- 8.74 MB]2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report
Chapter 2, Text Descriptions for Figures (continued)
Figure 2.39. Adults age 65 and over who reported having influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, by race/ethnicity and income, 2000-2010
| Race/Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 64.6 | 63.2 | 65.9 | 65.6 | 64.7 | 59.7 | 64.3 | 66.8 | 67.3 | 67 | 63.6 |
| Hispanic | 55.6 | 52.2 | 49.4 | 46.6 | 54.6 | 43.5 | 45.5 | 53.1 | 55.5 | 56.7 | 54 |
| Black | 48.2 | 47.6 | 49.8 | 48.3 | 46.2 | 39.7 | 48.6 | 56.3 | 51 | 53.4 | 52.5 |
| White | 66.6 | 65.4 | 68.8 | 68.6 | 67.2 | 63 | 67.2 | 69.3 | 70 | 69.1 | 65.7 |
| Income | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Income | 69.3 | 67.1 | 71.4 | 67.9 | 69.8 | 62.8 | 70.7 | 72.7 | 73 | 68.9 | 71.8 |
| Middle Income | 67.7 | 66.5 | 68.7 | 69.3 | 67.1 | 62.2 | 65 | 67.3 | 67.4 | 69.2 | 64.9 |
| Low Income | 60.1 | 58.8 | 61.8 | 62.5 | 61.7 | 55.7 | 60.6 | 61.4 | 63.3 | 63.7 | 56.8 |
| Poor | 55.4 | 53 | 53.8 | 55.2 | 52.2 | 52.6 | 56.3 | 59.7 | 57.1 | 60.4 | 50.5 |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2000-2010.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 65 and over.
Note: Age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Benchmark is derived from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; go to Chapter 1, Introduction and Methods, for details. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.40. State variation in disparities related to education: adults age 65 and over who reported having influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, 2010
| Quartile | States |
|---|---|
| Largest Disparity Quartile | California, Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, New Jersey |
| Second Quartile | North Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Georgia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Vermont, Connecticut |
| Third Quartile | Oregon, Idaho, Colorado, South Dakota, Missouri, Texas, Wisconsin, Tennessee, West Virginia, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Maine |
| Smallest Disparity Quartile | Washington, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, New Hampshire |
| Missing | Alaska |
Key: Largest Disparity Quartile identifies States with the largest relative difference in rates of influenza vaccination between adults with less than a high school education and adults who graduated from college; Smallest Disparity Quartile identifies States with the smallest relative differences in rates of influenza vaccination between adults with less than a high school education and adults who graduated from college.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010.
Figure 2.41. Hospital patients with pneumonia who received recommended hospital care, by race/ethnicity, 2007-2010.
| Race/Ethnicity | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 87.0 | 89.8 | 92.9 | 94.3 |
| White | 87.8 | 90.7 | 93.3 | 94.8 |
| Black | 84.5 | 87.6 | 91.0 | 93.1 |
| Hispanic | 82.1 | 85.2 | 91.6 | 90.9 |
| AI/AN | 83.2 | 84.8 | 87.9 | 89.8 |
| Asian | 83.2 | 87.6 | 91.9 | 94.0 |
Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare Quality Improvement Organization Program, 2007-2010.
Denominator: Patients hospitalized with a principal discharge diagnosis of pneumonia or a principal discharge diagnosis of either septicemia or respiratory failure and secondary diagnosis of pneumonia.
Note: White, Black, AI/AN, and Asian groups are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races. Recommended care includes initial antibiotics within 6 hours of hospital arrival, antibiotics consistent with current recommendations, blood culture before antibiotics are administered, influenza vaccination status assessment or provision, and pneumococcal vaccination status assessment or provision.
