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<div class="section" id="playbooks-ansible-for-deployment-configuration-management-and-orchestration">
<h1>Playbooks: Ansible for Deployment, Configuration Management, and Orchestration<a class="headerlink" href="#playbooks-ansible-for-deployment-configuration-management-and-orchestration" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="playbooks">
<h1>Playbooks<a class="headerlink" href="#playbooks" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
@ -61,16 +170,23 @@
<dd>Learn about how to select hosts</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Playbooks are a completely different way to use ansible and are particularly awesome.</p>
<p>They are the basis for a really simple configuration management and multi-machine deployment system, unlike any that already exist, and one that is very well suited to deploying complex applications.</p>
<p>While you might run the main /usr/bin/ansible program for ad-hoc tasks, playbooks are more likely to be kept in source control and used to push out your configuration or assure the configurations of your remote systems are in spec.</p>
<p>Playbooks are a completely different way to use ansible and are
particularly awesome.</p>
<p>They are the basis for a really simple configuration management and
multi-machine deployment system, unlike any that already exist, and
one that is very well suited to deploying complex applications.</p>
<p>While you might run the main <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/ansible</span></tt> program for ad-hoc
tasks, playbooks are more likely to be kept in source control and used
to push out your configuration or assure the configurations of your
remote systems are in spec.</p>
<div class="section" id="playbook-example">
<h2>Playbook Example<a class="headerlink" href="#playbook-example" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Playbooks are expressed in YAML format and have a minimum of syntax. Each playbook is composed
of one or more &#8216;plays&#8217; in a list. By composing a playbook of multiple &#8216;plays&#8217;, it is possible
to orchestrate multi-machine deployments, running certain steps on all machines in
the webservers group, then certain steps on the database server group, then more commands
back on the webservers group, etc:</p>
<p>Playbooks are expressed in YAML format and have a minimum of syntax.
Each playbook is composed of one or more &#8216;plays&#8217; in a list. By
composing a playbook of multiple &#8216;plays&#8217;, it is possible to
orchestrate multi-machine deployments, running certain steps on all
machines in the webservers group, then certain steps on the database
server group, then more commands back on the webservers group, etc:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
- hosts: webservers
vars:
@ -91,19 +207,24 @@ back on the webservers group, etc:</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hosts-line">
<h2>Hosts line<a class="headerlink" href="#hosts-line" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The hosts line is a list of one or more groups or host patterns, seperated by colons, asdescribed in the &#8216;patterns&#8217; documentation. This is just like the first parameter to /usr/bin/ansible.</p>
<p>The hosts line is a list of one or more groups or host patterns,
seperated by colons, asdescribed in the <a class="reference internal" href="patterns.html#patterns"><em>The Inventory File, Patterns, and Groups</em></a> documentation.
This is just like the first parameter to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/ansible</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="vars-section">
<h2>Vars section<a class="headerlink" href="#vars-section" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>A list of variables and values that can be used in the plays. These can be used in templates
or &#8216;action&#8217; lines and are dereferenced using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">`jinja2`</span></tt> syntax like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{{ varname }}</pre>
<p>A list of variables and values that can be used in the plays. These
can be used in templates or &#8216;action&#8217; lines and are dereferenced using
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">`jinja2`</span></tt> syntax like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{{</span> <span class="n">varname</span> <span class="p">}}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Further, if there are discovered variables about the system (say, if facter or ohai were
installed) these variables bubble up back into the playbook, and can be used on each
system just like explicitly set variables. Facter variables are prefixed with &#8216;<a href="#id1"><span class="problematic" id="id2">facter_</span></a>&#8216;
and Ohai variables are prefixed with &#8216;<a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">ohai_</span></a>&#8216;. So for instance, if I wanted to write the
hostname into the /etc/motd file, I could say:</p>
<p>Further, if there are discovered variables about the system (say, if
facter or ohai were installed) these variables bubble up back into the
playbook, and can be used on each system just like explicitly set
variables. Facter variables are prefixed with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">facter_</span></tt> and Ohai
variables are prefixed with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ohai_</span></tt>. So for instance, if I wanted
