDF)</a> [ <img src="/resources/file_logos/pdf.gif" alt="PDF file" title="PDF file" class="icon" /> - 1.38&nbsp;MB]</span>
</li></ul></div></div></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="page-backdrop" class="container_12">
<div class="page">
<div id="left-col" class="alpha grid_3">
<nav id="left"><!-- T:SnleftNav -->
</nav> </div>
<!--<div id="content-col" class="grid_9">-->
<article class="grid_9">
<!-- Right Rail -->
<aside class="three-col">
<!-- T:ahrqSnPubCover -->
<div id="pub-nums">
<ul>
<li>Publication # 08-0030</li> </ul>
</div>
<ul id="pub-buttons">
<li id="all-pubs-button"><a href="https://ahrqpubs.ahrq.gov/OA_HTML/ibeCCtpItmDspRte.jsp?section=10152&item=34942"></a></li>
</ul>
</aside>
<!-- Center Rail -->
<h1>Appendix G: Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006]</h1>
<h2>Health Care Efficiency Measures: Identification, Categorization, and Evaluation</h2> <div id="basic-modal"><!-- start: Basic Modal -->
<p><strong>Contents</strong><br /><a href="hcemappg.html#obshosp">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Hospital</a><br />&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="hcemappg2.html#obshosp2">Unit of Observation: Hospital (Continued)</a><br /><a href="hcemappg3.html#obsphys">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Physician</a><br /><a href="hcemappg3.html#obsplans">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Health Plans</a><a href="hcemappg4.html#obsnurses"><br />United States Only - Unit of Observation: Nurses</a><br /><a href="hcemappg4.html#obsother">United States Only - Unit of Observation: Other</a></p><h3><a id="obshosp" name="obshosp"></a>United States Only - Unit of Observation: Hospital N=93</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style=" width: 100%;"><tbody><tr align="left" valign="bottom"><th scope="col">Author,<br />year</th><th scope="col">Type of<br />paper</th><th scope="col">Unit of<br />observation</th><th scope="col">Sample<br />size</th><th scope="col">Data<br />source</th><th scope="col">Time frame</th><th scope="col">Years</th><th scope="col">Inputs</th><th scope="col">Outputs</th><th scope="col">PR</th><th scope="col">AC</th><th scope="col">PT</th><th scope="col">CM</th><th scope="col">PM</th><th scope="col">Method</th><th scope="col">Data on<br />reliability,<br />sensitivity<br />analysis,<br />validity<br />reported?</th></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Kessler DP et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref1">1</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1,661,674 Patients</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1985-1996</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Episode of care<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Episode of care<br />Physical</td><td>Health outcome<br />Health outcomes</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Carey K, 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref2">2</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1,209 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1998</td><td>Other labor costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge(s), Health outcome(o), Hosp days(s)<br />Health services<br />Health outcomes</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Nunamaker TR, 1983<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref3">3</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>17 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1978-1979</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios, DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Maindiratta A, 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref4">4</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>55 Hospitals</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>Yrs N/R</td><td>Nurse labor costs, Administrative staff labor costs, Ancillary cost<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Alexander JA et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref5">5</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>333 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1981</td><td>Other labor costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Operating cost<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chirikos TN et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref6">6</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>189 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989</td><td>Other labor costs, Operating cost<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Bradford WD et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref7">7</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>379 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1986</td><td>Other labor costs, Other capital costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosko MD et al., 1999<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref8">8</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>195 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989</td><td>Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Morey RC et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref9">9</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>27 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1987-1988</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chirikos TN et al., 2000<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref10">10</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>186 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1982-1993</td><td>Administrative staff labor costs, Other labor costs, Equipment capital costs, Other capital costs, Other costs<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA, SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosko MD, 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref11">11</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1,631 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1990-1996</td><td>Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total expenses minus physician expenses<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Cleverley WO, 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref12">12</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive, Develop methodology</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1 Hospital</td><td>Not specified</td><td>N/A</td><td>Yrs N/A</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">O&#39;Neal PV et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref13">13</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>69 Hospitals, 7,961 Patients</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1997</td><td>Drug capital costs, Other capital costs Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Drug capital costs, Other capital costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Sari N, 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref14">14</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>125 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1990-1992-1994-1997</td><td>Other labor costs, Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosko MD, 2004<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref15">15</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>616 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1990-1999</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Rosko MD et al., 2005<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref16">16</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1,368 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1998</td><td>Other labor costs, Other capital costs, Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Grosskopf S et al., 1987<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref17">17</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>82 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1982</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Total assets, Discharges<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Byrnes P et al., 1989<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref18">18</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>123 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1983</td><td>Number of physicians, Nurse time, Administrative staff time, Technical staff time, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ashby JL et al., 1992<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref19">19</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive, Develop