National Healthcare Disparities Report, 2013
Chapter 2: Text Descriptions
Figure 2.1. Women ages 50-74 who reported they had a mammogram within the past 2 years, by income and ethnicity, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2010
| Income / Ethnicity | 2000 | 2003 | 2005 | 2008 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | 62.1% | 60.2% | 53.2% | 58.6% | 56.2% |
| Low Income | 67.2% | 66.4% | 60.5% | 60.2% | 58.3% |
| Middle Income | 75.6% | 75.6% | 72.4% | 70.6% | 71.1% |
| High Income | 86.4% | 83.9% | 80.5% | 84.1% | 83.0% |
| White | 78.5% | 76.6% | 73.7% | 73.9% | 73.3% |
| Black | 76.1% | 75.7% | 70.7% | 77.1% | 72.7% |
| Hispanic | 68.6% | 70.8% | 65.0% | 68.3% | 69.9% |
| Total | 77.2% | 75.7% | 72.0% | 73.7% | 72.4% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2010.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized women ages 50-74.
Note: White and Black are non-Hispanic. Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 88%
Figure 2.2. Women ages 50-74 who reported they had a mammogram within the past 2 years, by English proficiency, preferred language, and ethnicity, California, 2009
| English Proficiency / Preferred Language / Ethnicity | Percent |
|---|---|
| Total | 86.3 |
| English Only | 86.9 |
| Well / Very Well | 87.3 |
| Not Well / Not at All | 81.7 |
| English | 86.9 |
| Spanish | 85.7 |
| Chinese | 73.0 |
| Korean | 57.0 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 87.0 |
| Chinese | 78.8 |
| Korean | 64.1 |
| Vietnamese | 93.6 |
Source: University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research, California Health Interview Survey, 2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized women ages 50-74 in California.
Figure 2.3. Age-adjusted rate of advanced stage breast cancer per 100,000 women age 40 and over, by ethnicity and race, 2000-2009
| Race / Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non Hispanic White (per 100,000) | 96.5 | 97.1 | 95.6 | 92.4 | 94.3 | 93.1 | 94.0 | 94.5 | 94.4 | 92.6 | 22.1 |
| Hispanic (per 100,000) | 79.9 | 78.7 | 79.0 | 74.1 | 76.1 | 81.0 | 77.6 | 78.6 | 79.3 | 75.0 | 14.4 |
| White (per 100,000) | 95.6 | 96.5 | 94.1 | 90.4 | 92.1 | 91.6 | 91.7 | 91.6 | 91.4 | 89.6 | NA |
| Black (per 100,000) | 99.5 | 98.8 | 102.5 | 103.1 | 106.5 | 104.1 | 107.7 | 110.6 | 111.3 | 108.4 | NA |
| AI/AN (per 100,000) | 53.6 | 53.4 | 58.3 | 48.7 | 52.6 | 55.9 | 53.9 | 61.3 | 53.2 | 50.6 | NA |
| API (per 100,000) | 61.8 | 59.2 | 62.4 | 60.2 | 64.3 | 62.9 | 61.8 | 64.3 | 65.2 | 61.7 | NA |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, National Program of Cancer Registries, United States Cancer Statistics. Includes National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries meeting United States Cancer Statistics publication criteria for every year. Covers 90.1% of the total U.S. population. States excluded are: Arkansas, District of Columbia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Virginia.
Denominator: Women age 40 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Advanced stage breast cancer is defined as local stage with tumor size greater than 2 cm diameter, regional stage or distant stage.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 81 per 100,000
Figure 2.4. Women with clinical Stage I-IIb breast cancer who received axillary node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy at the time of lumpectomy or mastectomy, by race/ethnicity and income, 2004-2010
| Race / Ethnicity / Income | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic | 89.3% | 91.5% | 92.0% | 93.7% | 94.3% | 95.0% | 94.9% |
| Black | 88.2% | 90.5% | 91.6% | 92.8% | 94.2% | 93.9% | 94.6% |
| White | 87.9% | 89.9% | 90.9% | 92.3% | 93.8% | 94.1% | 94.4% |
| Mexican | 93.6% | 92.3% | 93.5% | 95.9% | 95.6% | 95.3% | 95.0% |
| Cuban | 83.9% | 84.8% | 89.7% | 93.9% | 90.5% | 91.5% | 96.8% |
| Puerto Rican | 84.3% | 89.7% | 87.1% | 92.6% | 93.0% | 92.0% | 97.3% |
| Poor | 85.9% | 89.7% | 91.2% | 89.6% | 94.9% | 94.8% | 95.5% |
| Low Income | 88.2% | 90.1% | 90.7% | 92.6% | 93.8% | 94.3% | 94.5% |
| Middle Income | 87.8% | 89.9% | 91.2% | 92.3% | 93.9% | 93.8% | 94.4% |
| High Income | 88.7% | 90.3% | 90.9% | 91.5% | 93.5% | 93.5% | 94.2% |
| Total | 88.2% | 90.1% | 90.9% | 92.4% | 93.8% | 94.1% | 94.5% |
Source: Commission on Cancer, American College of Surgeons and American Cancer Society, National Cancer Data Base, 2004-2010.
Denominator: Women with Stage I-IIb breast cancer undergoing lumpectomy or mastectomy.