to write the hostname into the /etc/motd file, I could say:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: write the motd
- action: template src=/srv/templates/motd.j2 dest=/etc/motd</pre>
</div>
@ -114,61 +235,72 @@ hostname into the /etc/motd file, I could say:</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tasks-list">
<h2>Tasks list<a class="headerlink" href="#tasks-list" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Each play contains a list of tasks. Tasks are executed in order, one at a time, against
all machines matched by the play&#8217;s host pattern, before moving on to the next task.</p>
<p>Hosts with failed tasks are taken out of the rotation for the entire playbook. If things fail,
simply correct the playbook file and rerun.</p>
<p>Modules other than command are idempotent, meaning if you run them again, they will make the
changes they are told to make to bring the system to the desired state.</p>
<p>Each play contains a list of tasks. Tasks are executed in order, one
at a time, against all machines matched by the play&#8217;s host pattern,
before moving on to the next task.</p>
<p>Hosts with failed tasks are taken out of the rotation for the entire
playbook. If things fail, simply correct the playbook file and rerun.</p>
<p>Modules other than command are idempotent, meaning if you run them
again, they will make the changes they are told to make to bring the
system to the desired state.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="task-name-and-action">
<h2>Task name and action<a class="headerlink" href="#task-name-and-action" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Every task must have a name, which is included in the output from running the playbook.</p>
<p>The action line is the name of an ansible module followed by parameters. Usually these
are expressed in key=value form, except for the command module, which looks just like a Linux/Unix
command line. See the module documentation for more info.</p>
<p>Variables, as mentioned above, can be used in action lines. So if, hypothetically, you wanted
to make a directory on each system named after the hostname ... yeah, that&#8217;s I know silly ... you could
do it like so:</p>
<p>Every task must have a name, which is included in the output from
running the playbook.</p>
<p>The action line is the name of an ansible module followed by
parameters. Usually these are expressed in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">key=value</span></tt> form, except
for the command module, which looks just like a Linux/Unix command
line. See the module documentation for more info.</p>
<p>Variables, as mentioned above, can be used in action lines. So if,
hypothetically, you wanted to make a directory on each system named
after the hostname ... yeah, that&#8217;s I know silly ... you could do it
like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: make a directory
- action: mkdir /tmp/{{ facter_hostname }}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="notify-statements">
<h2>Notify statements<a class="headerlink" href="#notify-statements" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Nearly all modules are written to be &#8216;idempotent&#8217; and can signal when they have affected a change
on the remote system. If a notify statement is used, the named handler will be run against
each system where a change was effected, but NOT on systems where no change occurred. This happens
after all of the tasks are run. For example, if notifying Apache and potentially replacing lots of
configuration files, you could have Apache restart just once, at the end of a run. If you need
Apache restarted in the middle of a run, you could just make a task for it, no harm done. Notifiers
are optional.</p>
<p>Nearly all modules are written to be &#8216;idempotent&#8217; and can signal when
they have affected a change on the remote system. If a notify
statement is used, the named handler will be run against each system
where a change was effected, but NOT on systems where no change
occurred. This happens after all of the tasks are run. For example,
if notifying Apache and potentially replacing lots of configuration
files, you could have Apache restart just once, at the end of a run.
If you need Apache restarted in the middle of a run, you could just
make a task for it, no harm done. Notifiers are optional.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="handlers">
<h2>Handlers<a class="headerlink" href="#handlers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Handlers are lists of tasks, not really any different from regular tasks, that are referenced
by name. Handlers are what notifiers notify. If nothing notifies a handler, it will not run.
Regardless of how many things notify a handler, it will run only once, after all of the tasks
complete in a particular play.</p>
<p>Handlers are lists of tasks, not really any different from regular
tasks, that are referenced by name. Handlers are what notifiers
notify. If nothing notifies a handler, it will not run. Regardless
of how many things notify a handler, it will run only once, after all
of the tasks complete in a particular play.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="includes">
<h2>Includes<a class="headerlink" href="#includes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Not all tasks have to be listed directly in the main file. An include file can contain
a list of tasks (in YAML) as well, optionally passing extra variables into the file.
