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<p><strong>You Are Here:</strong> <span class="crumb_link"><a href="/" class="crumb_link">AHRQ Archive Home</a> &gt; <a href="/prep/" class="crumb_link">Public Health Preparedness Archive</a> &gt; <a href="." class="crumb_link">School-Based Emergency Preparedness</a> </span></p>
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<td><h1> <a name="h1" id="h1"></a> </h1>
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<td><div id="centerContent"><p><strong>Public Health Emergency Preparedness</strong></p> <div class="headnote">
<p>This resource was part of AHRQ's Public Health Emergency Preparedness program, which was discontinued on June 30, 2011, in a realignment of Federal efforts.</p>
<!-- <p>Now this resource is supported by the <a href="http://emergency.cdc.gov/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC).</p> -->
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<p>Please go to <a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/">www.ahrq.gov</a> for current information.</p></div>
<h1>Part II. The Brookline
Schools Readiness Project: A Roadmap to Creating a Comprehensive School Emergency Response Plan</h1>
<p>Simultaneous with the development of recommendations described
in Part I, The Center for Biopreparedness at Children's Hospital Boston approached
the Town of Brookline with an offer to create a comprehensive School Emergency
Response Plan for the Brookline schools. Janice Balsam Danielson, a former Brookline teacher, was recruited as the primary project scientist overseeing the project. </p>
<a id="Characteristics" name="Characteristics"></a>
<h2>Brookline School System Characteristics</h2>
<p>The Town of Brookline, which
is contiguous with the City of Boston, has approximately 55,000 citizens and
its own government. The Brookline Public Schools (BPS) consist of eight elementary
schools, one high school, several preschool and after-school programs, and a
full range of after-school athletics. There are approximately 1,100 staff members,
including teachers, administrators, and nurses. The BPS system services
approximately 7,000 children. It is governed by an elected School Committee and
administered by a Superintendent. The Superintendent, along with several
Assistant Superintendents, is responsible for overseeing programming, budget,
and other administrative tasks.</p>
<p>Each of the eight elementary
schools serves children from kindergarten through eighth grade. One of the
schools has a pre-kindergarten program; there is a preschool program for three-
and four-year-olds in a separate facility. The elementary schools differ significantly
from one another in size and physical structure. Some of the buildings are more
than 50 years old, while others are recent constructions. The schools vary in
size; one serves as few as 400 students while another serves more than 700.
Each elementary school has an extended day program from 2:00 p.m.-5:45 p.m. for
students in kindergarten through grade three. The town high school has
approximately 1,800 students. In addition, each of the elementary schools and the
high school offer after-school enrichment programs with a variety of course
offerings, as well as a homework center and after-school athletics. </p>
<p class="size2"><a href="index.html#contents">Return to Contents</a></p>
<a id="Review" name="Review"></a>
<h2>National Review of School Emergency
Response Plans</h2>
<p>Before initiating the Brookline Schools Project, we
contacted 20 school systems throughout the Nation requesting copies of their
Emergency Response Plans in order to analyze protocols that were in place in
2004. While focusing primarily on Massachusetts schools, we also sought to
obtain data that would be most generalizable by obtaining information from
schools in each of the four U.S. regions as well as from both urban and
suburban school systems.</p>
<p>We received responses from eight school districts. School
personnel from these districts contributed their most current emergency
response manuals, several of which were created directly from the U. S. Department
of Education monograph, <em>Practical Information on Crisis Planning</em>. Additionally,
we spoke with safety officers from these school districts in an effort to
determine their impressions of the effectiveness of these plans.</p>
<p>Manuals were content-analyzed for: </p>
<ul>
<li>Thoroughness of implementing the four-phase approach to
planning for a disaster.</li>
<li>Degree to which school emergency response plans provided
an all-hazard approach.</li>
<li>The specificity of instructions for response to particular
emergency situations.</li>
<li>The clarity, practicality, and usability of the plans by
crisis teams, teachers, nurses, and other school staff.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Results</h3><p>Emergency response plans were received and reviewed
from the following school systems: </p>
<ul>
<li>LA County Unified School District (CA).</li>
<li>Milwaukee Public Schools (WI).</li>
<li>Denver Public Schools (CO).</li>
<li>Sarasota County Schools (FL).</li>
<li>Brookline Public Schools (MA).</li>
<li>Newton Public Schools (MA).</li>
<li>Winchester Public Schools (MA).</li>
<li>Martha's Vineyard Public Schools (MA). </li>
</ul>
<h4>Principle Findings (<a href="schoolapa.htm">Appendix A</a>)</h4>
<ul>
<li>While many of these school plans were comprehensive,
representing hours of thoughtful work, they were not necessarily practical
to implement in the particular school setting. </li>
<li>Some of these plans contained all the elements recommended
by the Department of Education (e.g., the four-phase approach to crisis
management). To varying degrees, plans elaborated specific protocols for
responding to specific crises (e.g., a school shooting). All contained a
crisis notification/communication plan and recommendations for the development
of crisis management teams. </li>
<li>Some of the crisis manuals were voluminous and
inadequately indexed, making rapid access to pertinent information
difficult. </li>
<li>Many
manuals did not outline protocols for responding to some of the relatively
common emergencies that occur in schools, such as suspected drugs/alcohol,
or medical emergencies. <20></li>
<li>While some of the information remained constant each year,
several details changed based on important differences that occurred from
one school year to the next. This approach of annual re-evaluation and
alteration is designed to produce a &quot;living document.&quot;</li>
<li>While every school had well-established evacuation plans,
few had plans for relocation, fewer had lockdown plans, and virtually none
had sheltering-in plans. </li>
<li>Many plans omitted specific guidelines for communication
between local emergency responders and the school.<2E> </li>
<li>Some plans did not include specific recommendations for
developing lines of communication among responders within school
buildings. </li>
<li>While most of the school plans had an assigned role for a
crisis team member to communicate with the media, many did not include
sufficiently detailed recommendations on communicating with parents during
or after an emergency. </li>
<li>There was no specific methodology for training crisis
teams, school nurses, or other school personnel. </li>
<li>In telephone conversations with school safety officers
from two of the districts, they expressed frustration with the relative
lack of universal plan implementation among all the schools, particularly
in decentralized, larger school districts. In cases where the individual
principal was given responsibility for developing the school-specific plan
and training/preparing staff, other priorities often took precedence. In
addition, they felt that money for developing preparedness was
disproportionately spent on planning for large-scale disasters and that
more emphasis should be spent preparing schools to respond to the more
common emergencies (e.g., guns in schools and missing children). </li>
</ul>
<p>Other findings are summarized and
tabulated in <a href="schoolapa.htm">Appendix A</a>.<2E> </p>
<p class="size2"><a href="index.html#contents">Return to Contents</a><br />
<a href="school7.htm">Proceed to Next Section</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="footnote">
<p> The information on this page is archived and provided for reference purposes only.</p></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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