Note: White and Black are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 97%
Figure 2.5. Women under age 70 treated for breast cancer with breast-conserving surgery who received radiation therapy within 1 year of diagnosis, by race/ethnicity and income, 2004-2010
| Race / Ethnicity / Income | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic | 72.1% | 70.1% | 70.7% | 72.6% | 74.9% | 67.8% | 70.2% |
| Black | 76.5% | 75.8% | 78.1% | 79.3% | 81.3% | 79.6% | 75.9% |
| White | 84.0% | 83.5% | 85.1% | 86.0% | 87.2% | 84.1% | 83.7% |
| Mexican | 77.0% | 75.3% | 72.5% | 72.6% | 79.2% | 71.4% | 70.2% |
| Cuban | 72.4% | 65.3% | 68.1% | 80.0% | 82.7% | 57.7% | 57.1% |
| Puerto Rican | 69.5% | 79.6% | 80.6% | 78.6% | 82.5% | 74.2% | 84.4% |
| Poor | 74.0% | 77.4% | 77.3% | 75.0% | 79.0% | 71.9% | 77.1% |
| Low Income | 82.3% | 81.7% | 83.4% | 84.3% | 85.5% | 82.3% | 81.8% |
| Middle Income | 83.2% | 83.0% | 84.4% | 84.7% | 85.7% | 83.2% | 82.3% |
| High Income | 81.9% | 81.5% | 82.6% | 85.1% | 85.4% | 79.9% | 80.4% |
| Total | 82.5% | 82.0% | 83.5% | 84.3% | 85.5% | 82.4% | 81.9% |
Source: Commission on Cancer, American College of Surgeons and American Cancer Society, National Cancer Data Base, 2004-2010.
Denominator: Women under age 70 undergoing breast-conserving surgery.
Note: White and Black are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races. Data for 2008 and 2009 may be lower due to the timing of data collected. Radiation can be administered 1 year from diagnosis, so registries may not complete radiation information at the time of case abstraction.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 94%
Figure 2.6. Age-adjusted breast cancer deaths per 100,000 women, by race and ethnicity, 2000-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI/AN (per 100,000) | 13.6 | 11.8 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 14.8 | 15.2 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 11.5 |
| API (per 100,000) | 12.3 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 11.9 |
| Black (per 100,000) | 34.5 | 34.4 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 32.2 | 32.8 | 31.6 | 31.4 | 31.1 | 30.5 | 30.3 |
| White (per 100,000) | 26.3 | 25.5 | 25.0 | 24.7 | 23.9 | 23.4 | 22.9 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 21.7 | 21.5 |
| Hispanic (per 100,000) | 16.9 | 16.3 | 15.5 | 16.1 | 15.6 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 14.4 |
| Non-Hispanic White (per 100,000) | 26.8 | 26.0 | 25.6 | 25.2 | 24.5 | 24.0 | 23.5 | 23.0 | 22.5 | 22.3 | 22.1 |
| Total (per 100,000) |
26.8 | 26.0 | 25.6 | 25.3 | 24.4 | 24.1 | 23.5 | 22.9 | 22.5 | NA | NA |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System-Mortality, 2000-2009.
Denominator: U.S. female population.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Total rate is age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 17 per 100,000
Figure 2.7. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality by race/ethnicity, Hawaii, 1995-2000
| Race / Ethnicity | Mortality rate per 100,000 | Incidence Rate per 100,000 |
|---|---|---|
| All Races | 18.1 | 128.3 |
| Native Hawaiian | 31.0 | 162.4 |
| Filipino | 14.2 | 93.1 |
| Chinese | 14.9 | 109.8 |
| Japanese | 12.2 | 133.2 |
| Caucasian | 25.4 | 149.6 |
Source: American Cancer Society, 2004.
Figure 2.8. Adults who reported receiving a blood pressure measurement in the last 2 years and can state whether their blood pressure was normal or high, by race/ethnicity and sex, 2008
| Sex | White | Black | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 93.6% | 93.5% | 89.0% |
| Female | 95.4% | 95.2% | 92.8% |
| Male | 91.7% | 91.6% | 85.0% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2008.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 18 and over.
Note: Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.9. Adults who were diagnosed with high blood pressure, by English proficiency, preferred language, ethnicity, and Asian ethnicity, California, 2011-2012
| Percent | |
|---|---|
| Total | 27.2 |
| English Only | 30.4 |
| Well / Very Well | 19.9 |
| Not Well / Not at All | 29.6 |
| English | 27.3 |
| Spanish | 27.0 |
| Chinese | 20.6 |
| Vietnamese | 33.8 |
| Korean | 35.4 |
| White | 30.3 |
| Black | 40.5 |
| Mexican | 23.5 |
| Puerto Rican | 33.0 |
| Central American | 27.2 |
| South American | 15.5 |
| Chinese | 18.7 |
| Korean | 24.9 |
| Vietnamese | 25.1 |
| Filipino | 25.7 |
Source: University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research, California Health Interview Survey, 2011-2012.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. White and Black are non-Hispanic.
Figure 2.10. Adults currently diagnosed with heart disease who had emergency room visits in the past 12 months, by English proficiency, preferred language, and ethnicity, California, 2011-2012
| Percent | |
|---|---|
| Total | 17.9 |
| English Only | 16.2 |
| Well / Very Well | 21.9 |
| Not Well / Not at All | 21.0 |
| English | 17.3 |
| Spanish | 19.6 |
| White | 15.0 |
| Black | 23.8 |
| Mexican | 23.8 |
Source: University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research, California Health Interview Survey, 2011-2012.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. White and Black are non-Hispanic.
Figure 2.11. Inpatient deaths per 1,000 adult hospital admissions with heart attack, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2010
| 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (per 1,000) | 100.2 | 97.2 | 88.2 | 83.3 | 78.3 | 72.4 | 66.3 | 59.9 | 54.5 | 52.8 |
| Black (per 1,000) | 95.2 | 88.2 | 84.0 | 75.2 | 67.6 | 60.8 | 57.6 | 48.4 | 47.6 | 48.6 |
| Hispanic (per 1,000) | 99.5 | 94.1 | 88.8 | 80.8 | 77.4 | 72.5 | 65.3 | 59.0 | 59.4 | 55.4 |
| API (per 1,000) | 91.3 | 96.7 | 85.6 | 85.6 | 77.0 | 83.5 | 72.8 | 61.1 | 59.0 | 56.8 |
| Q1 (Lowest) (per 1,000) | 105.9 | 97.6 | 90.9 | 87.4 | 78.8 | 74.3 | 68.7 | 61.6 | 54.5 | 54.1 |
| Q2 (per 1,000) | 100.8 | 94.5 | 90.2 | 82.9 | 79.2 | 73.7 | 67.1 | 60.1 | 56.8 | 53.0 |
| Q3 (per 1,000) | 98.5 | 90.3 | 83.5 | 78.0 | 74.2 | 69.9 | 66.0 | 56.1 | 53.1 | 48.6 |
| Q4 (Highest) (per 1,000) | 94.6 | 90.7 | 80.1 | 76.8 | 72.2 | 67.9 | 61.8 | 56.2 | 51.1 | 48.9 |
| Total (per 1,000) | 100.4 | 93.6 | 86.7 | 81.7 | 76.3 | 71.6 | 66.1 | 58.8 | 54.1 | 51.4 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; Q1 represents the lowest income quartile and Q4 represents the highest income quartile based on the median income of a patient's ZIP Code of residence.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2001-2010.