Figure 2.42. Patients with tuberculosis who completed a curative course of treatment within 1 year of initiation of treatment, by race/ethnicity and place of birth, 2000-2008
| Year | White | Black | API | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 81.2 | 80.7 | 78.6 | 79.9 |
| 2001 | 82.2 | 81.2 | 80.4 | 78.5 |
| 2002 | 83.1 | 80.8 | 81.3 | 79.5 |
| 2003 | 82.8 | 81.8 | 81.8 | 80.1 |
| 2004 | 83.9 | 82.9 | 83.3 | 80.0 |
| 2005 | 83.7 | 83.6 | 81.5 | 82.5 |
| 2006 | 85.2 | 83.3 | 84.5 | 81.8 |
| 2007 | 85 | 86.7 | 83.4 | 82.6 |
| 2008 | 87.6 | 86.4 | 85.1 | 81.4 |
| Year | Total | Foreign Born |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 80.2 | 79.1 |
| 2001 | 80.5 | 80.0 |
| 2002 | 80.9 | 80.9 |
| 2003 | 81.5 | 81.4 |
| 2004 | 82.3 | 81.7 |
| 2005 | 82.8 | 81.9 |
| 2006 | 83.5 | 83.4 |
| 2007 | 84.4 | 83.4 |
| 2008 | 84.7 | 83.3 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, 2000-2008.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population treated for tuberculosis.
Note: White, Black, and API are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.43. Patients with tuberculosis who completed a curative course of treatment within 1 year of initiation of treatment, by Asian and Pacific Islander and Hispanic granular ethnicities, 2008
| Ethnicity | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Korean | 83.3 |
| Vietnamese | 84.4 |
| Asian Indian | 84.5 |
| Filipino | 85.3 |
| Chinese | 85.9 |
| Other Asian | 85.7 |
| Native Hawaiian | 82.4 |
| Other Pacific Islander | 80.9 |
| Ethnicity | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Mexican | 79.4 |
| Cuban | 91.9 |
| Puerto Rican | 93.8 |
| Other Hispanic | 86.2 |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Tuberculosis Surveillance System, 2008.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population treated for tuberculosis.
Figure 2.44. People with current asthma who report taking preventive asthma medicine daily or almost daily, by race/ethnicity and income, 2003-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 29.6 | 29.7 | 31.2 | 30.9 | 28.3 | 25.9 | 25.1 |
| White | 29.7 | 30.9 | 34.5 | 33.9 | 29.8 | 28.0 | 27 |
| Black | 29.8 | 30.6 | 28.4 | 25.6 | 26.3 | 20.2 | 22.3 |
| Hispanic | 29.5 | 27.3 | 21.6 | 23.0 | 25.0 | 24.5 | 21.7 |
| Income | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Income | 35 | 33.9 | 37.7 | 32 | 32.8 | 30.1 | 30.7 |
| Middle Income | 29.3 | 26.6 | 29.1 | 29.8 | 29.8 | 24.4 | 23.7 |
| Low Income | 25.1 | 26.7 | 27.3 | 28.3 | 23.8 | 24.6 | 23.9 |
| Poor | 27.9 | 30.5 | 25.9 | 31.5 | 23 | 23.5 | 20.1 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2003-2009.
Denominator: Noninstitutionalized population with asthma.
Note: Age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. People with current asthma reported that they still had asthma or had an asthma attack in the last 12 months. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.45. People with current asthma who received a written asthma management plan from their health provider, by race, ethnicity, income, education, and activity limitation, 2009
| Race/Ethnicity / Income / Education / Limitation | Asthma Management |
|---|---|
| Total | 33.4 |
| White | 32.3 |
| Black | 41.7 |
| Asian | 39.2 |
| >1 Race | 30.6 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 32.7 |
| Hispanic | 28.4 |
| Poor | 30.9 |
| Low Income | 32.4 |
| Middle Income | 35.4 |
| High Income | 35.0 |
| <High School | 24.5 |
| High School Grad | 26.8 |
| Any College | 33.3 |
| Basic | 35.6 |
| Complex | 28.6 |
| Neither | 32.3 |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2009.
Denominator: Patients with current asthma.
Note: Estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Health insurance refers to adults under age 65. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.46. Adult current smokers with a checkup in the last 12 months who received advice from a doctor to quit smoking, by race/ethnicity and education 2002-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 63.1 | 65.3 | 63.1 | 63.4 | 62.7 | 65.1 | 64.5 | 67.6 |
| White | 64.8 | 66.4 | 64.2 | 64.6 | 63.0 | 65.0 | 66.1 | 70.5 |
| Black | 62.3 | 62.2 | 61.5 | 61.0 | 64.8 | 67.3 | 58.7 | 60.5 |
| Hispanic | 52.0 | 57.2 | 55.7 | 58.5 | 54.2 | 56.1 | 55.6 | 56.6 |
| Education | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <High School | 62.3 | 67.5 | 64.0 | 63.9 | 64.2 | 65.0 | 62.7 | 63.1 |
| High School Grad | 62.6 | 63.3 | 62.4 | 64.9 | 63.7 | 63.0 | 63.2 | 65.3 |
| Any College | 63.9 | 64.6 | 63.5 | 61.5 | 60.9 | 67.0 | 66.5 | 72.8 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized adult current smokers who had a checkup in the last 12 months.
