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Figure 7.1. Adults age 65 and over who received potentially inappropriate prescription medications in the calendar year, by race/ethnicity and gender, 2002-2008
Race / Ethnicity
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
White (percent)
19.8
19.0
17.0
17.6
15.9
15.8
13.3
Black (percent)
18.9
17.6
16.8
18.9
18.1
14.7
15.4
Hispanic (percent)
18.1
13.2
13.8
13.5
13.5
14.2
14.4
Gender
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Male (percent)
15.4
13.4
12.8
14.3
12.3
11.8
10.5
Female (percent)
22.2
22.3
19.7
20.2
18.4
18.1
15.6
Total (percent)
19.3
18.5
16.7
17.7
15.8
15.4
13.4
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2008.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 65 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Prescription medications received include all prescribed medications initially purchased or otherwise obtained, as well as any refills. Whites and Blacks are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 7.2. Potentially avoidable hospitalization rates, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2008
Race / Ethnicity
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
White (rate per 100,000 pop.)
1,433.3
1,447.2
1,380.6
1,356.6
1,384.6
1,282.7
1,277.8
1,260.5
Black (rate per 100,000 pop.)
3,286.0
3,257.9
2,847.3
2,995.0
2,753.1
2,728.2
2,763.8
2,574.2
API (rate per 100,000 pop.)
1,051.0
1,072.5
1,020.6
1,071.7
901.4
788.0
828.0
810.9
Hispanic (rate per 100,000 pop.)
1,711.7
2,125.9
2,205.7
2,104.6
1,907.5
1,649.5
1,612.3
1,376.3
Income Quartile
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1st Quartile (lowest)
2107
2141
2211
2084
2090
2073
1988
1946
2nd Quartile
1738
1802
1693
1619
1598
1551
1503
1487
3rd Quartile
1403
1507
1406
1338
1376
1288
1272
1248
4th Quartile (highest)
1317
1263
1203
1193
1249
1155
1076
1097
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2001-2008.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized adults age 18 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Annual rates are adjusted for age and gender. White, Black, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations are non-Hispanic. Income quartiles are based on median income of ZIP Code of patient's residence. 2008 Achievable Benchmark: 818.
Figure 7.3. Excess number of potentially preventable hospitalizations, by race/ethnicity, 2008
Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations
White
Black
Hispanic
Expected at Best Rate (hospitalizations)
1,306,217
217,766
253,084
Excess (hospitalizations)
706,545
467,541
172,733
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2008.
Figure 7.4. Excess number of potentially preventable hospitalizations, by income, 2008
Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations
First Quartile (lowest)
Second Quartile
Third Quartile
Fourth Quartile (highest)
Expected at Best Rate (hospitalizations)
453,956.2
496,224.2
458,397.8
471,579.4
Excess (hospitalizations)
625,870.2
405,711.2
241,140.2
160,779.8
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2008.
Figure 7.5. Medicare home health patients with potentially avoidable hospitalizations within 30 days of start of care, by race/ethnicity, 2000-2010
Race / Ethnicity
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
White (hospitalizations)
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
Black (hospitalizations)
5.2
5.4
5.3
5.1
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.0
4.0
Other (hospitalizations)
4.1
4.0
4.2
4.0
4.2
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.1
Asian (hospitalizations)
2.9
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
Hispanic (hospitalizations)
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.4
4.1
4.0
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.1
2.9
AI/AN (hospitalizations)
5.0
5.8
5.0
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.8
4.4
4.3
4.5
3.3
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Outcome and Assessment Information Set linked with Medicare Part A claims (100%), 2000-2010.
Denominator: Adult nonmaternity patients starting an episode of skilled home health care.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates standardized to the 2006 patient population according to Medicare enrollment category. Hispanics could include other races. All race categories could include Hispanics.
Figure 7.6. Perforated appendixes per 1,000 admissions for appendicitis, age 18 and over, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2004-2008
Race / Ethnicity
2004
2005
2007
2008
White (rate per 1,000 admissions)
287.8
282.8
271.3
275.7
Black (rate per 1,000 admissions)
308.7
317.3
302.1
298.2
API (rate per 1,000 admissions)
266.8
270.3
268.5
261.9
Hispanic (rate per 1,000 admissions)
291.8
283.3
276.2
271.9
Income Quartile
2004
2005
2007
2008
Highest Income Quartile (rate per 1,000 admissions)
270.4
265.9
258.7
254.3
Third Income Quartile (rate per 1,000 admissions)
291.2
284.4
282.1
276.8
Second Income Quartile (rate per 1,000 admissions)
298.9
294.2
274.1
288.3
Lowest Income Quartile (rate per 1,000 admissions)
309.1
308.9
299.1
301.2
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, 2004, 2005, 2007, and 2008.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Data for 2006 were not available this year, because a new version of the PQI software was used to calculate rates and 2006 was not included in the calculation.
Figure 7.7. Perforated appendixes per 1,000 admissions for appendicitis, age 18 and over, in IHS, Tribal, and contract hospitals, by age and gender, 2004-2008
Age
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total (rate per 1,000 admissions)
310.6
318.3
286.0
345.7
283.7
18-44 (rate per 1,000 admissions)
268.7
254.8
247.8
275.4
219.8
45-64 (rate per 1,000 admissions)
415.9
469.8
356.2
509.7
387.9
65-69 (rate per 1,000 admissions)
514.3
428.6
560.0
583.3
656.3
Gender
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Male (rate per 1,000 admissions)
309.1
355.6
315.0
378.2
333.3
Female (rate per 1,000 admissions)
312.3
277.2
253.4
309.1
229.0
Source: Indian Health Service, National Patient Information Reporting System, National Data Warehouse, Workload and Population Data Mart, 2004-2008.
Figure 7.8. Males age 75 and over who reported having a prostate-specific antigen test or a digital rectal exam within the last 12 months, by race and income, 2004-2010
Race
2004
2006
2008
2010
White (percent)
72.3
73.9
75.6
74.8
Black (percent)
59.8
65.8
63.9
69.3
Asian (percent)
-
65.8
43.4
72.5
AI/AN (percent)
-
-
62.7
69.0
Other/missing (percent)
58.2
65.2
65.9
69.7
Income
2004
2006
2008
2010
$50,000 or More (percent)
80.3
79.0
82.1
79.8
$35,000 to $49,999 (percent)
73.1
77.1
78.1
76.9
$15,000 to $34,999 (percent)
69.3
69.5
71.7
70.7
Less Than $15,000 (percent)
63.0
60.9
56.2
61.0
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2004-2010.
Denominator: Adult males age 75 and over with no history of prostate cancer.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Data for 2004, 2006, and part of 2008 precede the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against screening men age 75 and over. It should be noted that PSA tests and DREs are provided to this population for purposes unrelated to prostate cancer screening. Data to determine the purpose of these services was unavailable and all reported PSA tests and DREs are reflected in the data shown. Data for AI/ANs were statistically unreliable for 2004 and 2006. 2008 Achievable Benchmark: 62%
Internet Citation: Chapter 7. Efficiency (Text Descriptions): National Healthcare Disparities Report, 2011.
October 2014. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr11/chap7txt.html
The information on this page is archived and provided for reference purposes only.
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