Denominator: Adults age 18 and over admitted to a non-Federal community hospital in the United States with acute myocardial infarction as principal discharge diagnosis.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age, major diagnostic category, all payer refined-diagnosis related group risk of mortality score, and transfers into the hospital. White, Black, and API are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 48 per 1,000
Figure 2.12. Adult admissions for congestive heart failure per 100,000 population, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2010
| 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (per 100,000) | 414.6 | 414.0 | 372.8 | 372.7 | 365.4 | 347.0 | 326.3 | 315.7 | 306.6 | 284.6 |
| Black (per 100,000) | 1,083.7 | 1,041.3 | 859.2 | 938.1 | 846.7 | 862.4 | 828.6 | 766.3 | 742.3 | 717.4 |
| Hispanic (per 100,000) | 483.9 | 608.3 | 616.9 | 592.5 | 503.5 | 436.5 | 408.6 | 339.4 | 336.8 | 348.8 |
| API (per 100,000) | 309.5 | 307.9 | 253.6 | 289.7 | 224.8 | 213.5 | 216.9 | 214.7 | 199.0 | 214.8 |
| Q1 (Lowest) (per 100,000) | 610.9 | 599.6 | 598.9 | 576.0 | 557.2 | 566.1 | 511.4 | 490.3 | 480.2 | 447.7 |
| Q2 (per 100,000) | 521.4 | 518.3 | 463.5 | 450.3 | 419.4 | 413.0 | 388.3 | 373.7 | 363.4 | 333.7 |
| Q3 (per 100,000) | 427.5 | 444.1 | 397.5 | 384.1 | 377.8 | 359.4 | 335.9 | 327.4 | 322.0 | 301.9 |
| Q4 (Highest) (per 100,000) | 413.3 | 376.7 | 334.9 | 347.1 | 349.1 | 333.8 | 296.0 | 299.2 | 292.8 | 256.6 |
| Total (per 100,000) | 481.9 | 488.6 | 435.2 | 443.1 | 425.7 | 406.9 | 385.8 | 367.3 | 355.6 | 332.3 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; Q1 represents the lowest income quartile and Q4 represents the highest income quartile based on the median income of a patient’s ZIP Code of residence.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, and AHRQ Quality Indicators modified version 4.1, 2001-2010.
Denominator: U.S. resident population age 18 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age and sex. White, Black, and API are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 195 per 100,000
Figure 2.13. Adults who reported receiving a cholesterol check in the last 5 years, by race and insurance, 2011
| Race | Insured | Uninsured |
|---|---|---|
| White | 82.7% | 48.8% |
| NHOPI | 75.1% | 34.8% |
Key: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011.
Denominator: Adults age 18 and over.
Figure 2.14. Adult admissions for congestive heart failure per 100,000 population, State of Hawaii, by granular ethnicity, 2010
| Ethnicity | Admissions per 100,000 |
|---|---|
| White | 177.52 |
| Native Hawaiian | 478.67 |
| Samoan | 2,664.23 |
| Other Pacific Islander | 1,021.36 |
| Chinese | 190.2 |
| Filipino | 380.11 |
| Japanese | 197.12 |
| Korean | 247.26 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2010.
Denominator: Adults age 18 and over in Hawaii based on the Hawaii Health Survey.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age and gender using the total U.S. population for 2000 as the standard population.
Figure 2.15. Excess number of hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, by race/ethnicity, 2010
| Race / Ethnicity | Expected at Best Rate | Excess |
|---|---|---|
| White | 293,553 | 165,126 |
| Black | 49,399 | 145,161 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 20,139 | 3,605 |
| Hispanic | 59,714 | 54,643 |
Key: API = Asian and Pacific Islander.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2010.
Note: White, Black, and API are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.16. Excess number of hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, by area income, 2010
| Area Income | Expected at Best Rate | Excess |
|---|---|---|
| First Quartile (Lowest) | 107,214 | 156,285 |
| Second Quartile | 105,036 | 87,390 |
| Third Quartile | 106,570 | 70,083 |
| Fourth Quartile (Highest) | 107,513 | 43,915 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2010.
Figure 2.17. New end stage renal disease patients age 18 and over who saw a nephrologist at least 12 months prior to initiation of renal replacement therapy, by race and ethnicity, 2005-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 27.0% | 27.7% | 28.5% | 29.9% | 29.7% | 31.0% |
| Black | 21.8% | 22.9% | 23.9% | 24.5% | 24.8% | 25.3% |
| API | 24.7% | 24.8% | 27.1% | 27.9% | 28.7% | 29.9% |
| AI/AN | 24.5% | 26.4% | 24.6% | 27.9% | 26.7% | 24.7% |
| Hispanic | 19.0% | 20.6% | 20.4% | 21.3% | 21.6% | 22.6% |
| Non-Hispanic | 26.3% | 27.1% | 28.1% | 29.4% | 29.4% | 30.4% |
| Total | 25.4% | 26.2% | 27.1% | 28.3% | 28.3% | 29.3% |
Key: API: Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Renal Data System, 2005-2010.
Denominator: Denominator includes all new ESRD patients age 18 and over with valid CMS-2728 Medical Evidence form, and a nonmissing value for the question: did you see a nephrologist at all?