Figure 2.47. Adults with obesity age 20 and over who reported being told by a doctor they were overweight, by race/ethnicity and education, 2007-2010
| Race/Ethnicity / Education | 2007-2010 |
|---|---|
| Total | 35 |
| White | 33 |
| Black | 47 |
| Mexican American | 41 |
| <High School | 38 |
| High School Grad | 38 |
| Any College | 34 |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Denominator: People age 20 and over with a body mass index of 30 or greater.
Note: Estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Total and race/ethnicity are adjusted using three age groups: 20-44, 45-64, and 65 and over; education is also adjusted using three age groups 25-44, 45-64, and 65 and over. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups.
Figure 2.48. Obese children and teens ages 2-19 who were told by a doctor or health professional that they were obese, by race/ethnicity and income, 2007-2010
| Race/Ethnicity / Income | 2007-2010 |
|---|---|
| Total | 45 |
| White | 41 |
| Black | 51 |
| Mexican American | 48 |
| Poor | 46 |
| Low Income | 50 |
| Middle Income | 42 |
| High Income | 38 |
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 2-19 who were obese.
Note: Obese children are identified using age- and sex-specific reference data from the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index (BMI) for age growth charts. Children with BMI values at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific BMI growth charts are categorized as obese. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups.
Figure 2.49. Adults with obesity who ever received advice from a health provider to exercise more, by race/ethnicity and income, 2002-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 55.6 | 57.0 | 57.2 | 56.7 | 57.1 | 57.9 | 57.4 | 59.1 |
| White | 57.5 | 59.0 | 60.1 | 59.7 | 58.8 | 58.7 | 57.8 | 59.1 |
| Black | 55.8 | 56.6 | 55.1 | 56.3 | 56.8 | 60.8 | 54.7 | 58.5 |
| Hispanic | 45.9 | 49.7 | 47.4 | 46.5 | 50.8 | 52.8 | 57.2 | 59.4 |
| Income | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | 49.6 | 53.1 | 51.8 | 50.2 | 50.3 | 53.2 | 57.0 | 56.4 |
| Low Income | 51.1 | 50.8 | 52.6 | 50.7 | 54.9 | 52.0 | 55.5 | 56.2 |
| Middle Income | 54.9 | 57.0 | 57.3 | 57.9 | 55.2 | 56.2 | 55.4 | 59.4 |
| High Income | 61.4 | 62.9 | 61.6 | 61.6 | 62.6 | 64.2 | 61.1 | 62.1 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 18 and over.
Note: Obesity is defined as a body mass index of 30 or higher. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.50. Adults with obesity who did not spend half an hour or more in moderate or vigorous physical activity at least three times a week, by race/ethnicity and education, 2002-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 54.3 | 54.3 | 53.0 | 52.0 | 52.3 | 53.3 | 53.1 | 51.7 |
| White | 52.7 | 53.2 | 53.0 | 51.7 | 51.7 | 52.4 | 51.6 | 51.1 |
| Black | 58.3 | 56.2 | 51.7 | 50.6 | 51.7 | 50.7 | 53.0 | 52.1 |
| Hispanic | 59.7 | 54.3 | 54.7 | 54.6 | 55.1 | 57.9 | 58.4 | 54.1 |
| Education | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <High School | 58.6 | 58.4 | 58.0 | 58.3 | 57.5 | 57.9 | 59.5 | 56.8 |
| High School Grad | 52.9 | 53.2 | 53.7 | 52.5 | 52.0 | 53.9 | 53.9 | 53.9 |
| Any College | 52.2 | 52.4 | 49.8 | 48.5 | 49.5 | 50.1 | 49.6 | 48.0 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 18 and over.