Variables passed in can be deferenced like this (assume a variable named &#8216;user&#8217;):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{{ user }}</pre>
<p>Not all tasks have to be listed directly in the main file. An include
file can contain a list of tasks (in YAML) as well, optionally passing
extra variables into the file. Variables passed in can be deferenced
like this (assume a variable named &#8216;user&#8217;):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{{</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="p">}}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For instance, if deploying multiple wordpress instances, I could contain all of my tasks
in a wordpress.yml file, and use it like so:</p>
<p>For instance, if deploying multiple wordpress instances, I could
contain all of my tasks in a wordpress.yml file, and use it like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- tasks:
- include: wordpress.yml user=timmy
- include: wordpress.yml user=alice
- include: wordpress.yml user=bob</pre>
</div>
<p>In addition to the explicitly passed in parameters, all variables from the vars section
are also available.</p>
<p>The format of an included list of tasks or handlers looks just like a flat list of tasks. Here
is an example of what base.yml might look like:</p>
<p>In addition to the explicitly passed in parameters, all variables from
the vars section are also available.</p>
<p>The format of an included list of tasks or handlers looks just like a
flat list of tasks. Here is an example of what base.yml might look
like:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
- name: no selinux
action: command /usr/sbin/setenforce 0
@ -177,16 +309,18 @@ is an example of what base.yml might look like:</p>
- name: this is just to show variables work here, favcolor={{ favcolor }}
action: command /bin/true</pre>
</div>
<p>As you can see above, variables in include files work just like they do in the main file.
Including a variable in the name of a task is a contrived example, you could also
pass them to the action command line or use them inside a template file.</p>
<p>Note that include statements are only usable from the top level playbook file.
At this time, includes can not include other includes.</p>
<p>As you can see above, variables in include files work just like they
do in the main file. Including a variable in the name of a task is a
contrived example, you could also pass them to the action command line
or use them inside a template file.</p>
<p>Note that include statements are only usable from the top level
playbook file. At this time, includes can not include other includes.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-includes-to-assign-classes-of-systems">
<h2>Using Includes To Assign Classes of Systems<a class="headerlink" href="#using-includes-to-assign-classes-of-systems" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Include files are best used to reuse logic between playbooks. You could imagine
a playbook describing your entire infrastructure like this:</p>
<p>Include files are best used to reuse logic between playbooks. You
could imagine a playbook describing your entire infrastructure like
this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
- hosts: atlanta-webservers
vars:
@ -205,13 +339,14 @@ a playbook describing your entire infrastructure like this:</p>
handlers:
- include: generic-handlers.yml</pre>
</div>
<p>There is one (or more) play defined for each group of systems, and each play maps
each group includes one or more &#8216;class definitions&#8217; telling the systems what they
are supposed to do or be.</p>
<p>Using a common handlers file could allow one task in &#8216;webservers&#8217; to define &#8216;restart apache&#8217;,
and it could be reused between multiple plays.</p>
<p>Variables like &#8216;database&#8217; above can be used in templates referenced from the
configuration file to generate machine specific variables.</p>
<p>There is one (or more) play defined for each group of systems, and
each play maps each group includes one or more &#8216;class definitions&#8217;
telling the systems what they are supposed to do or be.</p>
<p>Using a common handlers file could allow one task in &#8216;webservers&#8217; to
define &#8216;restart apache&#8217;, and it could be reused between multiple
plays.</p>
<p>Variables like &#8216;database&#8217; above can be used in templates referenced
from the configuration file to generate machine specific variables.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="asynchronous-actions-and-polling">
<h2>Asynchronous Actions and Polling<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronous-actions-and-polling" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
@ -226,76 +361,16 @@ configuration file to generate machine specific variables.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Playbooks: Ansible for Deployment, Configuration Management, and Orchestration</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#playbook-example">Playbook Example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hosts-line">Hosts line</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#vars-section">Vars section</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tasks-list">Tasks list</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#task-name-and-action">Task name and action</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notify-statements">Notify statements</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#handlers">Handlers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#includes">Includes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-includes-to-assign-classes-of-systems">Using Includes To Assign Classes of Systems</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asynchronous-actions-and-polling">Asynchronous Actions and Polling</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#executing-a-playbook">Executing A Playbook</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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