Numerator: Patients who saw a nephrologist at least 12 months prior to initiation of renal replacement therapy.
Note: Hispanic and non-Hispanic include all races.
2010 Achievable Benchmark: 51%
Figure 2.18. Dialysis patients under age 70 who were registered for transplantation within a year of ESRD initiation, by race and ethnicity, 2001-2009
| Race / Ethnicity | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 14.3% | 14.5% | 14.7% | 15.4% | 15.9% | 17.0% | 17.0% | 17.0% | 17.4% |
| White | 16.1% | 16.3% | 16.6% | 16.8% | 17.6% | 18.5% | 18.2% | 18.1% | 18.3% |
| Black | 10.3% | 10.7% | 10.6% | 11.7% | 12.1% | 13.1% | 13.4% | 13.4% | 13.9% |
| API | 27.8% | 26.8% | 27.6% | 29.7% | 26.4% | 30.1% | 32.2% | 32.2% | 32.5% |
| AI/AN | 8.4% | 11.1% | 9.2% | 11.0% | 11.4% | 11.5% | 13.1% | 13.9% | 13.3% |
| Hispanic | 13.7% | 14.2% | 14.6% | 14.5% | 15.9% | 17.8% | 17.6% | 17.6% | 18.1% |
| Non-Hispanic | 14.4% | 14.6% | 14.7% | 15.5% | 15.9% | 16.8% | 16.9% | 16.9% | 17.2% |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Renal Data System, 2001-2009.
Denominator: New end stage renal disease patients (receiving hemodialysis or periotoneal dialysis) in the given year who were under age 70 and had a known State of residence in the 50 States or the District of Columbia.
Numerator: Patients who were either wait-listed or received a deceased-donor kidney within 1 year of their ESRD initiation date.
Note: Patients who received a transplant at any time from a live donor or residing in American territories were excluded. Percentages are estimated using the Kaplan-Meier methodology. Hispanic and non-Hispanic include all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 27%
Figure 2.19. Adults age 40 and over with diagnosed diabetes who reported receiving four recommended services for diabetes in the calendar year (2+ hemoglobin A1c tests, foot exam, dilated eye exam, and flu shot), by race/ethnicity and income, 2008-2010
| Race / Ethnicity / Income | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 21.0% | 23.2% | 24.6% |
| White | 22.7% | 26.9% | 26.2% |
| Black | 16.6% | 18.3% | 20.0% |
| Hispanic | 18.7% | 13.3% | 20.7% |
| Poor | 16.2% | 15.4% | 20.8% |
| Low Income | 17.9% | 17.8% | 22.6% |
| Middle Income | 17.0% | 20.1% | 23.2% |
| High Income | 27.8% | 32.9% | 28.6% |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2008-2010.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population with diagnosed diabetes, age 40 and over.
Note: Data include people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using two age groups: 40-59 and 60 and over. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.20. People with current diabetes whose doctor helped to develop a diabetes management plan, by Asian and Hispanic subpopulations and English proficiency, California, 2011-2012
| California Total | Asian Total | Chinese | Vietnamese | South Asian | Well / Very Well | Not Well / Not at All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 77.5% | 67.0% | 63.5% | 74.3% | 46.2% | 74.0% | 48.4% |
| Hispanic Total | Mexican | Central American | English only | Well / Very Well | Not Well / Not at All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68.8% | 67.3% | 69.4% | 88.5% | 75.9% | 57.8% |
Source: UCLA, Center for Health Policy Research, California Health Interview Survey, 2011-2012.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population in California.
Note: The Asian subpopulation sample size for "English Only" speakers did not meet requirements for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality and is not included.
Figure 2.21. Adults with diabetes receiving diabetes management education, by ethnicity, Hawaii, 2011
| Year | State | Native Hawaiians | Filipino | White | Japanese | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000-2002 | 48.0% | 47.0% | 46.0% | 56.0% | 44.0% | 47.0% |
| 2005-2007 | 48.0% | 53.0% | 48.0% | 50.0% | 41.0% | 50.0% |
| 2008-2010 | 52.0% | 57.0% | 49.0% | 59.0% | 42.0% | 60.0% |
Source: Hawaii State Department of Health, 2011.
Note: All rates are 3-year averages.
Figure 2.22. Hospital admissions for uncontrolled diabetes per 100,000 population, age 18 and over, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2004-2010
| 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (per 100,000) | 22.1 | 21.0 | 20.3 | 20.9 | 20.6 | 20.9 | 20.6 |
| White (per 100,000) | 12.9 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 12.7 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 12.6 |
| Black (per 100,000) | 70.7 | 63.2 | 65.7 | 65.0 | 61.4 | 62.4 | 63.7 |
| API (per 100,000) | 10.8 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 7.0 |
| Hispanic (per 100,000) | 51.0 | 40.7 | 37.8 | 37.3 | 30.7 | 34.0 | 34.6 |
| Q1 (Lowest) (per 100,000) | 41.3 | 38.4 | 41.4 | 37.8 | 40.7 | 40.8 | 34.5 |
| Q2 (per 100,000) | 22.6 | 20.1 | 22.3 | 22.5 | 22.7 | 22.5 | 20.5 |
| Q3 (per 100,000) | 14.7 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 15.0 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 13.9 |
| Q4 (Highest) (per 100,000) | 9.7 | 10.8 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 8.8 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander. Q1 represents the lowest income quartile and Q4 represents the highest income quartile based on the median income of a patient's ZIP Code of residence.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample and AHRQ Quality Indicators, version 4.1, 2004-2010.