Note: White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.51. Children ages 2-17 for whom a health provider gave advice within the past 2 years about exercise, by race/ethnicity and income, 2002-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 30.0 | 29.3 | 31.0 | 31.9 | 34.6 | 36.2 | 33.5 | 34.7 |
| White | 30.5 | 29.5 | 30.1 | 32.1 | 33.2 | 36.8 | 32.2 | 35.2 |
| Black | 30.5 | 27.7 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 36.9 | 34.7 | 34.7 | 31.7 |
| Hispanic | 30.4 | 32.5 | 34.2 | 34.3 | 37.8 | 36.0 | 36.3 | 36.8 |
| Income | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | 27.5 | 29.8 | 29.3 | 29.1 | 33.7 | 35.6 | 32.0 | 32.0 |
| Low Income | 26.7 | 24.5 | 28.9 | 32.4 | 33.6 | 33.2 | 31.4 | 32.9 |
| Middle Income | 28.2 | 27.2 | 29.2 | 30.4 | 31.0 | 33.4 | 31.9 | 32.8 |
| High Income | 36.4 | 35.0 | 35.6 | 35.2 | 39.9 | 41.6 | 38.6 | 40.3 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 2-17.
Note: Exercise advice includes the amount and kind of sports or physically active hobbies children should engage in. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.52. Adults with obesity who ever received advice from a health provider about eating fewer high-fat or high-cholesterol foods, by race/ethnicity and education, 2002-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 47.7 | 48.3 | 47.4 | 48.1 | 48.5 | 50.0 | 49.2 | 51.3 |
| White | 49.3 | 49.7 | 49.9 | 50.9 | 50.1 | 50.2 | 48.7 | 50.4 |
| Black | 46.7 | 47.4 | 44.7 | 47.1 | 45.8 | 51.3 | 48.0 | 50.3 |
| Hispanic | 38.6 | 44.3 | 41.0 | 40.9 | 45.7 | 48.1 | 53.0 | 56.7 |
| Education | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <High School | 42.1 | 45.3 | 45.0 | 43.4 | 43.3 | 44.5 | 49.1 | 52.0 |
| High School Grad | 46.4 | 45.2 | 45.5 | 45.2 | 47.4 | 47.2 | 46.0 | 47.6 |
| Any College | 52.0 | 52.7 | 50.8 | 53.2 | 52.0 | 54.9 | 51.7 | 53.6 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 18 and over.
Note: Obesity is defined as a body mass index of 30 or higher. White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.53. Children ages 2-17 for whom a health provider ever gave advice about healthy eating, by race/ethnicity and household income, 2002-2009
| Race/Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 46.9 | 47.5 | 48.7 | 50.1 | 51.4 | 52.8 | 49.6 | 49.5 |
| White | 47.2 | 48.1 | 48.0 | 50.7 | 50.5 | 53.7 | 49.0 | 49.0 |
| Black | 49.3 | 47.1 | 49.4 | 51.7 | 54.1 | 52.5 | 52.6 | 50.3 |
| Hispanic | 45.5 | 48.0 | 51.0 | 48.9 | 52.0 | 51.4 | 49.7 | 51.8 |
| Household Income | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | 42.4 | 47.1 | 48.0 | 47.4 | 51.7 | 53.7 | 52.2 | 49.8 |
| Low Income | 44.1 | 42.2 | 44.9 | 46.7 | 47.1 | 47.5 | 45.4 | 48.7 |
| Middle Income | 44.3 | 45.5 | 45.9 | 49.1 | 50.7 | 49.3 | 46.1 | 46.5 |
| High Income | 55.1 | 54.1 | 55.5 | 55.5 | 55.0 | 59.6 | 56.0 | 53.6 |
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 2-17.
Note: White and Black are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.54. Adult home health care patients whose ability to walk or move around improved, by race and ethnicity, 2010
| Race | 2010 |
|---|---|
| Total | 54.4 |
| White | 55.6 |
| Black | 51.2 |
| NHOPI | 55.1 |
| >1 Race | 52.1 |
| Ethnicity | 2010 |
|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 55.6 |
| Hispanic | 48.1 |
Key: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), 2010.
Denominator: Adult nonmaternity patients completing an episode of skilled home health care and not already performing at the highest level at the start of the episode, according to the OASIS question on ambulation.