methodology</td><td>Hospital</td><td>NR</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1980-1989</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Valdmanis V, 1992<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref20">20</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>41 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1982</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts), Discharges<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Total assets, Discharges<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel, Nurse time, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Hosp days, ICU days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure(s), Hosp days(s), ICU days(s), House staff(other)<br />Health services<br />Other</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel, Discharges, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure(s), Hosp days(s), ICU days(s), House staff(other)<br />Health services<br />Other</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Grosskopf S et al., 1993<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref21">21</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>108 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1982</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of other personnel, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ferrier GD et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref22">22</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>360 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989</td><td>Number of other personnel, Beds (counts), Wage rate/wages, Total assets<br />Physical</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Phillips JF, 1999<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref23">23</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>39 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1992-1996</td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Grosskopf S et al., 2001<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref24">24</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>792 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1994</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of other personnel, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Mobley LR et al., 2002<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref25">25</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>348 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1998</td><td>Number of physicians, Number of nurses, Number of administrative staff, Number of technical staff, Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days, Ancillary care<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Saint S et al., 2003<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref26">26</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>1 Hospital</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1993-1996</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>RVU<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Sherman HD, 1984<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref27">27</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>7 Hospitals</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1976</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p) Physical Financial</td><td>Hosp days(s), Training(other)<br />Health services<br />Other</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/Yes</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /Yes</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Banker RD et al., 1986<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref28">28</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>114 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1978</td><td>Nurse labor costs(f), Administrative staff labor costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Ancillary cost(f) Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Bitran GR et al., 1987<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref29">29</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>160 Hospitals</td><td>Primary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1983</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Physician labor costs(f), Other costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA, Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Borden JP, 1988<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref30">30</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>52 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1979-1984</td><td>Number of nurses(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Valdmanis VG, 1990<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref31">31</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>41 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1982</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Inpatient procedure, Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days, ICU days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Sear AM, 1991<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref32">32</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>142 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1982-1988</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Beds<br />Other</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other labor costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">DesHarnais S et al., 1991<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref33">33</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>245 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1983-1984</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of technical staff(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure(s), Physician visit(s), Hosp discharge(s), Emergency visit(s), Sub-acute/long-term patients(s), Trainees (FTEs)(other)<br />Health services<br />Other</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Dittman DA et al., 1991<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref34">34</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>105 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1981</td><td>Nurse time(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other costs(f), Hosp days(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge, Charges<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Nurse time(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other costs(f), Number of outpatient surgical centers(p), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge, Charges<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Nurse time(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozcan YA, 1992<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref35">35</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>40 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989</td><td>Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Operating cost(f), Total assets(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit(s), Hosp discharge(s), Hosp days(s), Trainees (FTEs)(other)<br />Health services<br />Other</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Bradbury RC et al., 1993<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref36">36</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>10 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1988-1989</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Hosp days<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other regression-based approach</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">McCue MJ et al., 1993<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref37">37</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>84 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1986-1990</td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Routine expenses<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Routine expenses<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other labor costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Other labor costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Hogan AJ et al., 1993<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref38">38</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>300 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1983-1984</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Outpatient procedure, Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Emergency visit, Hosp days, Training<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozcan YA