Denominator: U.S. resident population age 18 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. White, Black, and API are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 5 per 100,000
Figure 2.23. Hospital admissions for uncontrolled diabetes per 100,000 population in IHS, Tribal, and contract hospitals, age 18 and over, by age group, 2003-2011
| Age Group | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (per 100,000) | 37.8 | 31.4 | 29.3 | 26.3 | 23.8 | 17.3 | 23.9 | 22.4 | 18.3 |
| 18-44 (per 100,000) | 20.5 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 10.3 | 15.1 | 14.3 | 9.6 |
| 45-64 (per 100,000) | 51.7 | 47.7 | 37.8 | 36.5 | 32.6 | 23.8 | 27.4 | 28.8 | 24.6 |
| 65+ (per 100,000) | 62.5 | 50.1 | 56.2 | 40.9 | 32.2 | 24.5 | 41.1 | 31.7 | 31.9 |
Source: Indian Health Service, Office of Information Technology/National Patient Information Reporting System, National Data Warehouse, Workload and Population Data Mart, 2003-2011.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Total estimates are age adjusted using the total U.S. population for 2000 as the U.S. standard population. Service population does not include the Portland and California regions.
Figure 2.24. Adults age 20 and over with end stage renal disease due to diabetes, per million population, by race and ethnicity, 2003-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (per Million) | 155.3 | 156.0 | 156.1 | 160.3 | 155.2 | 153.4 | 154.1 | 151.7 |
| White (per Million) | 117.5 | 119.7 | 119.7 | 123.4 | 119.9 | 118.0 | 119.6 | 119.4 |
| Black (per Million) | 452.6 | 439.5 | 442.8 | 447.5 | 429.2 | 425.6 | 419.6 | 400.4 |
| API (per Million) | 176.2 | 179.2 | 179.9 | 198.5 | 191.5 | 190.7 | 193.5 | 187.3 |
| AI/AN (per Million) | 404.8 | 405.7 | 361.0 | 332.3 | 341.2 | 343.2 | 357.6 | 317.5 |
| Total (per Million) | 155.3 | 156.0 | 156.1 | 160.3 | 155.2 | 153.4 | 154.1 | 151.7 |
| Hispanic (per Million) | 328.4 | 323.4 | 315.4 | 325.2 | 315.7 | 315.3 | 306.4 | 307.6 |
| Non-Hispanic (per Million) | 141.7 | 142.8 | 143.5 | 146.9 | 142.1 | 140.0 | 141.5 | 139.2 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Renal Data System, 2003-2010.
Denominator: U.S. resident population.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age, sex, race, and interactions of age, sex and race. When reporting is by race and ethnicity, the adjustment is by age, sex, and interactions of age and sex. Hispanic and non-Hispanic include all races.
2010 Achievable Benchmark: 71 per Million
Figure 2.25. New AIDS cases per 100,000 population age 13 and over, by race/ethnicity, 2000-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (per 100,000) | 17.4 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 14.2 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 11.5 |
| White (per 100,000) | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.5 |
| Black (per 100,000) | 73.8 | 71.6 | 70.4 | 70.2 | 66.3 | 60.7 | 56.4 | 54.3 | 52.4 | 49.0 | 47.4 |
| API (per 100,000) | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
| AI/AN (per 100,000) | 10.0 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.4 | 6.7 | 7.8 |
| NHOPI (per 100,000) | 11.9 | NA | NA | 16.5 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 13.5 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 9.1 |
| Hispanic (per 100,000) | 28.4 | 26.7 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 23.6 | 22.6 | 21.5 | 20.0 | 18.7 | 18.1 | 15.5 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander, AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native, NHOPI= Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance System, 2000-2010.
Denominator: U.S. population age 13 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. White, Black, AI/AN, API and NHOPI are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.
2010 Achievable Benchmark: 2.8 per 100,000
Figure 2.26. HIV patients who received recommended care, by race/ethnicity and sex, 2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2 or More Outpatient Visits | 2 or More CD4 Tests | HAART | PCP | MAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 89.5% | 81.2% | 94.6% | 93.6% | 91.4% |
| White | 88.0% | 83.1% | 95.2% | 90.7% | 85.7% |
| Black | 89.5% | 78.5% | 94.0% | 95.0% | 92.5% |
| Hispanic | 91.7% | 85.1% | 95.4% | 93.7% | 93.3% |
| Sex | 2 or More Outpatient Visits | 2 or More CD4 Tests | HAART | PCP | MAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 89.3% | 81.0% | 94.8% | 93.8% | 90.9% |
| Female | 89.9% | 81.6% | 93.9% | 93.0% | 92.5% |
Key: HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; PCP = Pneumocystis pneumonia; MAC = Mycobacterium avium complex.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, HIV Research Network, 2010.
Note: For HAART measure, adult HIV patients had to be enrolled in an HIV Network clinic, receive at least one CD4 test, and have at least one outpatient visit in addition to having at least one CD4 test result of 350 or less.
Figure 2.27. Adult HIV patients with viral suppression for first test in the year, by ethnicity and sex, 2008-2010
| Ethnicity / Sex | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 57.7% | 68.5% | 73.0% |
| White | 64.7% | 75.1% | 80.4% |
| Black | 52.5% | 64.4% | 67.8% |
| Hispanic | 61.1% | 69.5% | 74.7% |
| Male | 59.0% | 69.6% | 74.7% |
| Female | 54.4% | 65.8% | 68.7% |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, HIV Research Network, 2008-2010.
Denominator: Includes adult HIV patients enrolled in an HIV Research Network medical practice prior to the year. Patients who died, didn’t have an outpatient visit, or didn’t have a CD4 test in the year are excluded.
Note: Viral load suppression means HIV RNA <400 copies/mL. White and Black are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.28. HIV infection deaths per 100,000 population, by race and ethnicity, 2000-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI\AN (per 100,000) | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.6 |
| API (per 100,000) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Black (per 100,000) | 23.3 | 22.8 | 22.5 | 21.3 | 20.4 | 19.4 | 18.6 | 17.3 | 15.3 | 14 | 11.6 |
| White (per 100,000) | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
| Total (per 100,000) | 5.2 | 5 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
| White (per 100,000) | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
| Hispanic (per 100,000) | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.8 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander, AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System-Mortality, 2000-2010.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 0.9 per 100,000
Figure 2.29. HIV clients in Ryan White-funded care who were virally suppressed (most recent HIV RNA <200 copies/mL), by race/ethnicity and household income, 2010
| Race / Ethnicity / Income | Percent, 2010 |
|---|---|
| Total | 69.5 |
| White | 76.3 |
| Black | 63.3 |
| Asian | 78.8 |
| NHOPI | 70.5 |
| AI\AN | 70.4 |
| Hispanic | 73.6 |
| Poor | 67.3 |
| Low Income | 76.0 |
| Middle Income | 79.2 |
| High Income | 72.1 |
Key: AI/AN: American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI: Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Source: Health Resources and Services Administration, 2010.