Note: Starting January 1, 2010, the patient assessment instrument for home health agencies was changed to OASIS-C and ambulation improvement is measured differently than with the previous version of the assessment instrument. Therefore, we are presenting only 2010 data.
Figure 2.55. Long-stay nursing home residents whose need for help with daily activities increased, by race/ethnicity, 2000-2010
| Race/Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 16.3 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 15.6 |
| Black | 13.8 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 14.8 | 14.7 |
| API | 13.9 | 13.8 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 |
| AI/AN | 14.7 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 14.6 |
| Hispanic | 13.9 | 14.3 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 14.6 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 14.7 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Minimum Data Set, 2000-2010. Data are from the third quarter of each calendar year.
Denominator: All long-stay residents in Medicare- or Medicaid-certified nursing home facilities.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. White, Black, API, and AI/AN are non-Hispanic groups. Hispanic includes all races. On October 1, 2010, CMS required nursing homes to begin using the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0. The figure uses the earlier MDS 2.0 instrument, which includes data from the first 9 months of 2010
Figure 2.56. FIM scores at admission and discharge and changes in total functional gain among patients with all diagnoses in inpatient rehabilitation facilities, by race/ethnicity, 2004-2011
| White | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission Score | 71.8 | 69.8 | 67.9 | 66.6 | 65.8 | 64.7 | 64.3 | 63.9 |
| Discharge Score | 97.6 | 96.6 | 95.2 | 94.5 | 94.3 | 94 | 94.2 | 94.5 |
| Gain | 25.8 | 26.8 | 27.3 | 27.9 | 28.5 | 29.3 | 29.9 | 30.7 |
| Black | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission Score | 69.2 | 67.6 | 65.7 | 64.1 | 63.4 | 62.5 | 62.2 | 62.0 |
| Discharge Score | 93.9 | 92.9 | 91.4 | 90.5 | 90.2 | 89.9 | 90.4 | 90.7 |
| Gain | 24.6 | 25.3 | 25.7 | 26.3 | 26.8 | 27.4 | 28.2 | 28.8 |
| Asian | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission Score | 66.1 | 65.2 | 64.9 | 63.1 | 62.5 | 61.2 | 61.1 | 60.5 |
| Discharge Score | 93.4 | 91.3 | 90.6 | 89.2 | 89.2 | 88.9 | 89.3 | 89.3 |
| Gain | 27.2 | 26.0 | 25.6 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 27.7 | 28.3 | 28.9 |
| Hispanic | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission Score | 69.3 | 66.5 | 64.5 | 63.6 | 61.6 | 60.4 | 59.9 | 60.0 |
| Discharge Score | 94.5 | 92.7 | 90.9 | 90.2 | 89.2 | 88.7 | 89.1 | 89.6 |
| Gain | 25.2 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 26.6 | 27.5 | 28.3 | 29.3 | 29.7 |
Key: FIM = Functional Independence Measure.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Patient Assessment Instrument, 2004-2011.
Denominator: All Medicare patients in an inpatient rehabilitation facility for initial rehabilitation and discharged to the community (home, board and care, transitional living, or assisted living).
Note: White, Black, and Asian are non-Hispanic.
Figure 2.57. Adult home health care patients who had less shortness of breath between the start and end of a home health care episode, by race and ethnicity, 2002-2010
| Race | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 53.4 | 55.2 | 57.7 | 59.3 | 61.3 | 61.9 | 61.1 | 60.9 | 63.6 |
| Black | 53.3 | 55.4 | 57.7 | 58.9 | 59.6 | 60.1 | 59.6 | 59.3 | 62.2 |
| Asian | 52.7 | 58.0 | 59.6 | 59.2 | 61.9 | 62.7 | 63.0 | 61.8 | 65.0 |
| NHOPI | 54.9 | 56.9 | 59.2 | 61.6 | 62.1 | 65.0 | 62.9 | 63.4 | 66.4 |
| AI/AN | 51.4 | 52.4 | 54.4 | 55.6 | 57.5 | 58.5 | 57.5 | 57.6 | 60.3 |
| >1 Race | 51.6 | 54.6 | 58.9 | 59.5 | 60.6 | 59.0 | 60.5 | 58.4 | 60.6 |
| Ethnicity | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 53.4 | 55.2 | 57.7 | 59.3 | 61.3 | 61.9 | 61.1 | 60.9 | 63.6 |
| Hispanic | 51.3 | 52.9 | 55.0 | 55.4 | 56.5 | 55.5 | 54.3 | 52.6 | 50.1 |
Key: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), 2002-2010.