et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref39">39</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>124 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1988-1990</td><td>Hosp days<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of physicians(p), Number of nurses(p), Number of other personnel(p), Supply capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Beds (counts)<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Physician visit<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Byrnes, Patricia et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref40">40</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>123 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1983</td><td>Number of nurses(p), Number of administrative staff(p), Number of technical staff(p), Number of other personnel(p), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Zuckerman S et al., 1994<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref41">41</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>4,149 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1986-1987</td><td>Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Vitaliano DF et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref42">42</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>219 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1991</td><td>Nurse labor costs(f), Technical staff labor costs(f), Other counts(p), Total costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Emergency visit, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /No /Yes</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">White KR et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref43">43</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>170 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1992</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Service volume(p), Operating cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Morey RC et al., 1996<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref44">44</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>105 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1978</td><td>Nurse labor costs(f), Administrative staff labor costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f), Total assets(p), Ancillary cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Koop G et al., 1997<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref45">45</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>382 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1987-1991</td><td>Other labor costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Operating cost(f), Total assets(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chirikos TN, 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref46">46</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>186 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1982-1993</td><td>Other labor costs(f), Equipment capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Beds (counts)(p), Total costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /Yes/No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">O&#39;Neill L, 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref47">47</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>27 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1992</td><td>Number of other personnel(p), Beds (counts)(p), Other counts(p), Operating cost(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Physician visit, Hosp discharge, Training<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Chirikos TN, 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref48">48</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>186 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>1982-1993</td><td>Equipment capital costs(f), Other capital costs(f), Total costs(f), Wage rate/wages(p)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge, Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>SFA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Ozcan YA et al., 1998<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref49">49</a></sup></td><td>Research</td><td>Hospital</td><td>214 Hospitals</td><td>Secondary data</td><td>Cross-sectional</td><td>1989</td><td>Hosp days(p), Total charges(f), Other costs(f)<br />Physical<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>DEA</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">Picker Institute, 1999<sup><a href="hcemappgrefs.html#ref50">50</a></sup></td><td>Descriptive</td><td>Hospital</td><td>NR</td><td>Data source N/A</td><td>Longitudinal</td><td>Yrs N/R</td><td>Total costs<br />Financial</td><td>Hosp discharge<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>X</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td scope="row">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Number of other personnel<br />Physical</td><td>Hosp days<br />Health services</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>Ratios</td><td>No /No /No</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="size2">[This table is continued in next section]</p><p class="size2"><a id="ast" name="ast"></a>*Explanatory variables: PR=Provider characteristics, AC=Area characteristics, PT=Patient characteristics, CM=Case mix adjustment, PM=Payment method</p> </div><!-- end: Basic Modal -->
<div class="current-as-of">Page last reviewed April 2008</div>
<div class="citation">
<span>Internet Citation: Appendix G: Characteristics of Health Care Efficiency Measures Published in Peer-Reviewed Literature [1982-2006]: Health Care Efficiency Measures: Identification, Categorization, and Evaluation.
April 2008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/efficiency/hcemappg.html</span>
<div class="citation-flag"></div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="footnote">
<p> The information on this page is archived and provided for reference purposes only.</p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div><!-- End of Content Body -->
<!-- Footer graphic 1.2-->
<table border="0" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td background="/images/bottom_ahrq_bkg.jpg" width="125">
<img alt="AHRQ" src="/images/bottom_ahrq_1.jpg" width="125">
</td>
<td background="/images/bottom_ahrq_bkg.jpg" width="100%">
<img alt="" src="/images/bottom_ahrq_bkg.jpg" width="10" height="34">
</td>
<td background="/images/bottom_ahrq_bkg.jpg" width="310">
<img alt="Advancing Excellence in Health Care" src="/images/bottom_ahrq_2.gif" width="310" height="34">
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- Footer links section -->
<div id="banner_Footer2">
<p>
<a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/">AHRQ Home</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="https://info.ahrq.gov/cgi-bin/ahrq.cfg/php/enduser/std_alp.php">Questions?</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/contact/index.html">Contact AHRQ</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/policy/electronic/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/policy/electronic/privacy/index.html">Privacy Policy</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/news/foia.htm">Freedom of Information Act</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/policy/electronic/disclaimers/index.html">Disclaimers</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="http://www.hhs.gov/open/recordsandreports/plainwritingact/index.html">Plain Writing Act</a>
<br/>
<a class="footer_navlink" href="http://www.hhs.gov">U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov">The White House</a> |
<a class="footer_navlink" href="http://www.usa.gov">USA.gov: The U.S. Government's Official Web Portal</a>
</p>
</div>
<div id="banner_Footeraddress">
<p>
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality <img alt="" src="/images/bottom_dot.gif"> 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 <img alt="" src="/images/bottom_dot.gif">
Telephone: (301) 427-1364
</p>
</div>
<!-- End of Footer links section -->
<!-- JavaScript at the bottom for fast page loading: http://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#js_bottom -->
<!-- Grab Google CDN's jQuery, with a protocol relative URL; fall back to local if offline -->
<script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="js/libs/jquery-1.7.2.min.js"><\/script>')</script>
<!-- scripts concatenated and minified via build script -->
<script src="/js/plugins.js"></script>
<script src="/js/script.js"></script>
<script src="/scripts/javascript.js"></script>
<!-- end scripts -->
</body>
</html>