Denominator: HIV-positive clients all ages who received Ryan White-funded HIV care during the year and had visit date and viral load data available. Clients with missing viral load are excluded.
Note: White, Black, AI/AN, Asian, NHOPI are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races. Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, from the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just below 300 percent of the poverty line; and high, and 300 percent of the poverty line and over.
Figure 2.30. HIV-positive clients in Ryan White-funded care who were retained in HIV care (at least 2 ambulatory visit dates at least 90 days apart), by race/ethnicity and household income, 2010
| Race / Ethnicity / Income | Percent, 2010 |
|---|---|
| Total | 75.7 |
| White | 76.6 |
| Black | 74.5 |
| Asian | 76.1 |
| NHOPI | 69.8 |
| AI\AN | 73.6 |
| Hispanic | 78.0 |
| Poor | 76.1 |
| Low Income | 80.9 |
| Middle Income | 80.7 |
| High Income | 78.8 |
Key: AI/AN: American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI: Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Source: Health Resources and Services Administration, 2010.
Denominator: Total estimated number of HIV-positive clients all ages who received at least one Ryan White-funded care visit during the year and have visit dates available.
Note: White, Black, AI/AN, Asian, NHOPI are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races. Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, from the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just below 300 percent of the poverty line; and high, 300 percent of the poverty line and over.
Figure 2.31. Adults with a major depressive episode in the past year who received treatment for depression in the past year, by race/ethnicity, 2008-2011
| Race / Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 68.3 % | 64.4 % | 68.2 % | 68.1 % |
| White | 71.8 % | 68.7 % | 71.8 % | 73.1 % |
| Black | 56.1 % | 53.2 % | 54.5 % | 54.3 % |
| Hispanic | 57.4 % | 49.3 % | 64.2 % | 53.2 % |
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008-2011.
Denominator: Adults age 18 and over and adolescents ages 12-17 with a major depressive episode in the past year.
Note: Major depressive episode is defined as a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of the symptoms of depression described in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Treatment for depression is defined as seeing or talking to a medical doctor or other professional or using prescription medication in the past year for depression. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.32. Adolescents with a major depressive episode in the past year who received treatment for depression in the past year, by race/ethnicity, 2008-2011
| Race / Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (Adolescents, ages 12-17) | 37.7% | 34.7% | 37.8% | 38.4% |
| White | 43.1% | 37.6% | 41.1% | 41.4% |
| Black | 32.6% | 25.4% | 23.0% | 41.0% |
| Hispanic | 30.3% | 33.1% | 38.4% | 29.4% |
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008-2011.
Denominator: Adolescents ages 12-17 with a major depressive episode in the past year.
Note: Major depressive episode is defined as a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of the symptoms of depression described in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Treatment for depression is defined as seeing or talking to a medical doctor or other professional or using prescription medication in the past year for depression. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.33. Suicide deaths per 100,000 population age 12 and over, by race and ethnicity, 2008-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 14.0% | 14.2% | 14.6% |
| White | 15.7% | 15.9% | 16.4% |
| Black | 6.3% | 6.2% | 6.2% |
| API | 6.7% | 7.1% | 7.6% |
| AI/AN | 12.2% | 12.1% | 13.1% |
| Non-Hispanic White | 17.3% | 17.5% | 18.1% |
| Hispanic | 6.7% | 7.0% | 7.1% |
Key: API = Asian and Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System-Mortality, 2008-2010.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 9 per 100,000
Figure 2.34. People age 12 and over who needed treatment for illicit drug use or an alcohol problem and who received such treatment at a specialty facility in the last 12 months, by race/ethnicity and sex, 2002-2011
| Race / Ethnicity / Sex | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 10.1% | 8.2% | 8.6% | 8.5% | 9.6% | 9.9% | 10.3% | 10.8% | 11.7% | 10.5% |
| Black | 15.3% | 13.1% | 17.3% | 18.4% | 14.2% | 18.2% | 13.2% | 14.7% | 12.8% | 14.3% |
| Hispanic | 7.4% | 6.4% | 9.7% | 11.7% | 14.3% | 6.0% | 5.4% | 7.4% | 8.1% | 10.2% |
| Total | 10.3% | 8.5% | 9.9% | 10.0% | 10.8% | 10.4% | 9.9% | 10.7% | 11.2% | 10.8% |
| Male | 9.9% | 8.8% | 10.2% | 10.2% | 10.7% | 10.9% | 10.3% | 11.2% | 11.0% | 10.7% |
| Female | 11.0% | 7.9% | 9.4% | 9.5% | 10.9% | 9.3% | 9.3% | 9.7% | 11.4% | 10.9% |
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002-2011.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 12 and over who needed treatment for illicit drug use or an alcohol problem.
Note: Treatment refers to treatment at a specialty facility, such as a drug and alcohol inpatient and/or outpatient rehabilitation facility, inpatient hospital setting, or mental health center. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2011 Achievable Benchmark: 15%
Figure 2.35. People age 12 and over treated for substance abuse who completed treatment course, by race/ethnicity and education, 2005-2010
| Race / Ethnicity / Education | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 45.0% | 47.5% | 45.1% | 46.6% | 46.7% | 44.1% |
| White | 46.7% | 49.2% | 46.6% | 48.3% | 48.3% | 45.3% |
| Black | 40.4% | 43.6% | 41.0% | 42.5% | 43.8% | 40.6% |
| Hispanic | 46.0% | 46.7% | 45.8% | 46.5% | 47.1% | 44.4% |
| <High School | 41.0% | 43.1% | 40.6% | 42.0% | 42.4% | 39.9% |
| High School Grad | 46.3% | 48.7% | 46.1% | 47.7% | 48.2% | 45.4% |
| Any College | 50.0% | 52.7% | 50.7% | 52.3% | 51.9% | 48.8% |
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005-2010.