Denominator: Adult nonmaternity patients completing an episode of skilled home health care.
Note: Starting January 1, 2010, the patient assessment instrument for home health agencies was changed to OASIS-C. Because dyspnea improvement is measured similarly in both the previous and current versions of the assessment instrument, we are presenting 2002 through 2010 trend data.
Figure 2.58. Short-stay (top) and high-risk long-stay (bottom) nursing home residents with pressure sores, by race/ethnicity, 2000-2010
| Race/Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 21.8 | 21.4 | 21.0 | 21.1 | 20.6 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 19.0 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 16.5 |
| Black | 28.2 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 25.8 | 25.0 | 24.5 | 23.8 | 22.7 | 22.0 | 20.8 | 19.8 |
| API | 23.0 | 22.3 | 22.5 | 21.7 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 22.3 | 20.8 | 20.9 | 19.4 | 18.6 |
| AI/AN | 24.8 | 20.8 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 22.4 | 21.4 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 18.4 |
| Hispanic | 27.2 | 26.4 | 25.4 | 25.0 | 24.7 | 23.8 | 24.1 | 23.3 | 22.1 | 21.0 | 20.4 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 9.8 |
| Black | 17.6 | 17.7 | 17.5 | 17.3 | 16.8 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 15.5 | 15.1 | 14.2 | 13.6 |
| API | 12.5 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 9.4 |
| AI/AN | 16.9 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 16.7 | 15.5 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 14.8 | 13.1 | 11.8 |
| Hispanic | 15.2 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 14.8 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 12.3 | 11.8 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI /AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Minimum Data Set, 2000-2010. Data for long-stay residents are from the third quarter of each calendar year. Data for short-stay residents are full calendar-year estimates.
Denominator: Short-stay and high-risk long-stay nursing home residents in Medicare- or Medicaid-certified nursing and long-term care facilities.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. White, Black, API, and AI/AN are non-Hispanic groups; Hispanic includes all races.On October 1, 2010, CMS required nursing homes to begin using the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0. The figure uses the earlier MDS 2.0 instrument, which includes data from the first 9 months of 2010.
Figure 2.59. Hospice patients age 18 and over who did NOT receive the right amount of help for feelings of anxiety or sadness, by race and ethnicity, 2008-2011
| Race | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 8.9 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 9.0 |
| Black | 14.0 | 14.9 | 14.2 | 14.0 |
| API | 19.0 | 20.5 | 20.6 | 23.6 |
| AI/AN | 15.0 | 11.5 | 13.6 | 15.8 |
| Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 8.9 |
| Hispanic | 14.7 | 14.4 | 13.2 | 14.3 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Family Evaluation of Hospice Care, 2008-2011.
Denominator: Adult hospice patients.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better.
Figure 2.60. Hospice patients age 18 and over whose family caregivers wanted more information about what to expect while the patient was dying, by race and ethnicity, 2008-2011
| Race | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 14.7 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.8 |
| Black | 15.7 | 16.1 | 15.7 | 16.4 |
| API | 21.2 | 23.5 | 22.6 | 22.1 |
| AI/AN | 17.8 | 17.3 | 16.1 | 16.2 |
| Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 14.5 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.7 |
| Hispanic | 19.0 | 18.5 | 17.6 | 18.7 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Family Evaluation of Hospice Care, 2008-2011.
Denominator: Adult hospice patients.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better.
Figure 2.61. Hospice patients age 18 and over who did NOT receive care consistent with their stated end-of-life wishes, by race and ethnicity, 2008-2011
| Race | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.8 |
| Black | 12.4 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 11 |
| API | 12.9 | 17.0 | 9.4 | 13.8 |
| AI/AN | 9.8 | 10.1 | 14.4 | 11.5 |
| Ethnicity | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 5.2 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.7 |
| Hispanic | 11.2 | 10.1 | 11.0 | 11.3 |
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Family Evaluation of Hospice Care, 2008-2011.
Denominator: Adult hospice patients.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better.
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