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<p><strong>You Are Here:</strong> <span class="crumb_link"><a href="/" class="crumb_link">AHRQ Archive Home</a> &gt; <a href="/research/resarch.htm" class="crumb_link"><em>Research Activities</em> Archive</a> &gt; <a href="." class="crumb_link">December 2007</a> &gt; Feature Story </span></p>
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<td><h1><a name="h1" id="h1"></a> Feature Story </h1>
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<p>This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: <a href="https://info.ahrq.gov/">https://info.ahrq.gov</a>. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information. </p>
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<h2>Common medications provide equal blood pressure control</h2>
<p>Two common classes of blood pressure medications&#8212;angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)&#8212;are equally effective at controlling high blood pressure, according to a report released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The report, which analyzed published results from 61 studies, also found that ACEIs are slightly more likely than ARBs to cause a harmless but persistent dry cough. A summary of the report will be posted online in the <em>Annals of Internal Medicine</em>.</p> <p>
Authors of the report also said that more research is needed to learn how ACEIs and ARBs may differ when it comes to longer-term benefits and harms. In particular, more information is needed about how the medications may differ in decreasing the risks of heart attack, stroke, or death.</p>
<p>Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls. Systolic pressure measures pressure during a heartbeat, while diastolic pressure measures pressure between beats. The cause of high blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher) is often unknown. Because it typically has no symptoms, high blood pressure&#8212;also known as hypertension&#8212;is often called "the silent killer."</p> <p>
More than 65 million American adults&#8212;about one-third of the adult population&#8212;have high blood pressure. If left untreated, high blood pressure can cause catastrophic health problems: the heart may enlarge, which can lead to heart failure; small bulges&#8212;aneurysms&#8212;may form in blood vessels, including the aorta (the main artery to the heart) and others in the brain, legs, and intestines; blood vessels in the kidney may narrow, causing kidney failure; blood vessels in the eyes may burst or bleed, possibly leading to blindness; and arteries throughout the body may "harden" faster, potentially leading to heart attack or stroke.</p>
<p>The AHRQ-funded study, completed by the Agency's Duke
University Evidence-based Practice Center in Durham, N.C., compared both the benefits and harmful effects of ACEIs and ARBs. Both classes of drugs control blood pressure effectively by targeting a key hormone that helps regulate blood pressure. The AHRQ-funded study did not include other blood pressure treatments such as diuretics or beta blockers.</p>
<p>The ACEIs included in the AHRQ analysis were benazepril (sold as Lotensin), captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), fosinopril (Monopril), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), moexipril (Univasc), perindopril (Aceon), quinapril (Accupril), ramipril (Altace), and trandolapril (Mavik). The ARBs included were candesartan cilexetil (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), olmesartan medoxomil (Benicar), telmisartan (Micardis), and valsartan (Diovan).</p>
<p>Among the report's conclusions:</p>
<ul>
<li>ACEIs and ARBs are equally effective at controlling blood pressure. This conclusion is based on studies that included 16,597 patients who were followed for periods from 12 weeks to 5 years.</li>
<li>In studies of patients in everyday clinical settings, a dry cough was reported by about 1.7 percent of patients who took ACEIs and about 0.6 percent who took ARBs. Patients who took ACEIs in clinical trials were slightly more likely than patients who took ARBs to withdraw from the studies.</li>
<li>It is unknown whether ACEIs and ARBs differ when it comes to long-term benefits and risks. Among available studies, there are not enough cases of death or stroke to make conclusions. More research is needed.</li>
<li>There are no consistently apparent differences between ACEIs and ARBs when it comes to impacting blood fats known as lipids, managing or slowing the progression of diabetes, controlling renal disease, or impacting heart function.</li>
<li>More research is needed to compare the drugs' benefits and harms for hypertension patients who have additional health problems, such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and dyslipidemia (an imbalance in lipid/cholesterol metabolism). Future studies should include more patients who are older and from ethnic and racial minorities.</li>
</ul>
<p>The new report, <em>Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) for Treating Essential Hypertension</em>, is the newest analysis from AHRQ's Effective Health Care program. That program is an ongoing Federal effort to compare alternative treatments for significant health conditions and make the findings public. The program helps patients, doctors, nurses, and others choose the most effective treatments.</p>
<p>The full report is available at AHRQ's Effective Health Care Web site, <a href="https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/">https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov</a>. Also available at the site are links to guides that summarize the report in plain language. A guide for consumers offers basic information on treating high blood pressure, the drugs' effectiveness and possible side effects, and average wholesale pricing.</p> <p>A guide for clinicians contains similar information and a "confidence scale" that measures the strength of current scientific evidence, plus it identifies clinical areas where knowledge is lacking. Both guides warn that the medications can cause birth defects or fetal death when taken during pregnancy.</p>
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