Denominator: Discharges age 12 and over from publicly funded substance abuse treatment facilities.
Note: White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 74%
Figure 2.36. People age 12 and over treated for substance abuse who completed treatment course, by race/ethnicity, 2005-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 12.8% | 8.6% |
| Hispanic | 11.7% | 6.5% |
| Black | 13.0% | 12.9% |
| White | 13.0% | 8.5% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis.
Note: Estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. People were considered to have doctor-diagnosed arthritis if they answered yes to "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia?" Hispanic includes all races. White and Black are non-Hispanic.
Figure 2.37. Adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who reported they had effective, evidence-based arthritis education as an integral part of the management of their condition, by ethnicity and age, 2009
| Ethnicity | 18-44 | 45-64 | 65+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 56.4% | 59.6% | 55.4% |
| Hispanic | 64.6% | 68.3% | 59.8% |
| Black | 57.6% | 64.9% | 61.6% |
| White | 55.5% | 57.7% | 54.2% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis.
Note: Estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Hispanic includes all races. White and Black are non-Hispanic. People were considered to have doctor-diagnosed arthritis if they answered yes to "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia?"
Figure 2.38. Adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who reported they received health care provider counseling about physical activity or exercise, by income and race/ethnicity, 2009
| Race / Ethnicity | High income | Middle income | Low income | Poor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 44.4% | 40.0% | 40.4% | 46.2% |
| Hispanic | 41.1% | 55.9% | 55.9% | 52.0% |
| Black | 53.6% | 49.4% | 41.6% | 50.0% |
| White | 44.2% | 35.9% | 37.1% | 43.3% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized overweight and obese adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis.
Note: Estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. White and Black are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races. People were considered to have doctor-diagnosed arthritis if they answered yes to "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia?" For both men and women, overweight is BMI ≥ 25 to <30; obese is BMI ≥ 30.
Figure 2.39. Overweight and obese adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who reported they received health care provider counseling about weight reduction, by ethnicity/race, 2009
| Race / Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 55.8% | 56.7% | 58.8% | 57.9% | 59.2% | 58.4% | 59.9% | 60.0% | 62.6% | 63.3% | 61.9% | 65.1% |
| Black | 30.9% | 33.7% | 37.4% | 37.2% | 39.2% | 40.4% | 36.8% | 44.4% | 44.8% | 44.2% | 45.9% | 47.8% |
| Asian | 42.2% | 28.2% | 32.5% | 35.4% | 34.7% | 37.0% | 37.8% | 34.5% | 46.4% | 46.0% | 48.4% | 41.1% |
| Total | 53.4% | 54.2% | 56.2% | 55.7% | 57.0% | 56.3% | 57.3% | 57.8% | 60.3% | 61.0% | 60.1% | 62.7% |
| Non-Hispanic White | 56.9% | 57.9% | 60.4% | 59.6% | 60.9% | 60.5% | 61.9% | 62.1% | 64.6% | 65.0% | 63.7% | 66.8% |
| Hispanic | 30.5% | 33.0% | 27.6% | 31.5% | 34.1% | 29.0% | 33.2% | 32.4% | 37.0% | 40.5% | 39.4% | 44.5% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2000-2011.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 65 and over.
Note: Age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Benchmark is derived from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; see Chapter 1, Introduction and Methods, for details.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 67%
Figure 2.40. State variation in disparities related to education: adults age 65 and over who reported ever receiving pneumococcal immunization, 2010
| Biggest Disparity Quartile | Second Quartile | Third Quartile | Smallest Disparity Quartile |
|---|---|---|---|
| California | Alabama | Colorado | Idaho |
| Connecticut | Arizona | Delaware | Iowa |
| Georgia | Arkansas | Maryland | Massachusetts |
| Hawaii | Florida | Michigan | Nebraska |
| Kansas | Illinois | Minnesota | New Hampshire |
| Kentucky | Indiana | Montana | North Dakota |
| Louisiana | Maine | New Mexico | Oklahoma |
| Mississippi | Missouri | Oregon | South Dakota |
| New Jersey | Nevada | Rhode Island | Utah |
| New York | North Carolina | South Carolina | Vermont |
| Texas | Ohio | Tennessee | Wisconsin |
| NA | Pennsylvania | Washington | Wyoming |
| NA | Virginia | West Virginia | NA |
| Missing: Alaska |
Key: Biggest Disparity Quartile identifies States with the largest differences in rates of pneumococcal immunization between adults with less than a high school education and adults who graduated from college; Smallest Disparity Quartile identifies States with the smallest differences in rates of pneumococcal immunization between adults with less than a high school education and adults who graduated from college.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010.
Figure 2.41. Hospital patients age 50 and over with pneumonia who received influenza immunization status assessment or provision, by race/ethnicity, 2005-2011
| Race / Ethnicity | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 55.2% | 68.5% | 78.7% | 84.7% | 90.2% | 92.1% | 94.1% |
| White | 57.9% | 70.7% | 80.4% | 86.2% | 91.0% | 92.9% | 94.8% |
| Black | 43.9% | 60.0% | 72.1% | 79.7% | 86.2% | 89.5% | 92.3% |
| Hispanic | 41.5% | 58.8% | 70.9% | 77.1% | 88.0% | 87.4% | 89.6% |
| AI/AN | 56.4% | 58.8% | 69.0% | 74.6% | 80.1% | 84.9% | 87.9% |
| Asian | 43.9% | 58.5% | 71.5% | 80.8% | 87.3% | 90.6% | 93.5% |
Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare Quality Improvement Organization Program, 2005-2011.
Denominator: Patients age 50 and over discharged October-February with a principal discharge diagnosis of pneumonia or a principal discharge diagnosis of either septicemia or respiratory failure and secondary diagnosis of pneumonia.
Note: White, Black, AI/AN, and Asian are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2011 Achievable Benchmark: 97%
Figure 2.42. Long-stay nursing home residents who were assessed and given influenza and pneumococcal immunization, by race/ethnicity, 2011
| Race / Ethnicity | Influenza | Pneumococcal |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 89.5% | 93.3% |
| White | 90.4% | 94.3% |
| Black | 86.0% | 89.6% |
| Asian | 90.4% | 93.9% |
| NHOPI | 89.0% | 91.9% |
| AI/AN | 87.5% | 90.4% |
| >1 Race | 88.5% | 92.1% |
| Hispanic | 86.9% | 89.9% |
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Minimum Data Set, 2011. Data are from the third quarter of each calendar year.
Denominator: All long-stay residents in Medicare- or Medicaid-certified nursing home facilities.
Figure 2.43. Patients with tuberculosis who completed a curative course of treatment within 1 year of initiation of treatment, by race/ethnicity and place of birth, 2000-2009
| Year | White | Black | API | Hispanic | Total | Foreign Born |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 81.2% | 80.7% | 78.6% | 79.9% | 80.2% | 79.1% |
| 2001 | 82.2% | 81.2% | 80.4% | 78.5% | 80.5% | 80.0% |
| 2002 | 83.1% | 80.8% | 81.3% | 79.5% | 80.9% | 80.9% |
| 2003 | 82.8% | 81.8% | 81.8% | 80.1% | 81.5% | 81.4% |
| 2004 | 83.9% | 82.9% | 83.3% | 80.0% | 82.3% | 81.7% |
| 2005 | 83.7% | 83.6% | 81.5% | 82.5% | 82.8% | 81.9% |
| 2006 | 85.2% | 83.3% | 84.5% | 81.8% | 83.5% | 83.4% |
| 2007 | 85.0% | 86.7% | 83.4% | 82.6% | 84.4% | 83.4% |
| 2008 | 87.6% | 86.4% | 85.1% | 81.4% | 84.7% | 83.3% |
| 2009 | 88.0% | 87.1% | 85.7% | 84.4% | 86.1% | 84.8% |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, 2000-2009.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population treated for tuberculosis.
Note: White, Black, and API are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 94%
Figure 2.44. Patients with tuberculosis who completed a curative course of treatment within 1 year of initiation of treatment, by Asian and Pacific Islander and Hispanic granular ethnicities, 2008-2009
| Race / Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|
| Korean | 83.3% | 94.9% |
| Vietnamese | 84.4% | 92.0% |
| Asian Indian | 84.5% | 84.8% |
| Filipino | 85.3% | 87.1% |
| Chinese | 85.9% | 93.6% |
| Other Asian | 85.7% | 83.9% |
| Native Hawaiian | 82.4% | 90.1% |
| Other Pacific Islander | 80.9% | 89.7% |
| Mexican | 79.4% | 80.9% |
| Cuban | 91.9% | 93.8% |
| Puerto Rican | 93.8% | 90.4% |
| Other Hispanic | 82.5% | 87.3% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, 2008-2009.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population treated for tuberculosis.
2008 Achievable Benchmark: 94%
Figure 2.45. People with current asthma who report taking preventive asthma medicine daily or almost daily, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2003-2010
| Race / Ethnicity | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 29.6% | 29.7% | 31.2% | 30.9% | 28.3% | 25.9% | 25.1% | 26.5% |
| White | 29.7% | 30.9% | 34.5% | 33.9% | 29.8% | 28.0% | 27.0% | 28.9% |
| Black | 29.8% | 30.6% | 28.4% | 25.6% | 26.3% | 20.2% | 22.3% | 19.7% |
| Hispanic | 29.5% | 27.3% | 21.6% | 23.0% | 25.0% | 24.5% | 21.7% | 21.5% |
| High Income | 35.0% | 33.9% | 37.7% | 32.0% | 32.8% | 30.1% | 30.7% | 31.7% |
| Middle Income | 29.3% | 26.6% | 29.1% | 29.8% | 29.8% | 24.4% | 23.7% | 24.9% |
| Low Income | 25.1% | 26.7% | 27.3% | 28.3% | 23.8% | 24.6% | 23.9% | 23.9% |
| Poor | 27.9% | 30.5% | 25.9% | 31.5% | 23.0% | 23.5% | 20.1% | 22.1% |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2003-2010.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population with current asthma.
Note: Age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using four age groups: 0-17, 18-44, 45-64, and 65 and over. People with current asthma reported that they still had asthma or had an asthma attack in the last 12 months. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.46. People with current asthma who received written asthma management plans from their health provider, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2008
| Income | White | Black | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 32.7% | 42.4% | 28.4% |
| Poor | 26.8% | 33.4% | 36.1% |
| Low Income | 30.6% | 41.9% | 26.3% |
| Middle Income | 34.5% | 47.2% | 30.8% |
| High Income | 34.8% | 51.7% | 24.8% |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, 2008-2009.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population treated for tuberculosis.
Figure 2.47. People with current asthma whose doctor helped them to develop an asthma management plan, by Asian and Hispanic subgroups and English proficiency, California, 2011-2012
| California Total | Asian Total | Chinese | Filipino | Vietnamese | South Asian | English Only | Well / Very Well | Not Well / Not at All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 71.5 | 58.1% | 62.1% | 65.5% | 56.2% | 55.7% | 56.1% | 51.0% | 35.1% |
| Hispanic Total | Mexican | Central American | English only | Well / Very Well | Not Well / Not at All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68.0% | 68.7% | 59.7% | 74.3% | 62.9% | 50.6% |
Source: UCLA, Centers for Health Policy Research, California Health Interview Survey, 2011-12.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population in California.
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